This thesis examines the intersection of oil enclave economy and the phenomenon of sexual liaisons in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. The particular focus of this thesis is on the extent to which oil enclavity contributes to the emergence of sexual liaisons between local women and expatriate oil workers. Despite the fact that the Nigerian oil industry has been subjected to considerable scholarly debate for over five decades, this aspect of the social dimension of oil has not received adequate scholarly attention. Gender-specific discourse has tended to focus more on women protest. Other aspects, such as gender-specific violence that women in the region have had to live with, are either ignored or poorly articulated. Picketing of oil platforms by protesting women is celebrated as signs that women are active in the struggle against oil Transnational Companies (TNCs). While women protest is a significant struggle against oil TNCs, it has the potential of blurring our intellectual focus on the specific challenges confronting women in the Niger Delta. This study shows that since the inauguration of the Willink Commission in 1957, national palliatives meant to alleviate poverty in the Niger Delta region have not been gender sensitive. A review of the 1957 Willink Commission and others that came after it shows that the Nigerian state is yet to address the peculiar problems that the oil industry has brought to the women folk in the region. The paradox is that while oil provides enormous wealth and means of patronage to the Nigerian state elite, the oil TNCs, and better paid expatriate oil workers, a large section of the local Oil Bearing Communities (OBCs), especially women and unemployed youth, are not only dispossessed but survive in an environment characterised by anxiety and misery. With limited survival alternatives, youths resort to violent protest including oil thefts and bunkering. Local women are also immersed in this debacle because some of them resort to sexual liaisons with economically empowered expatriate oil workers as an alternative means of survival. This study therefore shifts the focus to women by exploring the extent to which sexual liaison reflects the contradictions in the enclave oil economy. The study employed an enclave economy conceptual framework to demonstrate that oil extractive activities compromise and distort the local economies of OBCs. This situation compels local women to seek for alternative means of survival by entering into sexual liaisons with more financially privileged expatriate oil workers. The study reviewed relevant secondary documentary sources of data. Further, it employed primary data collection techniques which include in-depth interviews/life histories, ethnographic observations, focus group discussions, and visual sociology. Besides obtaining the social profile and challenges facing the women involved in sexual liaisons with expatriate oil workers, the study provides an outline of participants’ narratives on the different social and economic dimensions of the intersection of oil enclave economy and sexual liaisons. The study found that some of the women involved in sexual liaisons with expatriate oil workers have been abandoned with ‘fatherless’ children. Some of them have also been rejected by their immediate family members and, in some cases, by their community. The study also found that the phenomenon of sexual liaisons and the incidents of abandoned ‘fatherless’ children that result from the practice, has over the years been played out through local resentment against oil TNCs and their expatriate employees. This finding helps to fill the gap in narratives and to make sense of the civic revolt and deepening instability in the Niger Delta region.

The study examines the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms in Zimbabwe. The main objective of the study was to investigate the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms. The study reveals high levels of child exploitation and abuse. A qualitative design was chosen and purposive sampling was used. Interviews were used to collect data. The sample consisted of 40 children between 7 and 16 years. Interviews were also conducted with the Coalition Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe (CACLAZ). CACLAZ is an NGO that specializes in the elimination of child labour in Zimbabwe through the provision of education. The study reveals different forms of child labour. These include children working in communal and commercial farms, children working in domestic set up and child prostitution. The study exposes some of the causes and effects of child labour. Poverty, increased cost of education, and cultural practices were some of the causes of child labour. The study also reveals gaps that exist in the LRA. In view of the findings, the study makes recommendation on how to curb child labour and protect the rights of children as enshrined in various international instruments such as the CRC and ILO Conventions.

Law regulates the sexual citizen in myriad ways, from overt sexual behaviour, to conjugal and familial formation and dissolution, to issues which engage questions of sex and societal behaviour. This work uses Queer Theory, Legal Feminism, and Legal Historicism to explore the law regulating “private sexual ordering” through an analysis of three subject areas: polygamy, prostitution/sex work, and law’s regulation of female sexuality. The analysis is undertaken of both national and international legal regimes. The author’s informational methodology consists of textual analysis, comparative law, and investigating historical and social science literature which bears on, and is applied to, a legal analysis. The philosophical, religious, and moral motives of laws regulating sexual and sexualized behaviour are analyzed, as is the restriction of forms of private sexual ordering on dissenting minorities, some of whom invoke freedom of religion and conscience to justify their choices. The work concludes that contemporary law restricting forms of private sexual ordering is imbued with religio-moral content which inhibits law applying principles of human autonomy and freedom of choice. The work thus recommends reform of the laws prohibiting or restricting private sexual ordering in the areas of polygamy and prostitution, while remaining optimistic that both national and international law can be used to safeguard the agentic and physical integrity of women faced with restrictions on their private sexual ordering and reproductive behaviours.

