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This essay explores the instances in which human remains were used as material for contemporary artworks. Partly, the aim of the research is to find out why these materials are used and why it is important for the intended purpose of the artist that they do so. Another part of the aim is to investigate the representational layers of the material, and how the use of the material fits into a larger sociological context surrounding what we consider “proper care” of the dead. This is achieved through a thematic interpretive analysis which looks at the representation of the material, disruption of the dead and intention provided by the artists through the theoretical perspectives of Thomas Laqueur, Robert Hertz and Amelia Jones. In the end, the research concludes that the use of human remains as material for artworks is an intentional and imperative choice by the artists, who use the material to make grander statements about predetermined social orders and provide alternative ways of conceiving remains. For this to be done, the disruption of those social orders is a vital act, which is achieved through the disruption of human remains, making the “proper care” of the dead a necessarily neglected process. The fact that these bodies do represent a self, a life which has been previously lived with differing degrees of immediacy, is also required for the previously mentioned disruption to be able to take place. Our inherent insistence to access these represented selves serves to cause discomfort and redirect our attention to the will of the artists, who, in the making of the artwork, either repress or collaborate with the represented selves in order to make the statements which they set out to make.

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[pt] O objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver um essencialismo sem mundos possíveis. Alegamos que objetos ordinários são entidades complexas constituídas por entidades mais básicas como pedaços de matéria e propriedades instanciadas Os possíveis constituintes são determinados pela realidade, independentes da mente e linguagem humana, mas a constituição é convencional dependente do nosso esquema conceitual e as nossas práticas de nomeação. Consequentemente desenvolvemos uma teoria aristotélica de objetos ordinários como complexos de suas essências e da matéria que instancia essas essências. Em seguida aplicamos essa concepção de objetos para modificar a teoria da referência direta. Nessa teoria resultante, os significados de nomes próprios são as essências dos referentes desses nomes. O quadro da nossa investigação consiste numa teoria plantonista de propriedades segundo a qual as propriedades são partes integrais de uma realidade complexas sendo interconectadas com a parte concreta dessa realidade e na qual algumas propriedades podem participar em relações causais. De acordo com isso, apresentamos uma concepção atualista de modalidades na qual as modalidades ocorrem em virtude de relações de segunda ordem entre propriedades, no caso de modalidades de re em virtude de relações de segunda ordem entre essências de objetos e outras propriedades. / [en] The aim of this study is to develop an essentialist theory without possible worlds. We claim that ordinary objects are complex entities composed of entities that are more basic like pieces of matter and instantiated properties. The possible constituents are determined by reality and mind- and language-independent, the constitution, however, is conventional dependent on our conceptual scheme and our naming practices. In consequence, we develop an Aristotelian theory of ordinary objects as complexes of their essences and the matter which instantiates these essences. We apply this conception of objects in order to modify the direct reference theory. In the resulting theory, the meanings of proper names are the essences of the bearers of the names. The theoretical frame of our investigation consists in a Platonist theory of properties according to which properties are integral parts of a complex reality connected with its concrete partand in which some properties can participate in causal relations. In accordance with this view, we present an actualist conception of modalities in which modalities obtain in virtue of second order relations between properties, in case of de re modalities in virtue of second order relations between objects essences and other properties.

