The Commonwealth parliament's Public Accounts Committee (PAC) was established in 1913 and to the end of 1995 had produced 397 reports on government expenditure and administration, with almost all its recommendations implemented by government. However despite the Committee's prominence among the instruments parliament has used to oversight the executive, not only does it lack clear legislative authority for major areas of its activities but its specific purpose is not defined in its legislation. Among other things the latter omission renders proper evaluation of the PAC's effectiveness impossible, as objectives are a necessary prerequisite to assessment. This thesis establishes the de facto purpose of the Committee by tracing the development of standing public accounts committees generally, and by analysing the PAC's work as shown by its output of tabled reports. In that development, six evolutionary phases are identified: the PAC's roots in the move to a parliamentary control of the administration of government expenditure in Britain from the 1780s; its genesis in the 1850s with the concept of the standing public accounts committee, to be concerned with regularity and probity in government expenditure; its origins in the establishment of the British standing public accounts committee , in 1861, stressing high standards of government accounting, audit and reporting; its establishment in the Commonwealth, concentrating on information on departmental activities, efficient implementation of government programs and provision of policy advice; its re-establishment in 1951, stressing parliamentary control of government financial administration; and its operations from 1980, pressing for economic fundamentalist change in the public sector. Their output shows that in these phases the committees concerned displayed characteristic standing public accounts committee activism and independence in utilising the wording of their enabling documentation to adapt themselves to changes in their environment by pursuing a corresponding different mix of one or more of the following concurrent immediate aims: ensuring adequate systems of government accounting, audit and reporting; ensuring probity and regularity in departmental expenditure; obtaining and disseminating information on departmental activities; ensuring high standards of departmental administration and management; providing policy advice to executive government; and ensuring economic, efficient and effective government spending. Together these attributes and practices have made the PAC a parliamentary instrument of unequalled flexibility with a single continuing underlying aim - a purpose not concerning the public accounts per se, but directed at achieving high standards of management and administration in government by calling the Commonwealth's public service to account for its expenditure and activities.

Le Code pénal consacre au sein de son Livre IV une section intitulée « Des manquements au devoir de probité », héritage de l’ancienne forfaiture. La catégorie n’a cessé d’évoluer au plan interne, appuyé par le droit pénal international, puisque ce ne sont pas moins de six conventions pénales qui l’influencent aujourd’hui. Il en ressort un véritable foisonnement normatif qui repose pour l’essentiel sur l’incrimination. Son étude méthodique permet d’observer un droit pénal arraché de son ultima ratio, mettant à mal sa fonction dissuasive. La pédagogie du Code pénal est également atteinte à l’heure où les manquements visés n’annoncent plus clairement ce qu’ils répriment. Dans ce contexte, depuis 2013, le législateur a fait de l’exemplarité la toile de fond des manquements au devoir de probité. Au-delà de l’affichage individuel, le travail de recherche invite à s’interroger sur la mise en œuvre d’une telle fonction par le droit pénal. Un « manquement » a une connotation morale plus forte que la violation d’une règle juridique. Un « devoir » suppose une règle plus sociale qu’une simple obligation. C’est dire que la répression entend punir un « faire-valoir », pour donner une consistance à la chose publique dans laquelle la société croit et dont les personnes exerçant une fonction publique sont les gardiens. Ces incriminations moralisatrices resserrées autour d’une responsabilité pénale à fondement social permettent de faire apparaître la pénalité sous un nouveau jour. En se recentrant sur son application, la thèse redécouvre ainsi la fonction d’exemplarité du droit pénal. / Book IV of the Criminal Code is devoted to a section entitled « Failures in the duty of probity », formerly referred to in French law as « forfaiture », i.e. serious abuse of office. This category has constantly evolved in domestic law, under the influence of international criminal law, since today it is concerned by no fewer than six criminal law conventions. The result is a veritable proliferation