The sub judice rule is a media law practice that is currently often in the spotlight. Editors and journalists are constantly furiously speaking out against this rule that limits their freedom of expression in an attempt to assure the accused's fair and proper trial. Practitioners of the law, on the other side, say the sub judice rule is indispensable to the proper administration of justice. The rule, which much prevents the media from interfering with a pending case, causes confusion under journalists, as it is not consistently applied. Judges often warn the media against the violation of the rule during a high profile case, but those who do break the rule are not charged with contempt of the court. The aim of this study is to determine how Beeld, the Afrikaans daily newspaper, applies the sub judice rule in his reporting. The way in which this leading paper handles the rule is of importance to other journalists as well as the readers. The origin, development and function of the rule are also examined. It was established that Beeld did not contravene the sub judice rule as unceremoniously as a few other newspapers. Beelds violations of the rule were different experts' nuanced interpretations thereof. These violations is more based on the perception that the court's independence and worthiness must be upheld in the public eye than on the rule's actual function to guard against the interfering in the due course of a case. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

An experimental study was designed to examine and document the development and structures of turbulent 3D offset jets. The generic 3D wall jets at the same Reynolds numbers was used as the basis of comparison. The experiments were performed using a high resolution particle image velocimetry technique to perform velocity measurements at three Reynolds numbers based on the jet exit diameter and velocities of 5000, 10000 and 20000 and four jet offset height ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0. The measurements were performed in the streamwise/wall-normal plane from 0 to 120 jet exit diameters and in the streamwise/lateral plane from 10 to 80 jet exit diameters. The velocity data were analyzed using (i) mean velocities and one-point statistics such as turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, triple velocity products and some terms in the transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy, (ii) two-point velocity correlations to study how the turbulence quantities are correlated as well as the length scale and angle of inclination of the hairpin-like vortex structures, and (iii) proper orthogonal decomposition to examine the energy distribution and the role of the large scale structures in the turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses. The decay of the maximum mean velocities and spread of the jet half widths became independent of Reynolds number much earlier in the generic wall jet than the offset jets. The flow development is delayed with increasing offset heights. The decay rate and wall-normal spread rate increased with the offset heights, whereas the lateral spread rate decreased with offset heights, which is consistent with previous studies. The two-point auto-correlations and the proper orthogonal decomposition results indicate the presence of more large scale structures in the outer and self-similar regions than in the inner and developing regions. The iso-contours of the streamwise autocorrelations in the inner regions were inclined at similar angles of β = 11.2 ± 0.6 degrees, which are in good agreement with reported values in boundary layer studies. The angles decrease with increasing distance from the wall.

Ce mémoire porte sur la pratique du nom propre dans quatre romans de l'auteure québécoise Suzanne Jacob : Laura Laur (1983), La Passion selon Galatée (1987), Rouge, mère et fils (2001) et Fugueuses (2005). À partir du postulat de Suzanne Jacob qui affirme que la réalité se compose de conventions, cette étude s'efforce de mettre à l'épreuve l'hypothèse selon laquelle le nom propre est une fiction. À l'aide de balises méthodologiques privilégiant la narratologie et la pragmatique, l'analyse, constituée de lectures microtextuelles, s'intéresse aux commentaires des personnages et de la narration sur le nom, en plus de relever les procédés qui encadrent et mettent en lumière le fonctionnement du nom, autant d'un point de vue sémantique que syntaxique. C'est donc dire que le nom est abordé dans le réseau des différents signes du texte et non pas comme un signifiant isolé. L'étude se divise en trois chapitres consacrés à des problématiques structurantes du nom propre chez Jacob : « L'omniprésence du nom », « L'instabilité du nom » et « Le nom performé ? » À partir de ces trois axes, la réflexion ouvre sur des enjeux plus vastes qui concernent autant l'identité que les relations sociales et familiales. / This thesis focuses on the use of names in four novels written by Quebec's author Suzanne Jacob : Laura Laur (1983), La Passion selon Galatée (1987), Rouge, mère et fils (2001) and Fugueuses (2005). Suzanne Jacob thinks that reality is made from conventions. Based on this idea, this thesis confronts the hypothesis that names are fictitious. Using narratological and pragmatical methodologies, this analysis, made of microtext readings, focuses on the characters' and narrators' comments on names, in addition to identifying processes that highlight names functionality on a semantic and syntactic point of view. This means that names will be addressed based on the network of the text’s different signs, and will not be considered as an isolated signifier. The study is divided in three chapters dedicated to structural problems about names in Jacob's novels : « The ubiquity of the name », « The instability of the name » and « The name performed ? » From these three axes, the reflection opens to broader issues concerning identity as well as social and familial relationships.