This dissertation contains work that addresses both theoretical and numerical aspects of reduced order models (ROMs). In an under-resolved regime, the classical Galerkin reduced order model (G-ROM) fails to yield accurate approximations. Thus, we propose a new ROM, the data-driven variational multiscale ROM (DD-VMS-ROM) built by adding a closure term to the G-ROM, aiming to increase the numerical accuracy of the ROM approximation without decreasing the computational efficiency. The closure term is constructed based on the variational multiscale framework. To model the closure term, we use data-driven modeling. In other words, by using the available data, we find ROM operators that approximate the closure term. To present the closure term's effect on the ROMs, we numerically compare the DD-VMS-ROM with other standard ROMs. In numerical experiments, we show that the DD-VMS-ROM is significantly more accurate than the standard ROMs. Furthermore, to understand the closure term's physical role, we present a theoretical and numerical investigation of the closure term's role in long-time integration. We theoretically prove and numerically show that there is energy exchange from the most energetic modes to the least energetic modes in closure terms in a long time averaging. One of the promising contributions of this dissertation is providing the numerical analysis of the data-driven closure model, which has not been studied before. At both the theoretical and the numerical levels, we investigate what conditions guarantee that the small difference between the data-driven closure model and the full order model (FOM) closure term implies that the approximated solution is close to the FOM solution. In other words, we perform theoretical and numerical investigations to show that the data-driven model is verifiable. Apart from studying the ROM closure problem, we also investigate the setting in which the G-ROM converges optimality. We explore the ROM error bounds' optimality by considering the difference quotients (DQs). We theoretically prove and numerically illustrate that both the ROM projection error and the ROM error are suboptimal without the DQs, and optimal if the DQs are used. / Doctor of Philosophy / In many realistic applications, obtaining an accurate approximation to a given problem can require a tremendous number of degrees of freedom. Solving these large systems of equations can take days or even weeks on standard computational platforms. Thus, lower-dimensional models, i.e., reduced order models (ROMs), are often used instead. The ROMs are computationally efficient and accurate when the underlying system has dominant and recurrent spatial structures. Our contribution to reduced order modeling is adding a data-driven correction term, which carries important information and yields better ROM approximations. This dissertation's theoretical and numerical results show that the new ROM equipped with a closure term yields more accurate approximations than the standard ROM.

This thesis describes several approaches for stabilizing POD-ROMs (that is, reduced order models based on basis functions derived from the proper orthogonal decomposition) for both the CDR (convection-diffusion-reaction) equation and the NSEs (Navier-Stokes equations). Stabilization is necessary because standard POD-ROMs of convection-dominated problems usually display numerical instabilities. The first stabilized ROM investigated is a streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkin ROM (SUPG-ROM). I prove error estimates for the SUPG-ROM and derive optimal scalings for the stabilization parameter. I test the SUPG-ROM with the optimal parameter in the numerical simulation of a convection-dominated CDR problem. The SUPG-ROM yields more accurate results than the standard Galerkin ROM (G-ROM) by eliminating the inherent numerical artifacts (noise) in the data and dampening spurious oscillations. I next propose two regularized ROMs (Reg-ROMs) based on ideas from large eddy simulation and turbulence theory: the Leray ROM (L-ROM) and the evolve-then-filter ROM (EF-ROM). Both Reg-ROMs use explicit POD spatial filtering to regularize (smooth) some of the terms in the standard G-ROM. I propose two different POD spatial filters: one based on the POD projection and a novel POD differential filter. These two new Reg-ROMs and the two spatial filters are investigated in the numerical simulation of the three-dimensional flow past a circular cylinder problem at Re = 100. The numerical results show that EF-ROM-DF is the most accurate Reg-ROM and filter combination and the differential filter generally yields better results than the projection filter. The Reg-ROMs perform significantly better than the standard G-ROM and decrease the CPU time (compared against the direct numerical simulation) by orders of magnitude (from about four days to four minutes). / Ph. D.

