Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette thèse étudie le rôle de la pensée morale et politique dans la tragédie moderne (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles), en se concentrant sur un ensemble de pièces néo-latines, françaises, italiennes et anglaises qui représentent la mort du dictateur romain Jules César, auxquelles on a joint Cinna de Corneille. Pour susciter les passions tragiques, la fable doit représenter un personnage, ou un groupe de personnages, qui passe du bonheur au malheur à la suite d’une « faute » moralement ou politiquement ambiguë. Cet enchaînement est particulièrement tragique lorsque la « faute » est au moins partiellement involontaire et résulte d’une forme de nécessité : la tragédie manifeste alors le poids de la « fortune morale ». L’ambiguïté de la « faute » tragique peut revêtir diverses formes ; dans les Mort(s) de César, elle réside d’une part dans le fait que les personnages sont contraints d’agir dans une situation caractérisée par plusieurs antinomies, d’autre part dans le fait que leurs motivations paraissent à certains égards contraires aux justifications qu’ils avancent. La tragédie moderne est profondément réfractaire à la pensée casuiste contemporaine – sous les diverses formes qu’elle prend dans la théorie de l’invention rhétorique, la philosophie morale et politique et l’historiographie –, car elle laisse irrésolus les « cas » moraux et politiques qu’elle expose. Mais Cinna, première « tragédie à fin heureuse » du répertoire français, montre comment il est possible de parvenir à la réconciliation et à une issue moralement et politiquement satisfaisante par-delà les antinomies tragiques. / This dissertation investigates the functions of moral and political thought in modern tragedy (16th-18th centuries), focusing on a group of Neo-Latin, French, Italian and English plays which represent the death of the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, as well as on Corneille’s Cinna. In order to provoke the tragic emotions, a fable must represent a character or a group of characters whose fall from happiness into mishap is a consequence of a morally or politically ambiguous “flaw”. This sequence is particularly tragic when the “flaw” is at least partially unintentional and results from a kind of necessity : tragedy thus manifests the importance of “moral luck”. The ambiguity of the tragic “flaw” may arise from different circumstances ; in the plays representing the death of Caesar it consists on the one hand in the antinomies which the characters must face, on the other hand in the fact that their motivations appear in some ways contrary to the arguments they use in order to justify themselves. Modern tragedy is profoundly extraneous to contemporary casuistry (as developed in the rhetorical theory of invention, in moral and political philosophy and in historical writing), in that it leaves moral and political “cases” unsolved. However, Cinna, the first happy-ending tragedy in the French theatre, shows how reconciliation and a morally and politically satisfying ending are possible despite the tragic antinomies.

« [M]oi, qui ne sçay rien, m’en suis voulu mesler » : Blaise de Monluc dit se « mêler » d’écrire l’histoire pour se distinguer des historiographes « lettrés », comme le font également, à la même époque, les frères du Bellay. Tous font cependant valoir leurs jugements sur l’action politique dans l’histoire : ils écrivent sur l’histoire plutôt qu’ils n’écrivent l’histoire. Ainsi Montaigne insiste, dans les Essais, sur la nécessité de savoir juger l’histoire et ses acteurs. La distinction générique qui oppose l’histoire aux Mémoires, aux « Commentaires » et aux « essais » s’avère peu opérante pour comprendre ces auteurs. Je propose d’aborder leur rapport à l’histoire sous l’angle de « l’histoire-jugement », une histoire écrite par ses acteurs, qui porte sur l’action politique (les « faits » et les « dits » dans la langue du XVIe siècle) et sur les « conseils », c’est-à-dire les intentions et délibérations des acteurs. La première partie explique l’importance qu’a prise l’histoire-jugement au temps de François Ier, en raison, d’abord, des idéologies et des pratiques de la monarchie contemporaine, puis par la « renaissance » de traditions philosophiques, rhétoriques et historiographiques qui associent le conseil au discernement (ou « discrétion »), aux discours (« concions » ou conciones) et à la franchise (ou parrêsia). Le règne de François Ier voit se nouer ces pratiques et ces traditions : les humanistes, la noblesse d’épée et l’État royal appellent de leurs vœux une histoire-jugement destinée à la formation des élites politiques. La deuxième partie montre qu’un auteur, Guillaume du Bellay de Langey, et une œuvre, ses Ogdoades, ont incarné cette aspiration, réunissant les lettres et les armes. Après avoir étudié la naissance de cette œuvre restée inachevée, j’analyse le Prologue des Ogdoades (ici édité), manifeste et méthode qui définit les rapports de la rhétorique, du jugement et de l’expérience politique dans l’historiographie ; puis j’étudie la mise en œuvre