The aim of this master thesis is to analyse the translation solutions used for the translation of proper names between Danish and Czech in five contemporary translations of Danish fiction. The first part deals with the definition and division of proper names in the Czech linguistic theory and with the analysis of the Translation studies literature, which will serve as the basis for the analysis. The main focus of the following part is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the individual translation solutions in the analysed texts. The analysed proper names will be divided according to the translation procedures used in their translation. The results of the analysis will be used to draft the tendency in the translation of these names.

Les bases de données lexicales jouent un grand rôle dans le TAL, mais, elles nécessitent un développement et un enrichissement permanents via l’exploitation des ressources libres du web sémantique, entre autres, l’encyclopédie Wikipédia, DBpedia, Geonames et Yago2. Prolexbase, comporte à ce jour dix langues, trois parmi elles sont bien couvertes : le francais, l’anglais et le polonais. Il a été conçu manuellement et une première tentative semi-automatique a été réalisée par le projet ProlexFeeder (Savary et al. 2013). L’objectif de notre travail était d’élaborer un outil de mise à jour et d’extension automatiques de ce lexique, et l'ajout de la langue arabe. Un système automatique a également été mis en place pour calculer via la Wikipédia l’indice de notoriété des entrées de Prolexbase ; cet indice dépend de la langue et participe, d'une part, à la construction d'un module de Prolexbase pour la langue arabe et, d'autre part, à la révision de la notoriété présente pour les autres langues de la base. / Lexical databases play a significant role in natural language processing (NLP), however, they require permanent development and enrichment through the exploitation of free resources from the semantic web, among others, Wikipedia, DBpedia, Geonames and Yago2. Prolexbase, which issued of numerous studies on NLP, has ten languages, three of which are well covered: French, English and Polish. It was manually designed; the first semiautomatic attempt was made by the ProlexFeeder project (Savary et al., 2013). The objective of our work was to create an automatic updating and extension tool for Prolexbase, and to introduce the Arabic language. In addition, a fully automatic system has been implemented to calculate, via Wikipedia, the notoriety of the entries of Prolexbase. This notoriety is language dependent, is the first step in the construction of an Arabic module of Prolexbase, and it takes a part in the notoriety revision currently present for the other languages in the database.

L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer que l’énonciation joue un rôle essentiel dans l’institution et l’interprétation des noms propres.La définition du nom propre comme signe linguistique contient, outre le signifiant et le signifié, le référent, c’est-à-dire un renvoi à l’actualisation du signe dans le discours, ce qui explique la marginalité du nom propre dans la linguistique structuraliste ; d’autre part, le sens d’un nom propre – “x appelé N par S” – est défini comme une relation de dénomination entre un individu (x) et un nom propre (N) exprimée par un sujet énonciateur (S), qui dépend d’un acte de nomination associant tel nom à tel individu et initiant ainsi l’usage du nom.La valeur des variables x, N et S est déterminée pour une occurrence de nom propre donnée, en fonction de la situation d’énonciation et d’un acte de nomination logiquement préalable. La notion linguistique de personne permet précisément de rendre compte de ce rapport entre référent du nom propre et énonciation et du rôle du contexte dans l’interprétation du nom propre. Elle se révèle notamment indispensable pour l’analyse du nom propre hors phrase qui se caractérise à la fois par son indépendance vis-à-vis du cotexte et par une forte dépendance au contexte non verbal. La comparaison des noms propres avec les embrayeurs et déictiques, traditionnellement définis comme impliquant un renvoi à la situation d’énonciation, conduit également à considérer que l’interprétation d’un nom propre est entièrement déterminée par le contexte et en particulier par l’identité des personnes de l’énonciation. / The purpose of this work is to show that acts of utterance play an important role in the institution and the interpretation of proper names.The definition of proper names as signs contains, in addition to the signifiant and the signifié, the referent, that is to say a reference to the actualization of the sign in discourse. That is why proper names are on the margins of structuralist linguistics. Moreover, the meaning of a proper name – “x named N by S” – is defined as a denominative relation between an individual (x) and a proper name (N) expressed by an utterer (S), depending on an act of naming which associates a name with an individual and initiates the use of this name.The value of the variables x, N and S is defined for a given occurrence of a proper name according to the situation of utterance and to a logically prior act of naming. The linguistic notion of person precisely allows to account for this relation between the referent of the proper name and the act of utterance and for the role of the context in the interpretation of the proper name. This notion appears to be essential for analysing out of sentence proper names which are linguistic context-free but extralinguistic context-dependent. The comparison between proper names and shifters and indexicals, which are traditionally defined as involving a reference to the speech situation, leads also to consider that the interpretation of a proper name is entirely determined by the context and especially by the identity of the enunciative persons.