Prostitution, sex in exchange for consideration, has never been illegal in Canada; however, activities surrounding prostitution have been criminalized in the Criminal Code. These prohibited activities include: working indoors (s. 210 keeping a common bawdy house), providing services to sex workers (s. 212(1)(j) living off of the avails of prostitution), and communicating in public for the purposes of prostitution (s. 213). In 2007 two former and one current sex worker, Terri Jean Bedford, Valerie Scott and Amy Lebovitch challenged the constitutionality of the above laws, arguing that they increased sex workers’ vulnerability to harm. Six years later on June 13th, 2013 the Supreme Court of Canada heard the landmark case Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford. Prior to hearing the case, the Supreme Court Justices read the submitted factums outlining the arguments of the appellants, respondents, and their interveners. The final decision was released on December 22nd, 2013 and the unanimous decision to strike down all three laws was made. Using a discourse analysis inspired by Michel Foucault, this study ‘unpacks’ the meanings that are constituted within the factums submitted to the Supreme Court regarding the people who engage in sex work and the institution of prostitution. The convergences and divergences within the discourses are presented. Drawing on these findings, while applying the work of Wedeking’s (2010) strategic legal framing alongside the governmentality perspective of risk, the tensions surrounding risk and choice are further explored. In doing so, the relationship between risk (taking/avoiding) and choice (making) is teased out. In this thesis I argue that risk and choice are strategically framed in the submitted factums to demonstrate the (un)constitutionality of Canada’s prostitution laws. Furthermore, I argue that both the appellants and respondents agree that risk avoidance is an acceptable self-governance strategy for sex workers, however they diverge on what they consider to be acceptable risk avoidance measures. The conclusion of this study discusses the decision of Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford to strike down the three prostitution laws and the subsequent introduction of the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act.

This study attempts to describe, through the combination of an interactional framework, an ethnographic semantic approach and an analysis of the folklore, the oral culture of female prostitute drug addicts and the forms of verbal exchange through which they appear to exercise some control over their socio-economic environment. The verbal transactions examined take place on and off the street, but always involve "street" participants: people whose business is on the street, where they casually meet friends and foes, where they make the initial contacts and contracts which lead to further transactions, and where they report finding an excitement and a pace of life they enjoy. Many of these transactions are described as "bullshitting": the flexibility of meaning of this term enables us to use it to indicate a variety of verbal exchanges among street people on the one hand, and between street people and "square Johns" on the other. In the first instance, it covers amicable greetings, small talk, anecdotes, gossip, jokes, warnings: didactic narratives and manipulative exercises whose function is to a large extent one of socialization. They serve as a stern description of the rules of behaviour among members of the street group and as means of integrating newcomers to the subculture of the street by describing the contrasting characteristics of "straight" and "street" culture members. In the second instance, speech acts serve mostly as an instrument of manipulation and exploitation. The most developed type of transaction examined is the one taking place between prostitutes and their customers, and the strategies developed to cope with problematic cases. The informants are also considered as drug addicts involved in non-prostitutional though exploitative transactions. As incarcerated informants, they are further involved in "interview transactions" based on firmly defined cultural boundaries between straight and street participants. The informants' perception of the two groups' contrasting worldviews, their lifestyles and opposite characteristics and attributes, give rise to the creation of endo- and exo-stereotypes which reinforce principles of inclusion and exclusion and regulate the pattern of straight and street interaction. Verbal transactions reflect the informants' understanding of their socio-economic environment, where economic survival rests on a profitable interaction with outsiders, and social survival rests on a cohesive interaction among themselves. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Unknown

