Recent technological advances and remarkable successes have led to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) becoming a tool of choice for investigating the genetic basis of common complex human diseases. These studies typically involve samples from thousands of individuals, scanning their DNA at up to a million loci along the genome to discover genetic variants that affect disease risk. Hundreds of such variants are now known for common diseases, nearly all discovered by GWAS over the last three years. As a result, many new studies are planned for the future or are already underway. In this thesis, I present analysis results from actual studies and some developments in theory and methodology. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) published one of the first large-scale GWAS in 2007. I describe my contribution to this study and present the results from some of my follow-up analyses. I also present results from a GWAS of a bipolar disorder sub-phenotype, and a recent and on-going fine mapping experiment. Building on methods developed as part of the WTCCC, I describe a Bayesian approach to GWAS analysis and compare it to widely used frequentist approaches. I do so both theoretically, by interpreting each approach from the perspective of the other, and empirically, by comparing their performance in the context of replicated GWAS findings. I discuss the implications of these comparisons on the interpretation and analysis of GWAS generally, highlighting the advantages of the Bayesian approach. Finally, I examine the effect of linkage disequilibrium on the detection and estimation of various types of genetic effects, particularly non-additive effects. I derive a theoretical result showing how the power to detect a departure from an additive model at a marker locus decays faster than the power to detect an association.

This thesis focuses on the problem of scalable optimization of dialogue behaviour in speech-based conversational systems using reinforcement learning. Most previous investigations in dialogue strategy learning have proposed flat reinforcement learning methods, which are more suitable for small-scale spoken dialogue systems. This research formulates the problem in terms of Semi-Markov Decision Processes (SMDPs), and proposes two hierarchical reinforcement learning methods to optimize sub-dialogues rather than full dialogues. The first method uses a hierarchy of SMDPs, where every SMDP ignores irrelevant state variables and actions in order to optimize a sub-dialogue. The second method extends the first one by constraining every SMDP in the hierarchy with prior expert knowledge. The latter method proposes a learning algorithm called 'HAM+HSMQ-Learning', which combines two existing algorithms in the literature of hierarchical reinforcement learning. Whilst the first method generates fully-learnt behaviour, the second one generates semi-learnt behaviour. In addition, this research proposes a heuristic dialogue simulation environment for automatic dialogue strategy learning. Experiments were performed on simulated and real environments based on a travel planning spoken dialogue system. Experimental results provided evidence to support the following claims: First, both methods scale well at the cost of near-optimal solutions, resulting in slightly longer dialogues than the optimal solutions. Second, dialogue strategies learnt with coherent user behaviour and conservative recognition error rates can outperform a reasonable hand-coded strategy. Third, semi-learnt dialogue behaviours are a better alternative (because of their higher overall performance) than hand-coded or fully-learnt dialogue behaviours. Last, hierarchical reinforcement learning dialogue agents are feasible and promising for the (semi) automatic design of adaptive behaviours in larger-scale spoken dialogue systems. This research makes the following contributions to spoken dialogue systems which learn their dialogue behaviour. First, the Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) model was proposed to learn spoken dialogue strategies in a scalable way. Second, the concept of 'partially specified dialogue strategies' was proposed for integrating simultaneously hand-coded and learnt spoken dialogue behaviours into a single learning framework. Third, an evaluation with real users of hierarchical reinforcement learning dialogue agents was essential to validate their effectiveness in a realistic environment.

It was a goal of this study to identify factors affecting African-American enrollment and intent to enroll in an advanced placement program and other select variables such as prior course work, teacher expectations, academic motivation, peer affiliation, counselor advisement, teacher perception, and student self-efficacy. Pearson correlations, ANOVA, Post Hoc and regression tests were used to analyze the data that had the greatest significance on African-American enrollment in an advanced placement program. The researcher concluded that teacher expectations, peer affiliation, and student intent to enroll have the greatest significance on African-American enrollment in an advanced placement program. Recommendations were suggested for classroom teachers, educational leaders, and future researchers.

