Syftet med vårt utvecklingsarbete var att genom pedagogledda aktiviteter arbeta med att öka samhörigheten i elevgruppen på fritidshemmet. Genom vårt arbete ville vi ge eleverna verktyg för att skapa nya kamratrelationer. Arbetet genomfördes på ett fritidshem med elever från förskoleklass upp till årskurs två. Genomförandet bestod av fem olika aktiviteter som var baserade på elevernas intresse och önskemål. För att analysera verksamheten använde vi oss av observation och informella elevsamtal, vilket hjälpte oss att få fram viktig information för vidare arbete. Under arbetes gång gjorde vi fältanteckningar och loggboksanteckningar för att dokumentera det vi studerade. Vi synliggjorde utvecklingsarbetet genom blogginlägg på fritidshemmets blogg där vårdnadshavare kunde ta del av arbetet. I vår analys utgick vi från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där samspel och kommunikation anses vara viktiga delar för individens utveckling. Resultatet visar hur fritidshemmet kan vara en arena där elever utvecklas genom kommunikation och samspel. Både enskilda kamrater och hela gruppen är av betydelse för denna utvecklingsprocess. Genom vårt resultat ser vi att pedagogledda aktiviteter kan vara en arbetsmodell som gynnar elevers relationsskapande. Fritidspedagogerna kan genom pedagogledda aktiviteter arbeta stödjande med gruppens och verksamhetens behov på ett lekfullt sätt.

An intramedullary nail is a trauma treatment device used for fracture fixation of long bones. These devices are subject to failure, including lag screw cut-out and failure at the lag screw insertion hole from high stress concentrations in that region. Clinical developments for such devices are frequently based on a trial and error method, which often results in failure before improvement. However, the finite element method can be used for the development of trauma treatment devices, and their interaction with bone, by providing a large data set at a relatively low cost. Also, parameters can be changed to assess the relative benefits of one device to another. A novel finite element model has been developed that can be used for the analysis of intramedullary nails inserted into long bones. A commercially available finite element package, ANSYS, has been used to implement the modelling strategy. The finite element modelling technique has been applied to fractures of the proximal femur, but the model is generic, and can be developed to deal with any form of intramedullary device where contact between the bone and implant is important. The finite element strategy can be used in pre-clinical trials to test a new device, or for the design optimisation of existing devices. The finite element model consists of the device surrounded by a thin layer of bone, which forms a 'base' model component that is re-usable. This 'base' component can be mathematically connected to any long bone model, forming an integrated implant and bone construct. The construct can be used to assess which device is best suited to a particular fracture, for example. Contact elements have been used to allow stresses to develop as contact is achieved within the implant and bone construct. Pre-assignment of contact points is not required. Verification of the finite element model is achieved by comparison to available data from experiments carried out on constructs of bone and device that use intramedullary femoral nails. In this thesis the finite element model has been applied to two areas of proximal femoral nailing. The finite element model is used to analyse the distal end of a Gamma nail, and shows that analyses that do not consider contact may not lead to accurate predictions of stresses. The model has been developed for using configurations with one and two distal locking screws. The most distal locking screw is more critical under axial loading, and the more proximal screw is more important for bending loads. The use of 'softer' screws distributes the load more evenly between them. The finite element model has been used to investigate the mechanical environment of a fracture callus for a femoral neck fracture, and a subtrochanteric fracture. The use of one and two lag screws, fracture gap size and material properties of the nail have been investigated for a stiffening callus. Results show that the use of two lag screws for a neck fracture provides a more rigid support at the early stages of fracture healing, and minimises stress-shielding once the callus has healed. For subtrochanteric fractures there is a critical point at which the fracture callus is able to carry any load. A Titanium nail significantly reduces the peak stress at the lag screw insertion hole, and titanium lag screws share the load more evenly between them. Each two-lag-screw configuration used transfers a similar load into the fracture callus. A configuration using a larger lag screw above a smaller has a significantly higher stress at the upper lag screw insertion hole. Critically, the load shared between two lag screws changes as the fracture callus stiffens and an assessment should be made at different stages of fracture healing to optimise the use of a device.