Les noms propres sont omniprésents et intéressent, depuis des siècles, philosophes et linguistes. Le travail réalisé ici est une étude contrastive des noms propres en traduction, divisée en quatre parties. Les deux premières parties sont théoriques. La première partie traite de la notion de nom propre en linguistique anglaise et en linguistique française. La deuxième partie présente les différents procédés de traduction, illustrés par des exemples sur les noms propres. Les deux parties suivantes sont expérimentales. La troisième partie détaille les différentes étapes de la constitution de notre corpus multilingue parallèle aligné et annoté, composé de onze versions du roman de Jules Verne, Le Tour du Monde en quatre-vingts jours, en dix langues européennes. La quatrième partie expose les résultats obtenus suite à l’observation du comportement des noms propres en traduction.Cette étude contredit souvent l’hypothèse largement répandue de leur intraduisibilité. / Proper names are omnipresent and have long held the interest of both philosophers and linguists.Our work, divided into four parts, presents, from a contrastive perspective, the behaviour of proper names in translation.The first two parts are theoretical. Firstly, we give a general presentation of what is a proper name from the point of view of both English and French linguistics. Secondly, we introduce the different translation processes proper nouns can undergo.The last two parts are experimental. We begin by explaining the different phases in the process of constitution of our aligned and annotated multilingual parallel corpus, composed of eleven versions of Jules Verne’s novel, Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours, in ten European languages. We then present the results obtained from the observation of proper names behaviour in translation.These results often contradict the widespread idea regarding proper names untranslatability.

Le nom propre, forme définie en langue, participe à un acte de langage, régi par des conventions sociales et fondé sur un acte de nomination qui renvoie à un particulier qu’il individualise. Les critères traditionnels avancés pour le distinguer du nom commun et prédire son fonctionnement dit marginal ne sont pas suffisants pour le définir en tant que catégorie linguistique et encore moins en tant que phénomène du discours. Nous considérons le Npr dans un cadre plus général, comme une facette de la nomination (ce qu’il est), processus dynamique en discours où nous pouvons étudier ses fonctions discursives et ses différents types d’emplois contextuels. L’objectif de notre travail est donc d’étudier l’activité de nomination dans le genre médiatique de la presse écrite, de mettre à jour les enjeux de cette activité dans la construction de l’information de chaque titre retenu et dans la construction des représentations médiatiques des hommes politiques. Pour ce faire, nous recensons les différentes procédures de nomination des hommes politiques français dans cinq titres de la presse écrite française, nous analysons les fonctionnements sémantico-référentiels de ces différentes formes (dont le nom propre) et nous observons si cette nomination est contrainte aux caractéristiques du genre médiatique, envisagé comme genre discursif dans la tradition de l’École française de l’analyse du discours / The linguistically defined form of proper name corresponds to a speech act, governed by social conventions and founded by a nomination act which refers to a particular individual. The traditional criteria used to distinguish the proper name from the common noun and to predict its so said marginal functioning are not sufficient to define it as a linguistic category and even less so as a speech phenomenon. We consider the proper name in a more general frame, as a facet of nomination (which it is), using a dynamic speech process where one can study its discursive functions and its different types of uses in context. The aim of our work is to study the activity of nomination in a specific media genre, the written press, and to uncover the issues at stake regarding this activity, specifically in the construction of information in each of the press titles we retained and in the construction of media representations when politicians are concerned. We here undertake a systematic study of the language resources available for the enunciator (mostly the journalist) to name the other, to refer to alterity. To do so, we first take an inventory of the different nomination procedures regarding French politicians in five written press French newspapers, we then analyse the semantico-referential functioning of these different forms (including the proper name) and finally observe weither the nomination undergoes the characteristic constraints of this specific media genre, considered as a discursive genre in the tradition of the Ecole Française of discourse analysis