Jag har undersökt Birgitta Stenbergs självbiografiska roman Kärlek i Europa utifrån ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv. Protagonisten Birgitta reser ut i Europa för att bli författare. Parallellt med detta finns en stark önskan om att erövra makten över sin egen person och att bli till som subjekt. Subjektsformeringen kantas av könsförtryck och utsatthet. Men Birgitta följer inte någons mall för hur vägen till självöverskridande bör se ut – hon vet att dra nytta av sin underkastelse. Det gör hon genom att söka sig till männen för att samla erfarenhet och stoff till sina romaner. Med kvinnliga medel rör hon sig mot ett manligt mål: att greppa världen genom att välkomna allt den har att erbjuda. Hon styrs av en vilja att se allt, även det obehagliga. Det slutgiltiga målet är litteraturen, där hon själv tar makten över historien.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-12T18:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Alyne Isabelle Ferreira Nunes.pdf: 1462169 bytes, checksum: 8e2852393a6bdc6c76c8104e42c1913f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T18:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Alyne Isabelle Ferreira Nunes.pdf: 1462169 bytes, checksum: 8e2852393a6bdc6c76c8104e42c1913f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Facepe / O debate sobre a violência racial e de gênero tem produzido inúmeras reflexões acerca da manutenção das desigualdades que atingem as mulheres negras. Os meios de comunicação de massa, o sistema educacional e as representações que são produzidas das mulheres negras acabam por essencializar os espaços que elas devem ocupar. Nessa perspectiva as representações da prostituição acabam por ser um espaço essencialmente feminino, e principalmente negro. É através do mito da democracia racial freyreano que o Brasil vai negar o reconhecimento positivo da população negra. Nesse discurso falacioso os índices de exclusão, de acesso e permanência na escola, a baixa remuneração, as estruturas familiares e afetivas contradizem com o modelo harmônico defendido pelo mito. As mulheres negras a partir de um discurso racista e sexista são reduzidas aos seus corpos e a sua sexualidade. Partindo dessa realidade, problematizamos as experiências de vida dessas mulheres buscando compreender a construção da subjetividade das mesmas e como a escolha pela prostituição se torna uma possibilidade real de escolha. Através da trajetória de vida nos foi possível apreender como opera a violência racial e de gênero para as mulheres negras, considerando que apesar de reconhecer a agência das mesmas às limitações do próprio sistema de opressão em que elas estão inseridas acabam por reduzir as possibilidades, tanto de reconhecimento como de sobrevivência. / The discussion concerning racial violence and gender has produced countless reflections over the maintenance of inequality that afflicts black women. The mass media, Educational System and the produced depiction of women lead to the sealing of places they should achieve. Within that perspective, the depiction of prostitution tends to be a mainly female space, specially for the black ones. Through the myth of racial democracy brought by Freyre, the positive recognition of the black population is denied in Brazil. According to this fallacious myth, the exclusion, access and permanence at school indexes, low income and the family and emotional structures go against the well balanced model proposed by the myth. Due to the sexist and racist discourses, black women are relegated to their bodies and sexuality only. Given this scenario and the life of those women, some questions were risen in order to understand the construction of their subjectivity and how prostitution has become a real choice possibility. According to their life experience, we managed to understand the way racial and gender violence happens to black women, despite of recognizing the limits of the system of oppression in which those women are inserted. The possibilities of being recognized and surviving are reduced.

In October 1995 representatives from ECPAT (End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism) visited several Eastern and Southern African countries. The purpose of the visit was to collect information on child prostitution and the impact of tourism on child prostitution and to assess whether to expand the ECPAT campaign to Africa. Although child prostitution in tourism did not presently appear to be a problem, child prostitution was found to be widespread. One common problem identified by ECPAT in all these countries visited was a lack of legislation to protect children from prostitution and a general helplessness in how best to address the issue. So the idea of a workshop, focusing on legal aspects, was bom with the aim to bring together stakeholders from the various countries to learn from each other’s experiences and begin to formulate responses to child prostitution and prevent child prostitution in tourism. The Network Against Child Labour (NACL) South Africa was able to organise a workshop with the financial support from Bread for the World. Participants from NGO’s and governments from Kenya, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa attended this first workshop on child prostitution in the region. Two international legal experts and advisers to ECPAT were present and partly facilitated the workshop, enriching our work with their expertise and world wide experience. The aim of the workshop extended beyond a focus on the legal aspects of child prostitution. Other specific purposes were networking, exchanging each other’s experience and achievements in order to develop strategies to combat child prostitution and finding a common ground for co-ordinated action. The Human Science Research Council (HSRC) provided a venue for the workshop and catered for the event. Dr. Willem Schurink from the HSRC organised, together with the Child Protection Unit from the South African Police, a tour to Johannesburg in areas were child prostitution is considered rife. This gave the participants an insight into the situation in South Africa’s largest city and “economic capital”. The two days of our workshop were intense and enriching. We all learned from each other’s experience and realised that there are many common problems that could be tackled with mutual support and advice in order to change legislation, policies and attitudes in the respective countries in the Eastern and Southern African region to ensure that the problem of child prostitution is declining and eventually eradicated. Continued networking and intensifying contacts will be part of our future efforts to combat child prostitution. The NACL wants to take this occasion to thank all participants for their efforts and contributions that made the workshop a success: Muireann OBrian and Denise Ritchie, who helped us in organising and facilitating. Thanks to our two volunteers, Rakgadi Masetlha and Tilman Rapp for the organisation of the workshop and especially to Dr. Willem Schurink of the HSRC, as well as to the funder - Bread for the World. With this publication we hope not only to reach stakeholders in South Africa and the region but to contribute our experience to world wide efforts to eradicate the degrading and often lethal practice of child prostitution by encouraging organisations and individuals to join a network in order to fight the problem.