The purpose of this study was to attempt to enhance performance in the Australian Mathematics Competition of a group of Western Australian Year 9 students, to a level beyond that which they might have been expected to attain, through the use of a heuristic-based intervention technique using Vygotsky's zone of proximal development principle.Since 1978, students of mathematics in Australian high schools have been meeting the challenge of the Australian Mathematics Competition. This national competition aims to provide students with a sense of achievement in mathematics and to emphasise the importance of this subject in the high school curriculum.Vygotsky's zone of proximal development refers to the difference between a student's actual developmental level and the student's potential developmental level given adult assistance. In effect, this means that while students may achieve to a plane commensurate with their actual developmental level, they will progress into their zone of proximal development with assistance and their level of achievement will rise. Vygotsky's concept of Intervention coupled with Siegler's concept of heuristic-based strategy learning provided a methodology suitable for enhancing and maximising developmental effects in this study.The study involved three distinct stages: the preparatory phase, the treatment phase and the concluding phase.In the preparatory phase, student's actual developmental levels were determined based on their performance in the 1979 Junior level Australian Mathematics Competition paper. This data facilitated identifying the paths that learning should follow in order that students' problem solving skills should improve. During this phase, students also attempted an Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) test entitled 'Test's of Reasoning in Mathematics' (TRIM). This measure was used to monitor expected development ++ / in mathematics reasoning ability for students over the period of the study.The treatment phase involved the students in over 35 hours of instruction which exposed them to a heuristic-based intervention technique designed to enhance their performance in problem solving. Students practised various problem solving techniques and the Australian Mathematics Competition ittself became the focus for improved performance.An index of improvement was provided in the concluding phase of the study by scores obtained from the treatment group on the 1982 Intermediate level Australian Mathematics Competition paper. Scores were significantly higher than the national average of either the Year 9 or Year 10 groups. The second ACER 'TRIM' test verified that the students achieved their expected development in mathematics reasoning ability during the study.The implication of this result is that the practice of restricting students to year groups or courses on the basis of age should be examined in the light of the Vygotskian principle.

Zugl.: Trier, Univ., Diss., 2007

Syftet med den här kvalitativa studien var att få en fördjupad förståelse för de åtta speciallärarnas arbete med återkoppling och formativ bedömning, samt dess betydelse för undervisningen i träningsskolan. Data i studien samlades in med fokusgruppssamtal som metod, och fördjupades med berättelser ur utsagor av samma informanter i halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Den teoretiska ramen utgick från didaktik, som låg till grund för arbetet med återkoppling i studien. I kapitlet diskussion tolkades studiens utfall med hjälp av en didaktisk modell - den didaktiska triangeln. Genom återkoppling om såväl hinder för elevens lärande som om elevens proximala utvecklingszon kan speciallärarna finna rätt stöd och den hjälp som eleven behöver. Speciallärarna i studien ansåg att återkoppling till elever med utvecklingsstörning bör vara enkel för dem att förstå och skall ges i stunden. Digital teknik med filmer och bilder kan användas som verktyg i återkopplingen och visa progressionen i elevernas lärande. Ett viktigt arbete i återkopplingen är att finna elevernas proximala utvecklingszon. Resultaten av studien visade att återkoppling till egen undervisningspraktik hjälper speciallärarna att skapa undervisning som främjar elevernas lärande, kritiskt granskar planeringen och ger nödvändigt stöd, samt utmanar eleverna inom gränsen för deras proximala utvecklingszon.

Chronic kidney disease is a substantial health problem effecting a large portion of the US population. Presence of excess protein, particularly albumin, in the urine of patients with chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and progression to end stage renal disease. In addition, excess protein reabsorption in the proximal tubule is sufficient to cause damage to the proximal tubule independent of the initial condition that lead to chronic disease. In the last decade, excess protein reabsorption by the proximal tubule as a result of chronic kidney damage has been shown to cause oxidative and ER stress, cell death, as well as tubule inflammation and fibrosis in the proximal tubule cell. Only recently have two studies investigated the role of autophagy in protein-induced tubule damage. Autophagy is a dynamic catabolic mechanism used to degrade cytosolic elements in times of cell starvation and is an important process in the cell's response to stress. The results of the studies by Wei Jin Liu et al. and Yamahara et. al. provide important first steps to determine whether autophagy of excess protein in proteinuric states prevents proximal tubule cell toxicity and potentially slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This thesis will explore the results of these two studies in the context of proximal tubule damage in chronic kidney disease, and discuss the potential for protein autophagy to improve our understanding and treatment of chronic kidney disease.