of legislation based mainly on the creation of offences. Its systematic review reveals criminal law torn from its ultima ratio, undermining its dissuasive function. The educational aspect of the Criminal Code is also diminished when it is no longer clear what is repressed in the targeted failures. In this context, since 2013, legislation has set failures in the duty of probity against the backdrop of exemplarity. Going beyond an individual stand, this research invites us to question such an approach by criminal law. « Failure » has a moral undertone greater than the breach of a legal rule. A « duty » implies a rule more social than a simple obligation. This means that repression intends punishing a « foil », which, by contrast, gives substance to the public good in which society believes and for which individuals performing a public function are the guardians. These moralising regulations to punish defined offenses, based on the notion of socially-founded criminal responsibility, allow the penalty to be seen in a new light. By refocusing on its application, the analysis thus rediscovers the function of exemplarity in criminal law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilberto Notario Ligero.pdf: 1465985 bytes, checksum: 9674aa94e86b56b64c6199e1b2022477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-03 / This thesis has as its object the procedural sanctions for misconduct in civil enforcement. The methodological approach, observing the concentration area of the program is given by the fact that currently the executive activity, represented by the execution of a sentence or the autonomous process execution, is considered essential to the effectiveness of judicial protection . What happens is that some factors have influenced the performance of this type of lawsuit. Among the factors is the disrespect, strong and steady, the duties of procedural fairness in executive screen. The attacks on the dignity of Justice earn several ways: disrespect for the court order to indicate the goods are seized, the challenge and fulfillment of sentence manifestly dilatory embargoes, fraud enforcement, disposition of property seized, bringing undue executions, abuse of the right of registration certificate of the distribution of execution, etc. To sanction the creditor and the debtor, the system adopts the protective-repressive pattern of conduct discouraging, materializing through the fines and the obligation to repair damage. The legislature of little worth premiais sanction measures whose purpose is to promote encouraging conduct. By analyzing the structure of the disciplinary system in CPC / 73, it appears that the same is not meeting your functional expectations: to punish and educate. The revisiting of concepts and ideas is essential to building a new concept of procedural sanction, based on constructivist pedagogical interactionism. This new ideal penalty is established because of the need for transformation of the procedural subjects pipelines. In most, sees the need to expand the list of penalties, turning the research at this point for the implementation of restrictive measures of rights, which are sparse in the legislation. Thus defends the imposition of such sanctions as atypical modes in addition to the typical. The judge with their explicit and implicit powers and duties can take advantage of these measures. Given the normative principle of proportionality, by variants of the necessity and appropriateness, the judge can apply them, without, however, undermining fundamental rights. In addition to the restrictive sanctions, the system needs to incorporate positive measures (premiais), to meet their ends, so that makes the proposal of a prize for those who litigarem responsibly. It is proposed for the effective adoption of these measures, a bill changer law of the CPC. Then defends the idea in the sense that a significant structural change must occur in the sanctioning system, for that unfair and bad faith practices are transformed into probas practices. The deductive method is with the use of technical analysis of relevant literature and case law related to / A presente tese tem como objeto as sanções processuais por improbidade na execução civil. O recorte metodológico,observando-se a área de concentração do programa, se dá pelo fato de que, atualmente, a atividade executiva, representada pela execução de sentença ou pelo processo autônomo de execução, é considerada essencial para a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional. Ocorre que, alguns fatores têm influenciado no bom desempenho dessa modalidade de processo judicial. Entre os fatores está o desrespeito, acentuado e contínuo, aos deveres de probidade processual na tela executiva. Os atentados à dignidade da Justiça ganham várias formas: desrespeito à ordem judicial para indicação de bens à serem penhorados, impugnação