Des procédures de classement sont largement utilisées pour décrire les phénomènes observés dans de nombreux domaines des sciences sociales et naturelles, par exemple la sociologie, l’économie, la linguistique, la démographie, la physique, la biologie, etc.Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à l’étude des propriétés de classement et des dynamiques sous-jacentes intégrées dans les systèmes complexes. En particulier,nous nous sommes concentrés sur les classements par score ou par prix dans les systèmes sportifs et les classements d’utilisation des mots ou caractères dans les langues humaines. Le but est de comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents à ces questions en utilisant les méthodes de la physique statistique, de la statistique bayésienne et de la modélisation multi-agents. Les résultats concrets concernent les aspects suivants.Nous avons tout d’abord traité une étude sur les classements par score/prix dans les systèmes sportifs et analysé 40 échantillons de données dans 12 disciplines sportives différentes. Nous avons trouvé des similitudes frappantes dans différents sports, à savoir le fait que la répartition des résultats/prix suit les lois puissance universelles.Nous avons également montré que le principe de Pareto est largement respecté dans de nombreux systèmes sociaux: ainsi 20% des joueurs accumulent 80% des scores et de l’argent. Les données concernant les matchs de tennis en individuels nous ont révélé que lorsque deux joueurs s’affrontent, la probabilité que le joueur de rang supérieur gagne est liée à la différence de rang des deux adversaires. Afin de comprendre les origines de la mise à l’échelle universelle, nous avons proposé un modèle multi-agents,qui peut simuler les matchs de joueurs à travers différentes compétitions. Les résultats de nos simulations sont cohérents avec les résultats empiriques. L’extension du domaine d’étude de la simulation indique que le modèle est assez robuste par rapport aux modifications de certains paramètres. La loi de Zipf est le comportement le plus régulièrement observé dans la linguistique statistique. Elle a dès lors servi de prototype pour les relations entre rang d’apparitions et fréquence d’apparitions (relations rang-fréquence dans la suite du texte) et les lois d’échelle dans les sciences naturelles. Nous avons étudié plusieurs textes, précisé le domaine de validité de la loi de Zipf, et trouvé que la plage de validité augmente lors du mélange de différents textes. Basé sur l’analyse sémantique latente, nous avons proposé un modèle probabiliste, dans lequel nous avons supposé que les mots sont ajoutés au texte avec des probabilités aléatoires, tandis que leur densité a priori est liée, via la statistique bayésienne, aux caractéristiques générales du lexique mental de l’auteur de ce même texte. Notre modèle explique la loi de Zipf ainsi que ses limites de validité, et la généralise aux hautes et basses fréquences et au hapax legomena.Dans une autre étude, nous avons précisé les relations rang-fréquence pour les caractères chinois. Nous avons choisi d’étudier des textes courts en premier, car pour le bien de l’analyse rang fréquence, les longs textes ne sont que des mélanges de textes plus courts, thématiquement homogènes. Nos résultats ont montré que la loi de Zipf appliqués aux caractères chinois tient parfaitement pour des textes assez courts (quelques milliers de caractères différents). Le même domaine de validité est observé pour les textes courts anglais. Nous avons soutenu que les longs textes chinois montrent une structure hiérarchique à deux couches: des caractères dont la fréquence d’apparition suit une loi puissance (première couche) et des caractères dont l’apparition suit une loi exponentielle (deuxième couche)... / Ranking procedures are widely used to describe the phenomena in many differentfields of social and natural sciences, e.g., sociology, economics, linguistics, demography,physics, biology, etc. In this dissertation, we dedicated to study the ranking propertiesand underlying dynamics embedded in complex systems. In particular, we focused onthe scores/prizes ranking in sports systems and the words/characters usage ranking inhuman languages. The aim is to understand the mechanisms behind these issues byusing the methods of statistical physics, Bayesian statistics and agent-based modeling.The concrete results concern the following aspects.We took up an interesting topic on the scores/prizes ranking in sports systems, andanalyzed 40 data samples in 12 different sports fields. We found the striking similaritiesin different sports, i.e., the distributions of scores/prizes follow the universal powerlaws. We also showed that the data yielded the Pareto principle extensively observedin many social systems: 20% of the players accumulate 80% of the scores and money.For the tennis head-to-head data, we revealed that when two players compete, theprobability that the higher-ranked player will win is related to the rank difference ofthe two opponents. In order to understand the origins of the universal scaling, weproposed an agent-based model, which can simulate the competitions of players indifferent matches, and results from our simulations are consistent with the empiricalfindings. Extensive simulation studies