[EN] Thesis exposition and summary. This thesis focuses on giving light to the current state of traditional numerical methods, the constraints we face, and the different solutions that are being proposed for the simulation of the electromagnetic behaviour of different materials as electrical conductors in transmission lines and grounding facilities, based on the formulation that defines the Electromagnetic Field Theory (Maxwell Laws), and the different conditions of each particular problem to solve. The main aim of the thesis is to investigate the application of numerical techniques very recently applied, known as the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD). Based on a novel technique of decomposition of multidimensional variables (such as in electromagnetic field) in a sum of products (modes) of one-dimensional variables, and using iterative algorithms, PGD can address with a reduced need for computational media, complex problems whose solution requires extraordinary means using traditional techniques. These new techniques have been successfully applied in other domains, such as the simulation of mechanical components and materials science. The aim of this thesis is the application of these new techniques to the simulation of electromagnetic phenomena in the different elements designed for the use of electricity. The thesis focuses on the development of modelling power transmission conductor energy and grounding networks, basic structures in electrical technology but serve to analyze and observe in detail, as well as to validate with traditional methods of proven reliability, the great potential of PGD, leaving open the application of the technique to technically complex as transformers and rotating machines in future works of the Electrical Equipment, Systems and Facilities Research Group (ISEE) of the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV). The main novelties of the thesis on previous work are part of the objectives, and are as follows: -Optimization on PGD technique. In this thesis has been chosen by an application of PGD with maximum decomposition in elementary functions, i.e., modes will be considered consisting of products of functions exclusively one-dimensional (x, y, z, t, frequency, etc.), then discretized with uniform dimensional meshes. This will lead us to obtain simple codes, which require easy deployment and reduced computational resources. -Applications of PGD to electromagnetism field, since the vast majority of references that can be found in the application of PGD concern the field of mechanics and materials. This work aims to use advances made in these fields, and apply to the field of electromagnetism, where only very few works have been published in recent years, with the aim of contributing to further open a new front in the development and application of technology that allows to overcome the limitations and problems that far presented with traditional techniques resolution. / [ES] Planteamiento y resumen de la tesis doctoral. La presente tesis se centra en dar luz al estado actual de los métodos numéricos tradicionales, las limitaciones a las que nos enfrentamos, y las diferentes soluciones que se están planteando para la simulación del comportamiento electromagnético de diferentes materiales como conductores eléctricos en líneas de transmisión e instalaciones de puesta a tierra, basándose en la formulación que define la Teoría de Campos Electromagnéticos (Leyes de Maxwell), y las diferentes condiciones de cada problema particular a resolver. El objetivo principal de la tesis es el investigar la aplicación de técnicas numéricas de muy reciente aplicación, conocidas como la Descomposición Propia Generalizada (Proper Generalized Decomposition PGD). Basándose en una técnica novedosa de descomposición de las variables multidimensionales (como en el campo electromagnético) en una suma de productos (modos) de variables unidimensionales, y mediante algoritmos iterativos, la PGD permite abordar, con una reducida necesidad de medios computacionales, problemas complejos cuya solución requiere medios extraordinarios empleando las técnicas tradicionales. Estas nuevas técnicas han sido aplicadas con éxito en otros dominios, como el de la simulación de elementos mecánicos y en ciencia de los materiales. El objetivo de la presente tesis es precisamente el de la aplicación de estas novedosas técnicas a la simulación de fenómenos electromagnéticos en los diferentes elementos diseñados para la utilización de la energía eléctrica. La tesis se centra en el desarrollo de la modelización de conductores de transmisión de energía eléctricas y redes de puesta a tierra, estructuras básicas en la tecnología eléctrica pero que sirven para analizar y observar con detalle además de validar con métodos tradicionales, de demostrada fiabilidad, el gran potencial de la PGD, dejando abierta la aplicación de la técnica a elementos técnicamente más complejos como transformadores y máquinas rotativas en futuros trabajos del Grupo de Investigación de Instalaciones, Sistemas y Equipos Eléctricos (ISEE) de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV). Las principales novedades que aporta la tesis sobre trabajos realizados anteriormente son parte de los objetivos que persigue, y son las siguientes: - Optimización de la técnica de la PGD. En la presente tesis se ha optado por una aplicación de la PGD con la máxima descomposición posible en funciones elementales, es decir, los modos se considerarán formados por productos de funciones exclusivamente unidimensionales (x, y, z, t, frecuencia, etc.), discretizadas posteriormente con mallas unidimensionales uniformes. Esto nos llevará a obtener códigos simples, de sencilla implementación y que necesitarán de reducidos recursos computacionales. - Aplicación de la PGD al campo del Electromagnetismo, ya que la gran mayoría de las referencias que se pueden encontrar en la aplicación de la PGD se refieren al campo de la mecánica y los materiales. Este trabajo pretende utilizar avances logrados en esos campos, y aplicarlos al campo del electromagnetismo, donde sólo muy pocos trabajos han sido publicados en los últimos años, con el objetivo de contribuir a seguir abriendo un nuevo frente en el desarrollo y aplicación de la técnica, que permita vencer las limitaciones y problemas que hasta el momento se presentan con las técnicas de resolución tradicionales. / [CA] Plantejament i resum de la tesi doctoral. La present tesi se centra a donar llum a l'estat actual dels mètodes numèrics tradicionals, les limitacions a què ens enfrontem, i les diferents sol¿lucions que s'estan plantejant per a la simulació del comportament electromagnètic de diversos materials com a conductors elèctrics en linies de transmissió i instal¿lacions d'enclavament a terra, basant-se en la formulació que defineix la Teoria de Camps Electromagnètics (Lleis de Maxwell) , i les diferents condicions de cada problema particular a resoldre. L'objectiu principal de la tesi és investigar l'aplicació de tècniques numèriques de molt recent aplicació, conegudes com la Descomposició Pròpia Generalitzada (Proper Generalized Decomposition PGD). Basant-se en una tècnica nova de descomposició de les variables multidimensionales (com en el camp electromagnètic) en una suma de productes (modes) de variables unidimensionals, i per mitjà d'algoritmes iteratius. La PGD permet abordar, amb una reduïda necessitat de mitjans computacionals, problemes complexos la sol¿lució de la qual requereix mitjans extraordinaris emprant les tècniques tradicionals. Tals tècniques han sigut aplicades amb èxit en altres dominis, com el de la simulació d'elements mecànics i en ciència dels materials. L'objectiu de la present tesi és precisament el de l'aplicació d'estes noves tècniques a la simulació de fenòmens electromagnètics en els diversos elements dissenyats per a l'utilització de l'energia elèctrica. La tesi es centra en el desenrotllament de la modelització de conductors de transmissió d'energia eléctrica i xarxes d'enclavament a terra, estructures bàsiques en la tecnologia elèctrica però que serveixen per a analitzar i observar amb detall a més de validar amb mètodes tradicionals, de demostrada fiabilitat, el gran potencial de la PGD, deixant oberta l'aplicació de la tècnica a elements tècnicament més complexos com a transformadors i màquines rotatives en futures treballs del Grup d'Investigació d'Instal¿lacions, Sistemes i Equips Elèctrics (ISEE) de la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). Les principals novetats que aporta la tesi sobre treballs realitzats anteriorment són part dels objectius que persegueix, i són les següents: -Optimització de la tècnica de la PGD. En la present tesi s'ha optat per una aplicació de la PGD amb la màxima descomposició possible en funcions elementals, és a dir, els modes es consideraran formats per productes de funcions exclusivament unidimensionals (x, y, z, t, freqüència, etc.), discretizadas amb malles unidimensionals uniformes. Açò ens portarà a obtindre còdics simples, de senzilla implementació i que necessitaran de reduïts recursos computacionals. -Aplicació de la PGD al camp de l'Electromagnetisme, ja que la gran majoria de les referències que es poden trobar en l'aplicació de la PGD es refereixen al camp de la mecànica i els materials. Este treball pretén utilitzar avanços aconseguits en esses camps, i aplicar-los al camp de l'electromagnetisme, on només molt pocs treballs han sigut publicats en els últims anys, amb l'objectiu de contribuir a continuar obrint un nou front en el desentrollament i aplicació de la tècnica, que permeta véncer les limitacions i problemes que fins al moment es presenten amb les tècniques de resol¿lució tradicionals. / Lázaro García, J. (2016). Contribución al cálculo de elementos en instalaciones eléctricas mediante PGD (Proper Generalized Decomposition) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61966

Prior to 1994, the South African Health Department was characterised by a fragmented health care system, which was largely curative and hospital based, with services planned and managed without community involvement and participation. The government, through the establishment of a district health system, integrated the health services with the aim of overcoming the fragmentation, and providing integrated comprehensive health care services that are equitable, accessible, efficient and effective. The integration of health services in Gauteng, meant the devolution of primary health care services from the provincial health department to the local authority health department, because the local authority services are nearer and accountable to the community. The process of integration of health services also meant the closing down of provincial clinics and transferring of provincial authority nurses to the local authority clinics. The transfer process impacted negatively on staff morale and on the resources available for health care delivery to the communities. It is against this background that the researcher decided to investigate the integration process. The researcher then conducted focus group interviews with