ao cumprimento de sentença e embargos manifestamente protelatórios, fraudes à execução, alienação de bens penhorados, propositura de execuções indevidas, abuso do direito de averbação da certidão de distribuição da execução, etc. Para sancionar o exequente e o executado, o sistema adota o padrão protetivorepressivo, desencorajador de condutas, materializando-o por meio das multas e pela obrigação de reparar danos. O legislador pouco se vale das medidas sancionatórias premiais, cuja finalidade é promover condutas encorajadoras. Por meio da análise da estrutura do sistema sancionatório no CPC/73, verifica-se que o mesmo não vem atendendo às suas expectativas funcionais: punir e educar. A revisitação de conceitos e ideias torna-se essencial, para a construção de um novo conceito de sanção processual, baseado no interacionismo construtivista pedagógico. Esse novo ideal sancionatório se estabelece por conta da necessidade de transformação das condutas dos sujeitos processuais. No mais, vislumbra-se a necessidade de ampliar o rol de sanções, voltando-se a pesquisa, neste ponto, para a implementação das medidas restritivas de direitos, que se encontram na legislação esparsa. Defende-se, assim, a imposição destas sanções como modalidades atípicas em complemento às típicas. O juiz com seus poderes-deveres explícitos e implícitos pode se valer destas medidas. Atendendo ao postulado normativo da proporcionalidade, por suas variantes da necessidade e da adequação, o juiz pode aplicá-las, sem, contudo, atentar contra direitos fundamentais. Além das sanções restritivas, o sistema precisa incorporar medidas positivas (premiais), para atender seus fins, tanto que se faz a proposta de um prêmio para aqueles que litigarem com responsabilidade. Propõe-se, para a efetiva adoção destas medidas, um projeto de lei alterador do CPC. Defende-se, então, a ideia no sentido de que deve ocorrer uma sensível mudança estrutural no sistema sancionatório, para que as práticas abusivas e de má-fé sejam transformadas em práticas probas. O método de é o dedutivo, com o emprego das técnicas de análise da bibliografia especializada e da jurisprudência relacionada ao tema

A lentidão processual é um indicador de ineficiência da justiça e também uma de suas causas. A normal duração dos processos cíveis está comprometida por uma série de fatores, tais como o aumento da litigiosidade, a falta de infraestrutura dos órgãos judiciários e insuficiente utilização das novas tecnologias da informação, a deficiente formação dos juízes e advogados e, particularmente, a falta de efetiva repressão às más condutas dos sujeitos processuais. Este trabalho tem por escopo identificar as condutas processuais irregulares causadoras ou contributivas para a morosidade e traçar parâmetros objetivos para sua repressão. Para tanto, foram estudados os principais aspectos relativos ao comportamento abusivo dos sujeitos processuais que violam o direito à razoável duração do processo e trazem prejuízos processuais e extraprocessuais, tanto às partes envolvidas no litígio, quanto à dignidade da jurisdição. O trabalho busca demonstrar, portanto, que ética, compromisso e cooperação são peçaschave na solução do intrincado problema da lentidão processual e que, para resolvê-lo, não são necessárias alterações legislativas: a adequada aplicação dos atuais mecanismos repressores das condutas iníquas, à luz desses valores, é suficiente para a garantia da razoável duração do processo. / The slowness of judicial procedures is a symptom of the inefficiency of justice and is also one of its causes. The usual duration of civil proceedings is jeopardized by a number of factors, such as the increase in litigiousness, the lack of infrastructure of the judiciary bodies and insufficient use of the new information technologies, the deficient educational level of judges and lawyers, and particularly the absence of an effective repression to abusive conducts of the parties to a lawsuit. The scope of this paper is to identify the improper procedural practices that give rise or contribute to the slowness of justice and to establish objective parameters to repress it. For such purpose, a study was performed on the main aspects related to abusive practices carried out by the litigants, which infringe the right to a reasonable length of proceedings, and bring about an adverse effect in court and out of court, both to the parties involved in the litigation and to the dignity of the jurisdiction. Therefore, the paper searches to demonstrate that ethics, commitment, and cooperation are key components to the solution of the intricate problem of procedural slowness, and that no legislative amendments are required to solve it: in light of such values, the proper application of the existing repressive mechanisms for inequitable conducts is sufficient to guarantee the reasonable length of court proceedings.