This study examines the state of competing affordances when an action is prepared for immediate production. More specifically, we investigated the nature of motor representations evoked by distinct action intentions, with a special interest in functional (grasp to use) and volumetric (grasp to lift) actions. With just two objects available, participants were asked to prepare an action on a particular object (e.g., preparing to lift the cellphone), and when signaled, either to perform this original action plan or to switch to executing an alternative one, either on the same or different object. By manipulating cueing methods used for indicating the preparatory and the target action plans, we found distinct patterns in the effect of preserving either object (different action on the same object) or action (same grasp type on a different object) on action execution. Changing either component of the action-object pairing incurred a cost in response time. In Experiment 1, a cost was observed when a prepared action was switched to an alternate action on the same object. For example, preparing to lift a cellphone but switching instead to a use action on the same object, incurred a cost. A further cost was found when subjects prepared a functional action to one object (e.g., use the cellphone) but switched to the same class of action on the alternate object (e.g., use the spray can). Both these effects were found to operate at the motor level. No costs were observed when subjects switched from a planned action to naming the target object (Experiment 3). Crucially, it was found that the nature of the cueing method instructing subjects to switch from a planned to an alternate action impacted the effect of action congruency. The cost observed in Experiment 1 when subjects switched to an alternate action on the same object occurred when the switch from a planned to an alternate action was cued by a verb-noun combination (e.g., use cellphone). No such cost occurred when the action was cued by a verb (e.g., use) and the target object was spatially cued by an arrow pointing to its location (Experiment 2). The cost of switching from a planned action type (e.g., a use action) to the same action type carried on the alternate object also depended on whether the planned action was verbally or spatially cued. These results provide new evidence on the nature of action representations associated with different motor intentions, as well as of the nature of action-object pairings. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_sfm_dr_araca.pdf: 1213188 bytes, checksum: c60aab36aac67d006cedba20e5396fe8 (MD5) / As lesões cariosas de superfícies proximais se destacam por sua grande incidência, tanto pelo fato da região propiciar o acúmulo de biofilme bacteriano, quanto pelas dificuldades de higienização e de diagnóstico precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance da inspeção visual + sondagem (IV+S), laser de fluorescência (L), radiografia interproximal (RXI), separação dental + inspeção visual + sondagem (SD+IV+S) e separação dental + laser de fluorescência (SD+L) no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais sem e com cavitação. Foram examinadas, por 2 profissionais, 167 superfícies de 30 pacientes de faixa etária entre 4 e 12 anos de idade, utilizando-se os 5 tipos de exames. Como método de validação para lesões cariosas com cavitação foi utilizada a dupla impressão das áreas interproximais com silicona de condensação. Em relação às lesões cariosas sem cavitação, os valores médios de sensibilidade encontrados para os exames de IV+S, L, RXI, SD+IV+S e SD+L foram de 44%, 33%, 49%, 100% e 48%, respectivamente. Em relação às lesões cariosas com cavitação, a sensibilidade foi de 15%, 40%, 59%, 59% e 41%, respectivamente. A correlação dos métodos de diagnóstico, em relação às lesões cariosas com cavitação, sugeriram uma maior precisão para a SD+IV+L. Os resultados sugeriram que a utilização da separação dental aumenta o desempenho no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais, e que o método de impressão com silicona pode ser indicado como um método auxiliar definitivo de diagnóstico de lesões com cavitação. / The approximals carious lesions stand out for its great incidence, so much for the fact of the area to propitiate the accumulation of bacterial plaque, as for the difficulties of toothbrushing and of precocious diagnosis. The objective of this study went evaluate the performance of the visual inspection + probing (IV+P), laser fluorescence (LF), bitewing radiographs (BW), dental separation + visual inspection + probing (SD+IV+P) and dental separation + laser fluorescence (SD+L) in the diagnosis of approximals carious lesions without and with cavitation. 167 surfaces of 30 patient of age group between 4 and 12 years were examined for 2 professional being used the 5 types of exams. As validation method for cavitated carious lesions were the double impression of the interproximals areas with condensation-cure silicone impression material. In relation to the carious lesions without cavitation, the medium values of sensibility found for the exams of IV+P, LF, BW, SD+IV+P and SD+LF were of 44%, 33%, 49%, 100% and 48%, respectively. In relation to the cavitated carious lesions , the sensibility was of 15%, 40%, 59%, 59% and 41%, respectively. The results suggested that the use of the dental separation increases the effectiveness in the diagnosis of approximal carious lesions, and the impression method can be indicated as a definitive auxiliary method of diganosis of lesions cavitated.