indicate that the model is quite robust withrespect to the modifications of some parameters.Zipf’s law is the major regularity of statistical linguistics that served as a prototypefor the rank-frequency relations and scaling laws in natural sciences. We investigatedseveral English texts, clarified the valid range of Zipf’s law, and found this valid rangeincreases upon mixing different texts. Based on the latent semantic analysis, we proposeda probabilistic model, in which we assumed that the words are drawn into thetext with random probabilities, while their apriori density relates, via Bayesian statistics,to the general features of mental lexicon of the author who produced the text. Ourmodel explained the Zipf’s law together with the limits of its validity, its generalizationto high and low frequencies and hapax legomena. In another work, we specified the rank-frequency relations for Chinese characters. We chose to study the short texts first, since for the sake of the rank-frequency analysis,long texts are just mixtures of shorter, thematically homogenous pieces. Our resultsshowed that the Zipf’s law for Chinese characters perfectly holds for sufficiently shorttexts (few thousand different characters), and the scenario of its validity is similar tothat for short English texts. We argued long Chinese texts display a two-layer, hierarchicstructure: power-law rank-frequency characters (first layer) and the exponentialones (second layer). The previous results on the invalidity of the Zipf’s law for longtexts are accounted for by showing that in between of the Zipfian range and the regionof very rare characters (hapax legomena) there emerges a range of ranks, wherethe rank-frequency relation is approximately exponential. From comparative analysisof rank-frequency relations for Chinese and English, we suggested the characters playfor Chinese writers the same role as the words for those writing within alphabeticalsystems.

Issu de la pratique, le phénomène des montages contractuels est devenu une réalité quotidienne de la vie des affaires, des relations de travail, voire du droit économique. La question se pose alors de sa réception par le droit positif. Absent du vocabulaire juridique, le montage est un concept à définir. D'un point de vue théorique, il représente une articulation d'un ensemble d'actes ou d'opérations en vue d'une finalité propre. Cependant, il est loin de refléter une réalité uniforme. En droit privé, comme en droit public, il est une dialectique entre la norme et la pratique, voire entre la complexité et la complication, puisqu'il déroge au schéma classique du contrat simple, ce qui soulève la question de son insertion dans l'ordre contractuel. D'un point de vue pratique, il représente un phénomène pluridisciplinaire et diversifié qui ne saurait être dissocié des impératifs économiques. Une analyse des aspects financiers et fiscaux permet une meilleure compréhension de son caractère transversal. Mais, comme toute ingénierie, la jurisprudence et le législateur tendent à l'appréhender. Dans les montage mettant en présence des problématiques croisées de droit public et privé, la mise en place des solutions contractuelles relatives au financement privé d'équipements publics,telles que les formules de partenariat public-privé de prestations (CP, BEA, AOT), les délégations de service public (concessions, régie intéressée, affermage) ou encore les concessions de travaux, est indispensable. De même, en matière de promotion immobilière, ces solutions doivent permettre une externalisation de la maîtrise d'ouvrage technique des opérations de construction (VEFA, lease-back, contrats de promotion immobilière). / Stemming from the practice,the phenomenon of the contractual editings became a daily reality of business'life, labor relations, and even economic law. The question settles then of its reception by positive law. Absent in the legal vocabulary, the editing is a concept to be defined. From a theoretical point of view, it represents an articulation of a set of acts or operations with the aim of an appropriate purpose. However, it's far from reflecting a uniform reality. In private law, as in public law, it's a dialectic between standard and practice, even between the complexity and the complication because it departs from the classic contract's plan, what raises the question of its insertion in the contractual order. From a practical point of view,it appears as a multidisciplinary and diversified phenomenon which couldn't be separated from the economic imperatives.An analysis of the various financial and fiscal aspects allows a better understanding of its transverse character. As any engineering, the jurisprudence and the legislator try to get grips with. For the editings putting in the presence of the crossed problems of public and private law, the implementation of the contractual solutions relative to the financing deprived of public equipments such as the formulae of Public Private Partnership of services (CP, GAPED, essential AOT ), works contracts (interested state control, lease), is essential. Also, regarding real-estate development, these solutions have to allow an outsourcing of the technical project ownership of the construction's operations (VEFA, lease-back, contracts of real-estate development..).