O centro de organização da vida privada oitocentista é a família, instituição que recebe importante destaque na Comédie humaine, de Honoré de Balzac. No conjunto que forma essa obra, encontramos diferentes estruturas familiares, desde a elementar, exemplo mais tradicional de família, composta por pai, mãe e filhos, até as desordenadas, como é o caso dos Gobseck, objeto de estudo dessa dissertação. A família Gobseck é formada por duas cortesãs e um usurário. Sarah é mãe de Esther e sobrinha-neta de Jean-Esther van Gobseck. Nos episódios de suas vidas, narrados em alguns livros de Balzac, não percebemos momentos de interação e de convivência entre os três, contudo alguns traços fazem com que a influência do sangue prevaleça em distintos momentos da vida de cada um. Considerando, entre outros fatores, a constituição não tradicional dessa família, cujos componentes exercem profissões reprováveis pela sociedade, a falta de convívio e a ambição por dinheiro dos três, temos o objetivo de observar qual é o lugar dessa família na sociedade criada pelo escritor, qual o seu papel social em um mundo governado pelas leis do capital e quais as características individuais que fazem com que se aproximem ou se afastem. / The hub of the organisation of private life in the 1800s is the family, an institution which receives great distinction in the Comédie humaine, by Honoré de Balzac. On the whole which comprises this work, we find different familial structures, from the elementary, most traditional example of family, composed by a father, a mother and children, to the disorganised, such as the case of the Gobsecks, object of study of this thesis. The Gobseck family is composed of two courtesans and a usurer. Sarah is Esther\'s mother and grand-niece of Jean-Esther van Gobseck. In the episodes of their lives, narrated in some of Balzac\'s books, we do not perceive moments of interaction and intimacy between them, however, some traces make the influence of blood prevail in different moments of each one of their lives. Considering, among other factors, the non-traditional constitution of this family, whose components practice trades which are repproachable by society, the lack of intimacy and the greed for money all three have, our objective is observing what place this family has in the society created by the writer, what is their social role in a world ruled by the laws of capital and which individual characteristics make them get closer or draw apart.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att, genom en litteraturöversikt sammanställa kunskap om hur prostituerade påverkats av kriminaliseringen av sexköp samt undersöka hur socialt arbete bedrivs med prostituerade i länder som kriminaliserar sexköp. De valda studierna analyserades med hjälp av empowermentteori och stigmateori. Resultat visar att kriminaliseringen av sexköp inte har lett till mindre stigmatisering för de prostituerade. Många upplever tvärtom mer stigmatisering. Förbudet har lett till att sexköpare fått ett ökat förhandlingsutrymme. För gatuprostituerade innebär det mer risktagande, våld och minskad inkomst. Sociala insatser finns att tillgå men visar sig vara otillgängliga eller otillräckliga för att inleda ett empowerment-arbete. Fokus ligger på kvinnliga prostituerade vilket gör att hbt personer som en särskilt utsatt grupp diskrimineras. Utländska prostituerade vilka utgör en majoritet av de prostituerade exkluderas från det svenska systemet. Slutsatsen blir därmed att det behövs en översyn av handlingsplanen emot prostitution som antogs i samband med utvärderingen av sexköpslagen.