Cette thèse porte sur la conception des méthodes robustes de réduction d’ordre de modèles numériques de type Éléments Finis (EF) avec contrôle de la précision. La réduction d’ordre est en général nécessaire pour réduire drastiquement les temps de calcul et permettre ainsi une analyse paramétrique, une étude de faisabilité ou de performance de système (avion, unité de production, procédé complexe, etc). Dans cette étude, la technique de décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres (POD) sera utilisée pour construire des modèles réduits locaux. Informatiquement parlant, le “modèle” sera considéré comme une base de données de résultats de calcul avec capacité d’extrapolation et d’interpolation locale. Une stratégie adaptative pour stocker et accéder à la base de données est étudiée en étendant l’algorithme In situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) proposé initialement par Pope. En fonction de l’usage et des exigences en précision des résultats, la base de données est enrichie en ligne (online) par des appels au modèle fin en respectant une précision spécifiée jusqu’à couvrir le domaine paramétrique entier, après quoi l’évaluation d’une solution devient très peu couteuse. L’approche couplée POD-ISAT proposée dans cette thèse fournit une méthode de réduction de modèle EF très performante. La méthodologie est évaluée sur un cas réel de conditionnement d’air en régime stationnaire de cabine d’avion dépendant de plusieurs paramètres de conception (température et vitesse d’entrée d’air, mode de ventilation personnalisée, conductivité thermique du fuselage, etc.). Pour les problèmes d’évolution en temps, nous explorons une piste de chainage de modèles et d’utilisation d’algorithme de parallélisation en temps tel que l’algorithme pararéel initialement proposé par Lions, Maday et Turinici (2001). Nous proposons ici une variante quasi-Newton de l’algorithme pararéel que nous appelons algorithme Broyden-pararéel. Il est appliqué au calcul de la diffusion d’un gaz dans la cabine d’avion. Cette thèse s’insère dans le cadre du projet CSDL (Complex System Design Lab, Fond Unique Interministériel) visant à développer une plate-forme logicielle multidisciplinaire pour la conception de systèmes complexes. / In this thesis, an efficient Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) technique with control of accuracy for parameterized Finite Element solutions is proposed. The ROM methodology is usually necessary to drastically reduce the computational time and allow for tasks like parameter analysis, system performance assessment (aircraft, complex process, etc.). In this thesis, a ROM using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) will be used to build local models. The “model” will be considered as a database of simulation results store and retrieve the database is studied by extending the algorithm In Situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) originally proposed by Pope (1997). Depending on the use and the accuracy requirements, the database is enriched in situ (i.e. online) by call of the fine (reference) model and construction of a local model with an accuracy region in the parameter space. Once the trust regions cover the whole parameter domain, the computational cost of a solution becomes inexpensive. The coupled POD-ISAT, here proposed, provides a promising effective ROM approach for parametric finite element model. POD is used for the low-order representation of the spatial fields and ISAT for the local representation of the solution in the design parameter space. This method is tested on a Engineering case of stationary air flow in an aircraft cabin. This is a coupled fluid-thermal problem depending on several design parameters (inflow temperature, inflow velocity, fuselage thermal conductivity, etc.). For evolution problems, we explore the use of time-parallel strategies, namely the parareal algorithm originally proposed by Lions, Maday and Turinici (2001). A quasi-Newton variant of the algorithm called Broyden-parareal algorithm is here proposed. It is applied to the computation of the gas diffusion in an aircraft cabin. This thesis is part of the project CSDL (Complex System Design Lab) funded by FUI (Fond Unique Interministériel) aimed at providing a software platform for multidisciplinary design of complex systems.