La thèse a pour objet d'examiner la question cruciale des garanties légales du contribuable face aux prérogatives importantes de contrôle fiscal dévolues à l'administration à la suite de la mise en place du nouveau régime d'imposition déclaratif au Maroc. Elle se propose alors de rendre compte de l'état du droit positif sur cette problématique et de répondre à la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les nouvelles procédures de contrôle fiscal instituées permettent-elles de protéger les droits du contribuable vérifié. / The thesis aims at examining, following the introduction of new tax declaration regime in Morocco, the paramount issue in respect the taxpayer legal safeguards against the tax authorities prerogatives during tax audit . This work intends to report on the applicable law on this issue and to answer the question on how the newly established tax audit procedures may protect the audited taxpayer's rights

Um eine Entscheidung zu treffen, muss Information interpretiert und in eine Handlung übersetzt werden. Dafür wird die a priori Wahrscheinlichkeit bezüglich der Entscheidungsalternativen in den Prozess der Entscheidungsfindung integriert und löst Mechanismen der Handlungsvorbereitung aus. In der vorliegenden Dissertation habe ich untersucht, welche Vorbereitungsprozesse aufgrund von wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierter Vorinformation stattfinden und welche Gehirnareale mit der Integration dieser Information assoziiert sind. Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, habe ich eine Verhaltensstudie, eine Studie mit Ableitung des Elektroenzephalogramms (EEG) und eine Studie mittels der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) mit simultaner Ableitung des EEGs durchgeführt. Die Versuchspersonen bearbeiteten währenddessen eine Zahlenvergleichsaufgabe mit einem Hinweisreiz, der Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation bezüglich der erforderlichen Antwort enthielt. Die Reaktionszeit wurde durch die wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Vorinformation des Hinweisreizes parametrisch moduliert (Studie 1). Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass Vorbereitungsprozesse in Abhängigkeit der Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation stattfinden. Die EEG Studie (Studie 2) ergab einen parametrischen Effekt von Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation auf die Amplitude der Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), einer EEG-Komponente, die Vorbereitungsprozesse auf prämotorischer Ebene reflektiert. Darüber hinaus fand sich mittels einer Dipolquellenanalyse ein Dipol im anterioren Cingulum (ACC), dessen Aktivität ebenfalls durch die Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation parametrisch moduliert war. Diese Ergebnisse lassen auf prämotorische Vorbereitungsprozesse aufgrund von Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation schließen. In den fMRT-Ergebnissen zeigte sich eine parametrisch modulierte neuronale Aktivierung im posterioren Teil des medial-frontalen Kortex (pMFC), die auf eine Kontrollfunktion zur Handlungsanpassung dieses Areals zurückgeführt werden kann (Studie 3a). Um dynamische Fluktuationen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsverarbeitung zu untersuchen, wurde die CNV Amplitude der Einzeltrials in das Modell der fMRT-Analyse integriert (Studie 3b). Die CNV Amplitude korrelierte mit der neuronalen Aktivität in einem Netzwerk, bestehend aus frontalen, parietalen und striatalen Arealen, das mit allgemeiner wahrscheinlichkeitsunabhängiger Handlungsvorbereitung im Zusammenhang steht. Dagegen zeigten sich im dorsolateralen Präfrontalkortex (DLPFC), im inferioren frontalen Gyrus (IPG) und im inferioren Parietallappen (IPL) Aktivierungen, die sich auf die dynamische Integration von Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformation zurückführen lassen. / To prepare actions in advance, prior information about the probability of decision alternatives is integrated into the decision-making process. In the present dissertation, I investigated preparatory processes elicited by prior probability (PP) and the neural basis of PP processing. In three studies, I collected behavioral data and, furthermore, recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) data separately as well as simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). While applying these methods, participants had to perform a number comparison task with a precue delivering PP about a subsequent response-demanding stimulus. The probability precue elicited the preparation of the response, as shown by the parametrical modulation of response time (RT) depending on PP (Study 1). The EEG study (Study 2) revealed a parametrical effect of PP on the contingent negative variation (CNV) during the foreperiod, which is an indicator for premotor response preparation. Furthermore, a dipole was located in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) with its activity parametrically modulated by PP. These EEG results suggest that PP influences premotor response preparation in a parametrical fashion. An analysis of fMRI data showed