Föreliggande studie syftar till att undersöka en lärares och dennes elevers uppfattningar om hur interaktioner i klassrummet mellan läraren och eleverna i årskurs tre stöttar utvecklingen av elevernas talspråkliga färdigheter. Studiens material består av en lärarintervju och sex elevintervjuer. Materialet analyseras med hjälp av en innehållsanalys och tolkas utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på lärande, med särskilt fokus på stöttning och proximal utvecklingszon. Resultaten visar att lärarens och elevernas uppfattningar både sammanstämmer och skiljer sig åt. I kategorierna begreppsanvändning, frågor och bekräftelse finns det både likheter och skillnader mellan läraren och eleverna, dock dominerar varken likheter eller skillnader. Kategorierna som utmärker sig mest är möjlighet till turtagande och stöttning. Det framkommer markanta likheter i lärarens och elevernas uppfattningar om vilka möjligheter eleverna ges till att interagera, t.ex. att alla elever får taltid. Gällande stöttning framträder det tydliga skillnader mellan läraren och eleverna. Medan läraren uppfattar att hon endast använder frågor för att stötta utvecklingen av elevernas talspråkliga färdigheter uppfattar eleverna även att läraren stöttar dem genom att visa, ge en ”hint”, förklara och läsa högt. Slutsatsen av studien är att lärare behöver ta del av elevers uppfattningar och infallsvinklar för att kunna skapa en förståelse för och en medvetenhet om deras synsätt, vilket i sin tur kan leda till att lärare kan individualisera sin undervisning med fokus på stöttning.

Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-10-03T21:39:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Glaucia Fonseca de Almeida.pdf: 1203133 bytes, checksum: 8d6236decdaa8b253b222ebbdceddad5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-11-14T16:01:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Glaucia Fonseca de Almeida.pdf: 1203133 bytes, checksum: 8d6236decdaa8b253b222ebbdceddad5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T16:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Glaucia Fonseca de Almeida.pdf: 1203133 bytes, checksum: 8d6236decdaa8b253b222ebbdceddad5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-22 / CAPES / Esse estudo visa comparar através de ultrassonografia transvulvar realizada em mulheres com IUE as modificações anatômicas da JUV e uretra proximal (UP) decorrentes de variações do volume vesical. Este foi um estudo de corte transversal prospectivo realizado na Unidade de Pesquisa em Incontinência Urinária da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foram incluídas no presente estudo 40 mulheres com IUE. Elas foram avaliadas através da técnica de ultrassonografia transvulvar com transdutor vaginal de 7 Mhz para determinação de parâmetros referentes à JUV e UP. A avaliação ultrassonográfica da JUV e da UP foi realizada tanto com bexiga praticamente vazia (< 50 ml de urina) como com a bexiga cheia (volume vesical variando entre 300 e 350ml). Estimou-se a distância da JUV em relação ao eixo das ordenadas, sendo anotados os resultados em números positivos ou negativos, conforme sua posição. As médias, em milímetros, dos parâmetros medidos com bexiga vazia e cheia foram, como se segue: em repouso: distância vertical da JUV (DVJUV) de 15 e 13,5, distância horizontal da JUV (DHJUV) de 14 e 15, distância pubouretral (DPU) de 13 e 13, UP de 15 e 14; em esforço: DVJUV de 0 e 4, DHJUV de 21 e 19,5, DPU de 18,5 e 15, UP de 0 e 4; deslocamento: DVJUV de 16 e 15, DHJUV de 6 e 5, DPU de 7 e 5,5, UP de 12 e 8. Houve uma diferença significativa na avaliação ultrassonográfica transvulvar da JUV e da UP apenas no esforço e no eixo vertical. / This study aims to compare transvulvar ultrasonography performed in women with SUI on the anatomical modifications of the JUV and proximal urethra (UP) due to changes in bladder volume. This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Urinary Incontinence Research Unit of the Federal University of Pernambuco. 40 women with SUI were included in the present study. They were evaluated through the transvulvar ultrasonography technique with a 7 Mhz vaginal transducer to determine parameters referring to the JUV and UP. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the JUV and PU was performed with a virtually empty bladder (<50 ml of urine) and with a full bladder (bladder volume ranging from 300 to 350 ml). The distance of the JUV in relation to the axis of the ordinates was estimated, and the results were recorded in positive or negative numbers, according to their position. The mean values, in millimeters, of the parameters measured with empty and full bladder were as follows: at rest: vertical distance of the JUV (DVJUV) of 15 and 13.5, horizontal distance of the JUV (DHJUV) of 14 and 15, distance pubourethral (DPU) of 13 and 13, UP of 15 and 14; in effort: DVJUV of 0 and 4, DHJUV of 21 and 19.5, DPU of 18.5 and 15, UP of 0 and 4; displacement: DVJUV of 16 and 15, DHJUV of 6 and 5, DPU of 7 and 5.5, UP of 12 and 8. There was a significant difference in the ultrasound transvulvar evaluation of the JUV and the UP only in the effort and in the vertical axis.