A presente dissertação parte da hipótese de que, por meio da análise do movimento entre o falar e o grafar, é possível entender os modos pelos quais a criança constrói o conceito do nome próprio. Ou seja, ela privilegia o estudo do momento no qual, para cada um dos informantes, o nome próprio deixou de ser uma imagem e passou a funcionar como um símbolo. A pesquisa teve por objetivo geral compreender como a simbolização do conceito de nome próprio se dá. Tomou como objeto de análise a produção de crianças em idade aproximada de três anos, alunos de uma escola pública de educação infantil de zero a três anos, no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Ao longo do ano de 2009, os informantes foram gravados em vídeo, com periodicidade mensal. As imagens foram tomadas durante a realização de uma atividade de escrita do nome próprio. A atividade teve por objetivo tanto registrar o ato da escrita do nome próprio pela criança quanto a fala produzida por ela durante a escrita. Assim, o corpus foi formado por gravações em vídeo, transcrições simples das falas nele contidas e pelas produções escritas de quatro crianças. Partindo da abordagem lacaniana, que considera o nome próprio como um traço que marca um corpo e, designando uma diferença, o inscreve em um lugar, a pesquisa procurou responder de que modo as crianças pequenas interpretam as marcas gráficas que produzem, de modo intencional ou acidental, ao serem solicitadas para escrever seu nome próprio. Na análise dos dados, buscou-se privilegiar os indícios das passagens que mostram a alternância entre os registros do psiquismo humano descritos por Lacan (real, simbólico e imaginário). Cotejando as produções das crianças, foi possível concluir que houve movimentos no e do escrito, tanto entre uma produção e outra quanto na elaboração de cada uma das produções. É possível afirmar que, aos poucos, os informantes atualizaram, no ato de escrever, seu assujeitamento às leis da linguagem e, por este motivo, puderam percorrer um caminho para se apropriar do sistema de representação escrita. Postulamos, portanto, que os traços e os riscos produzidos funcionam como significantes que interrogam a criança e a instigam a fazer reflexões a respeito da escrita. Nesse processo, a professora fez intervenções que potencializaram a reflexão a respeito da escrita e, assim, pôde sustentar o trabalho de reformulação das hipóteses a respeito da escrita como objeto do conhecimento. Com relação às alterações na relação dos informantes com o saber gerados pelo processo, pode-se dizer que eles passaram a buscar maneiras de se representar por meio de uma marca própria e singular. Concluímos, portanto, que o investimento necessário para realizar uma leitura mais atenta da escrita de crianças pequenas é válido, pois, potencialmente, pode proporcionar elementos para compreender os impasses na alfabetização dos mais velhos. / This work assumes that, through the analysis of the movement between speaking and writing, it is possible to understand the means by which the child builds the concept of proper name. In other words, it favors the study of the moment in which, to every one of the informers, the proper name was no longer an image and started operating as a symbol. The overall aim of this research was to comprehend how the concept of proper name symbolization occurs. The object of analysis was the written production of children around the age of three who are students at a nursery school in the countryside of São Paulo. During 2009, the informers were monthly recorded. The images were taken during a written activity in which the students were expected to write their own names. The aim of this activity was not only registering the act when the child writes her own name but also the speech produced while writing. Thus, the corpus was composed for video recording, simple transcriptions of the speeches recorded and four childrens written productions. We first consider Lacans approach, which considers the proper name a feature that creates a sign in a body and, as it designates a difference, signs it up in a determined place. Thus, this research aimed to answer how young children interpret the graphic marks produced by them, deliberately or accidentally, when they are asked to write their proper names. By the datas analysis, we intended to privilege the clues of the episodes that show the alternation between the human psychism registers described by Lacan (Real, Symbolic and Imaginary). By confronting the childrens productions, it was possible to conclude that there were movements in and from the written composition. It is possible to state that, little by little, the informers got up to date, when writing, their antipersonification to the language rules and, for this reason, they could cover a way in order to appropriate the written representation system. We assume, therefore, that the traces and lines produced work as significants that interrogate the child and instigate her to reflect on the written text. During this process, the teacher intervened, improving the reflection on the written text and supporting the hypotheses recast on writing as a knowledge object. In relation to the modifications in the relationship between the informers and the knowledge generated from the process, we could say that they started looking for ways to represent themselves through a singular and proper sign. We concluded, therefore, that the necessary investment in order to read more carefully young childrens productions is valuable, because it may give elements that will help comprehending the difficulties in teaching the older children how to read and write.