that neural activity in the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) increased with increasing PP (Study 3a), which is attributed to a monitoring function of this region with respect to behavioral adjustment and initiation of response preparation depending on the PP. By applying an EEG-informed fMRI analysis (Study 3b), I focused on trial-to-trial fluctuations in PP processing and general response preparation as represented by the single-trial CNV amplitude. I found that the CNV amplitude was correlated with neural activity in a network consisting of frontal, parietal, and striatal regions reflecting general preparatory processes independently of PP. Parts of the network, namely, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), showed activations, which exclusively represented the contributions of PP to the CNV amplitude fluctuations. These results suggest that PP elicits premotor response preparation and activates the pMFC parametrically signaling the need for behavioral adjustment. In contrast, DLPFC, IFG, and IPL are involved in dynamically fluctuating PP processing mechanisms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miriam da Silva Arruda.pdf: 3825221 bytes, checksum: 8270e24a8b622240d0d9a89ff791a400 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-19 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Registered in this dissertation studies were developed in the programme of postgraduate studies in the Portuguese language and its theoretical PUCSP is anchoring the assumptions of linguistic textual strand guided socio-cognitive-, on an interface with those developed by Lexicology.The theme developed are textual production processes-discursive written language-in this case, Portuguese, idiomizada and conceived as a communicative not tense, standard by Marcos sociocultural history of the Brazilian people-study and learning object proficiency whereby teachers must meet in this discipline, or middle school. The purpose-to contribute to school institutions may cooperate with the movements of Brazilian society recontextualização by critical review discursive practices, including those pertaining to the teacher's teaching practices of mother tongue, to be reinterpreted by contemporary linguistic parameters ranging research into the field of education linguistic. The problem limited to the results of evaluation diagnosis concerning education proficiency written production practices that are registered in the SARESP, was considered in relation to own knowledge of the object browser in its role as a teacher, whose area of such practices were not part of the curriculum of its vocational training. You can say that this goal was achieved, insofar as it could be measured by the following specific objectives: (a) organize theoretical underpinnings capable of providing an understanding of principles concerning linguistic textual-enabled browser to understand the assumptions relating to: 1) text inseparable from design conception of speech: the methodological procedures; 2) accounted for him to situate the language elements such as patida point for the treatment inensivo reading practices; a. 3) operate with the principle of Intertextuality to extend its own previous knowledge; b) recognise writer proficiency skills through the use of grammatical lexicon-strategies in written record of the text-product, as well as those that answer by the need to learn to talk with the author-producer; c) identify text produced by secondary written production skills which have not yet been developed during the process of their escolarizações-the same procedures methodological employees to discover the writer/producer strategies proficiency, guided reading the treatment of texts produced by students-writers who underwent the assessment of Saresp. Comparing the data of the results obtained in chapter II and those that could last chapter, considers that the skill set developed by students-not writers was essentially those tabling incomprehensible to the browser itself, in a time leading up to this survey / Registered in this dissertation studies were developed in the programme of postgraduate studies in the Portuguese language and its theoretical PUCSP is anchoring the assumptions of linguistic textual strand guided socio-cognitive-, on an interface with those developed by Lexicology.The theme developed are textual production processes-discursive written language-in this case, Portuguese, idiomizada and conceived as a communicative not tense, standard by Marcos sociocultural history of the Brazilian people-study and learning object proficiency whereby teachers must meet in this discipline, or middle school. The purpose-to contribute to school institutions may cooperate with the movements of Brazilian society recontextualização by critical review discursive practices, including those pertaining to the teacher's teaching practices of mother tongue, to be reinterpreted by contemporary linguistic parameters ranging research into the field of education linguistic. The problem limited to the results of evaluation diagnosis concerning education proficiency written production practices that are registered