A lentidão processual é um indicador de ineficiência da justiça e também uma de suas causas. A normal duração dos processos cíveis está comprometida por uma série de fatores, tais como o aumento da litigiosidade, a falta de infraestrutura dos órgãos judiciários e insuficiente utilização das novas tecnologias da informação, a deficiente formação dos juízes e advogados e, particularmente, a falta de efetiva repressão às más condutas dos sujeitos processuais. Este trabalho tem por escopo identificar as condutas processuais irregulares causadoras ou contributivas para a morosidade e traçar parâmetros objetivos para sua repressão. Para tanto, foram estudados os principais aspectos relativos ao comportamento abusivo dos sujeitos processuais que violam o direito à razoável duração do processo e trazem prejuízos processuais e extraprocessuais, tanto às partes envolvidas no litígio, quanto à dignidade da jurisdição. O trabalho busca demonstrar, portanto, que ética, compromisso e cooperação são peçaschave na solução do intrincado problema da lentidão processual e que, para resolvê-lo, não são necessárias alterações legislativas: a adequada aplicação dos atuais mecanismos repressores das condutas iníquas, à luz desses valores, é suficiente para a garantia da razoável duração do processo. / The slowness of judicial procedures is a symptom of the inefficiency of justice and is also one of its causes. The usual duration of civil proceedings is jeopardized by a number of factors, such as the increase in litigiousness, the lack of infrastructure of the judiciary bodies and insufficient use of the new information technologies, the deficient educational level of judges and lawyers, and particularly the absence of an effective repression to abusive conducts of the parties to a lawsuit. The scope of this paper is to identify the improper procedural practices that give rise or contribute to the slowness of justice and to establish objective parameters to repress it. For such purpose, a study was performed on the main aspects related to abusive practices carried out by the litigants, which infringe the right to a reasonable length of proceedings, and bring about an adverse effect in court and out of court, both to the parties involved in the litigation and to the dignity of the jurisdiction. Therefore, the paper searches to demonstrate that ethics, commitment, and cooperation are key components to the solution of the intricate problem of procedural slowness, and that no legislative amendments are required to solve it: in light of such values, the proper application of the existing repressive mechanisms for inequitable conducts is sufficient to guarantee the reasonable length of court proceedings.

La transparence de la vie publique correspond à un corpus de règles contraignantes visant à renouer la confiance entre les citoyens et les responsables publics. En outre, la notion de transparence se trouve quasi naturellement associée par la doctrine à l’idéal démocratique. L’analyse du droit positif montre que la transparence de la vie publique a élargi significativement le droit de la probité des responsables publics en développant une approche complémentaire de l’arsenal répressif préexistant. En trente ans, la législation a évolué dans le sens d’une plus grande effectivité. Cependant, elle présente encore de nombreuses insuffisances, particulièrement en matière de contrôle du financement de la vie politique. Par ailleurs, le potentiel démocratique de la transparence s’avère inexploité. La transparence de la vie publique n’entraîne pas de rééquilibrage entre les pouvoirs et fait une place marginale aux citoyens. Le législateur et le juge constitutionnel ne lui reconnaissent pas une valeur constitutionnelle. De plus, sa contribution à la garantie des droits politiques essentiels à la démocratie parlementaire reste mesurée. En revanche, le principe de séparation des pouvoirs et certains droits fondamentaux limitent considérablement la portée des contrôles sur les responsables publics et font obstacles à la transparence. / Transparency in public life refers to a set of restrictive rules designed for restoring trust between citizens and public leaders. Moreover, transparency is naturally associated to the democratic ideal. Analysis in positive law shows transparency in public life significantly broadens probity rules for politicians and public leaders as it develops a complementary approach to pre-existing repressive rules. For thirty years, statutes have evolved to a better efficiency. Nevertheless, they are still not enough, especially regarding controls over political funding. In addition, the transparency democratic potential has been neglected. Transparency in politics does not refund the balance between powers and only gives a marginal role for citizens. Both Parliament and Constitutional judge do not recognise it as a constitutional value. Furthermore, their contributions to guarantee political rights in a parliamentary democracy are moderate. Finally, the separation of powers and some fundamental rights limit substantially the reach of controls over public leaders.

The main objective of this diploma thesis is to outline the role and position of the bankruptcy administrator in the bankruptcy process. The role of the administrator is specified as a set of rights and obligations that the administrator has got according to the law in every part of the bankruptcy process. The insolvency law assigns administrative, surveying, finding and consulting duties to the administrator. The core of this thesis is a look at the position of the administrator in the liquidation bankruptcy. It means the process beginning with the appointing of the administrator and ending by the approval of the final report and the implementation of the paying timetable. Bonus chapters are devoted to other manners of the bankruptcy process, requirements for the administrator appointment and possibilities of the administrator rewarding.