the local authority nurses, provincial authority nurses and the district management team as these nurses's immediate supervisors. The results revealed that the local and provincial authority nurses were integrated without proper consultation and as a result integration was rejected. The following themes emerged from the results as negative perceptions and obstacles towards integration: lack of consultation, disparities in conditions of service and resistance to change. Positive perceptions also emerged from the results as strategies to improve the integration, and these strategies were used to develop guidelines to operationalise the model. It is envisaged that the proposed model will serve as a theoretical framework for nurse managers from both spheres of government, local and provincial to improve the integration of nurses through proper consultation, and involvement of nurses in the process affecting them. It is further envisaged that the model will serve as guideline to introduce changes within the district health system with more understanding and acceptance by nurses affected. Health care managers will find the model useful to overcome disparities in conditions of service among nurses and, in turn this may boost the moral of nurses and lead to successful integration of provincial and local authority nurses. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil (Health Studies)

Together with an basic assumption of the main thesis of the theory of singular direct reference, this paper formulates two original theses grounded in the Kripkean notion of proper names. Regarding the assumption of the main thesis, efforts have been made to explicitly explain its essence as a reactionary theory against the description theory of proper names, a theory mainly due to Bertrand Russells (1905) influential article "On Denoting". Grounded in Russell, outlining the fundamental idea of proper names as abbreviated or disguised definite descriptions, this paper moves forward through the critiques of Strawsons (1950) "On Referring", Donnellans (1966) "Reference and Definite Descriptions" and Kripkes (1977) "Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference". With the historical background in place, in accordance with Salmons (1982) "Reference & Essence" the arguments against the theory of descriptions for proper names are put forward, which leads to the assumption of the mentioned main thesis. Regarding the papers more original theses, the first of these distinguishes between different kinds of proper names depending on whether or not they refer to an object capable of cognitive functioning. The main thrust of this paper is however made through the formulation of the second thesis, as it is being aimed at challenging Kripke's Millian notion of all proper names as being non-connoting. However, in contrast to this view in accordance with the view being put forward in this paper, cognition-referring proper names are connoting. Additionally, a finishing discussion is supplemented concluding descriptions of such connotations as being questions for pragmatism.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: We propose a new methodology, based on proper scoring rules, for the evaluation of the goodness of pattern recognizers with probabilistic outputs. The recognizers of interest take an input, known to belong to one of a discrete set of classes, and output a calibrated likelihood for each class. This is a generalization of the traditional use of proper scoring rules to evaluate the goodness of probability distributions. A recognizer with outputs in well-calibrated probability distribution form can be applied to make cost-effective Bayes decisions over a range of applications, having di fferent cost functions. A recognizer with likelihood output can additionally be employed for a wide range of prior distributions for the to-be-recognized classes. We use automatic speaker recognition and automatic spoken language recognition as prototypes of this type of pattern recognizer. The traditional evaluation methods in these fields, as represented by the series of NIST Speaker and Language Recognition Evaluations, evaluate hard decisions made by the recognizers. This makes these recognizers cost-and-prior-dependent. The proposed methodology generalizes that of the NIST evaluations, allowing for the evaluation of recognizers which are intended to be usefully applied over a wide range of applications, having variable priors and costs. The proposal includes a family of evaluation criteria, where each member of the family is formed by a proper scoring rule. We emphasize two members of this family: (i) A non-strict scoring rule, directly representing error-rate at a given prior. (ii) The strict logarithmic scoring rule which represents information content, or which equivalently represents summarized error-rate, or expected cost, over a wide range of applications. We further show how to form a family of secondary evaluation criteria, which by contrasting with the primary criteria, form an analysis of the goodness of calibration of the recognizers likelihoods. Finally, we show how to use the logarithmic scoring rule as an objective function for the discriminative training of fusion and calibration of speaker and language recognizers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ons wys hoe om die onsekerheid in die uittree van outomatiese sprekerherkenning- en taalherkenningstelsels voor te stel, te meet, te kalibreer en te optimeer. Dit maak die bestaande tegnologie akkurater, doeltre ender en meer algemeen toepasbaar.