in the SARESP, was considered in relation to own knowledge of the object browser in its role as a teacher, whose area of such practices were not part of the curriculum of its vocational training. You can say that this goal was achieved, insofar as it could be measured by the following specific objectives: (a) organize theoretical underpinnings capable of providing an understanding of principles concerning linguistic textual-enabled browser to understand the assumptions relating to: 1) text inseparable from design conception of speech: the methodological procedures; 2) accounted for him to situate the language elements such as patida point for the treatment inensivo reading practices; a. 3) operate with the principle of Intertextuality to extend its own previous knowledge; b) recognise writer proficiency skills through the use of grammatical lexicon-strategies in written record of the text-product, as well as those that answer by the need to learn to talk with the author-producer; c) identify text produced by secondary written production skills which have not yet been developed during the process of their escolarizações-the same procedures methodological employees to discover the writer/producer strategies proficiency, guided reading the treatment of texts produced by students-writers who underwent the assessment of Saresp. Comparing the data of the results obtained in chapter II and those that could last chapter, considers that the skill set developed by students-not writers was essentially those tabling incomprehensible to the browser itself, in a time leading up to this survey / Os estudos registrados nesta Dissertação foram desenvolvidos no Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Língua Portuguesa da PUCSP e sua fundamentação teórica tem por ancoragem os pressupostos da Linguística Textual da vertente sócio-cognitivo-interativa, numa interface com aqueles desenvolvidos pela Lexicologia. O tema desenvolvido são os processos de produção textual-discursiva em língua escrita - nesse caso, a portuguesa, idiomizada e concebida como padrão coloquial não tenso, pelos marcos sócio-históricoculturais do povo brasileiro objeto de estudo, ensino e aprendizagem proficiente pelo qual devem responder os professores dessa Disciplina, seja no Ensino Fundamental ou Médio. O objetivo geral contribuir para que as instituições escolares possam cooperar com os movimentos de recontextualização da sociedade brasileira pela revisão crítica de suas práticas discursivas, situando entre elas aquela referente às práticas de docência do professor de língua materna, para serem reinterpretadas pelos parâmetros da Linguística contemporânea situa a investigação no campo da Educação Linguística. O problema, circunscrito aos resultados da avaliação diagnóstica referente ao ensino proficiente das práticas de produção escrita registradas em dados divulgados pelo SARESP, foi considerado em relação aos próprios conhecimentos do pesquisador, na sua função de professor, cujo domínio dessas práticas não fizeram parte do currículo da sua formação profissional. Pode-se afirmar que tal objetivo foi alcançado, na medida em que ele pôde ser mensurado pelos seguintes objetivos específicos: a) organizar fundamentos teóricos capazes de facultarem a compreensão de princípios referentes à linguística textual possibilitou ao pesquisador compreender pressupostos referentes à: a.1) concepção de texto indissociável da concepção de discursivo; a.2) procedimentos metodológicos que lhe asseguraram situar os elementos linguísticos como ponto de partida para o tratamento intensivo e extensivo das práticas de leitura; a.3) operar com o princípio da intertextualidade para estender seus próprios conhecimentos prévios; b) reconhecer habilidades de um escritor proficiente pelo uso de estratégias léxico-gramaticais em registro escrito do textoproduto, bem como aquelas que respondem pela necessidade de aprender a dialogar com o autor-produtor; c) identificar em textos produzidos por alunos do Ensino Médio quais habilidades de produção escrita deixaram de ser desenvolvidas, durante o processo de suas respectivas escolarizações os mesmos procedimentos metodológicos empregados para descobrir as estratégias do produtor-escritor proficiente, orientaram o tratamento dispensado à leitura analítica dos textos produzidos pelos estudantes-escritores que se submeteram à avaliação do Saresp. Da comparação entre os dados dos resultados obtidos no Capítulo II e aqueles desse último Capítulo, foi possível considerar que o conjunto de habilidades não desenvolvidas pelos estudantes-escritores equivaliam àquelas que se faziam incompreensíveis para o próprio pesquisador, em um tempo que antecedeu a esta pesquisa / Os estudos registrados nesta Dissertação foram desenvolvidos no Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Língua Portuguesa da PUCSP e sua fundamentação teórica tem por ancoragem os pressupostos da Linguística Textual da vertente sócio-cognitivo-interativa, numa interface com aqueles desenvolvidos pela Lexicologia. O tema desenvolvido são os processos de produção textual-discursiva em língua escrita - nesse caso, a portuguesa, idiomizada e concebida como padrão coloquial não tenso, pelos marcos sócio-históricoculturais do povo brasileiro objeto de estudo, ensino e aprendizagem proficiente pelo qual devem responder os professores dessa Disciplina, seja no Ensino Fundamental ou Médio. O objetivo geral contribuir para que as instituições escolares possam cooperar com os movimentos de recontextualização da sociedade brasileira pela revisão crítica de suas práticas discursivas, situando entre elas aquela referente às práticas de docência do professor de língua materna, para serem reinterpretadas pelos parâmetros da Linguística contemporânea situa a investigação no campo da Educação Linguística. O problema, circunscrito aos resultados da avaliação diagnóstica referente ao ensino proficiente das práticas de produção escrita registradas em dados divulgados pelo SARESP, foi considerado em relação aos próprios conhecimentos do pesquisador, na sua função de professor, cujo domínio dessas práticas não fizeram parte do currículo da sua formação profissional. Pode-se afirmar que tal objetivo foi alcançado, na medida em que ele pôde ser mensurado pelos seguintes objetivos específicos: a) organizar fundamentos teóricos capazes de facultarem a compreensão de princípios referentes à linguística textual possibilitou ao pesquisador compreender pressupostos referentes à: a.1) concepção de texto indissociável da concepção de discursivo; a.2) procedimentos metodológicos que lhe asseguraram situar os elementos linguísticos como ponto de partida para o tratamento intensivo e extensivo das práticas de leitura; a.3) operar com o princípio da intertextualidade para estender seus próprios conhecimentos prévios; b) reconhecer habilidades de um escritor proficiente pelo uso de estratégias léxico-gramaticais em registro escrito do textoproduto, bem como aquelas que respondem pela necessidade de aprender a dialogar com o autor-produtor; c) identificar em textos produzidos por alunos do Ensino Médio quais habilidades de produção escrita deixaram de ser desenvolvidas, durante o processo de suas respectivas escolarizações os mesmos procedimentos metodológicos empregados para descobrir as estratégias do produtor-escritor proficiente, orientaram o tratamento dispensado à leitura analítica dos textos produzidos pelos estudantes-escritores que se submeteram à avaliação do Saresp. Da comparação entre os dados dos resultados obtidos no Capítulo II e aqueles desse último Capítulo, foi possível considerar que o conjunto de habilidades não desenvolvidas pelos estudantes-escritores equivaliam àquelas que se faziam incompreensíveis para o próprio pesquisador, em um tempo que antecedeu a esta pesquisa

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma extensão da análise bayesiana objetiva feita em Fonseca et al. (2008), baseada nas distribuições a priori de Jeffreys para o modelo de regressão linear com erros t-Student, para os quais consideramos a suposição de heteoscedasticidade. Mostramos que a distribuição a posteriori dos parâmetros do modelo regressão gerada pela distribuição a priori é própria. Através de um estudo de simulação, avaliamos as propriedades frequentistas dos estimadores bayesianos e comparamos os resultados com outras distribuições a priori encontradas na literatura. Além disso, uma análise de diagnóstico baseada na medida de divergência Kullback-Leiber é desenvolvida com a finalidade de estudar a robustez das estimativas na presença de observações atípicas. Finalmente, um conjunto de dados reais é utilizado para o ajuste do modelo proposto. / In this work , we present an extension of the objective bayesian analysis made in Fonseca et al. (2008), based on Jeffreys priors for linear regression models with Student t errors, for which we consider the heteroscedasticity assumption. We show that the posterior distribution generated by the proposed Jeffreys prior, is proper. Through simulation study , we analyzed the frequentist properties of the bayesian estimators obtained. Then we tested the robustness of the model through disturbances in the response variable by comparing its performance with those obtained under another prior distributions proposed in the literature. Finally, a real data set is used to analyze the performance of the proposed model . We detected possible in uential points through the Kullback -Leibler divergence measure, and used the selection model criterias EAIC, EBIC, DIC and LPML in order to compare the models.

Shrinkage for time-varying parameter (TVP) models is investigated within a Bayesian framework, with the aim to automatically reduce time-varying Parameters to staticones, if the model is overfitting. This is achieved through placing the double gamma shrinkage prior on the process variances. An efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme is devel- oped, exploiting boosting based on the ancillarity-sufficiency interweaving strategy. The method is applicable both to TVP models for univariate a swell as multivariate time series. Applications include a TVP generalized Phillips curve for EU area inflation modeling and a multivariate TVP Cholesky stochastic volatility model for joint modeling of the Returns from the DAX-30index.