de cette méthode dans les fragments des Ogdoades. La troisième partie porte sur l’œuvre des deux plus importants héritiers de Langey : les Mémoires de son frère Martin du Bellay (qui comprennent une partie des Ogdoades) et les Commentaires de Monluc. Le discours sur l’historiographie, dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle, insiste sur la parrêsia de l’historien ; un tel discours n’est pas anti-rhétorique mais rejette une écriture de « clerc d’armes » parce qu’elle révèle l’inexpérience politique de l’historien. L’ars bene dicendi ne laisse pas de fasciner Martin du Bellay et Monluc, dont l’écriture se veut paradoxalement éloquente, parce que dépouillée des fastes de l’épidictique ; la parrêsia des conseils permet de dépasser l’opposition du bien dire et du bien faire à laquelle on résume souvent la poétique des Mémoires d’épée. Monluc et Martin du Bellay cherchent ainsi à comprendre la portée et les limites de leur capacité d’agir. La quatrième partie examine la place de l’histoire-jugement et l’héritage de Langey dans les Essais : on sait depuis longtemps les affinités de Montaigne avec Amyot et Bodin, mais on ignorait qu’il en eût avec les Du Bellay. La notion d’histoire-jugement permet de comprendre les jugements, synthétiques et pourtant circonstanciés, que porte Montaigne sur les acteurs de l’histoire. Cherchant dans l’histoire les voies d’une prudence lucide, l’essayiste s’interroge sur la possibilité d’agir et de parler librement, ce qui autorise à penser son rapport à la politique et à la rhétorique en termes de conseil et de « discrétion ». La conclusion esquisse un moment Guillaume du Bellay, où l’histoire fut comprise non comme une étude du passé mais comme le prolongement réflexif des délibérations des acteurs de l’histoire, comme le moyen de « dire sur ce qui peut advenir ». / “I, who know nothing, have wanted to meddle in it”: Blaise de Monluc says he “meddles” in historiography in order to distinguish himself from “scholar” historians, as did the Du Bellay brothers who wrote at the same time. But they all express their views about political action through history: they write on history instead of writing history. Therefore Montaigne, in his Essays, emphasizes that one needs to be able to judge between history and the actors of history. The distinction between literary genres that opposes history to memoirs, “commentaries” and “essays”, fails to explain these authors’ relationship to history. I propose to consider this relationship from the perspective of “judging-history”, – a history written by its actors, focusing on political action (“faits” and “dits” in XVIth-century French) and the conseils (“counsels”, i.e. the actors’ designs and deliberations). The first section explains the importance of judging-history during the reign of Francis I, due to the prevalent ideologies and practices of French monarchy at the time, but also due to the contemporaneous revival of philosophical, rhetorical and historiographical traditions which link counsels with discernment (discrétion), speeches (concions) and sincerity (parrhesia). Under Francis I’s reign these practices and traditions were brought together. Indeed, humanists, the nobility of sword and the royal State called for a judging-history intended to train political elites. The second section demonstrates that an author, Guillaume du Bellay de Langey, and his work, the Ogdoades, embodied this hope, reconciling the pen and the sword. Having studied the birth of this unfinished work, I comment on the Ogdoades’s Prologue (edited in this thesis), a manifesto and method which defines the relationships between rhetoric, judgement and political experience within historiography. I then study this method’s implementation in the Ogdoades’s extant passages. The third section focuses on the works of two Langey’s most important heirs: his brother Martin du Bellay’s Memoirs and Monluc’s Commentaries. The artes historicae, in the second half of the XVIth century, emphasize the importance of parrhesia in historical writing: such a stance is not anti-rhetorical, but rather rejects the notion of authors writing as clercs d’armes (“clerks of arms”, i.e., scholars writing on military matters) because in their writings they reveal their lack of political experience. The ars bene dicendi continues to fascinate Martin du Bellay and Monluc, whose writing attempts to be paradoxically eloquent, because it has been stripped of epidictic pageantry; the counsels’ parrhesia make it possible to overcome the dichotomy between bien dire and bien faire – a dichotomy which is often supposed to characterize military memoirs’ poetics. Monluc et Martin du Bellay seek to understand the scope and limits of their own capacities for action. The fourth section examines the role of judging-history and Langey’s legacy in the Essays. For a long time we have known the affinities between Amyot, Bodin and Montaigne, but what we have ignored is Montaigne’s links with the Du Bellays. Such a notion as judging-history allows us to understand the synthetical and yet comprehensive judgments that Montaigne makes on the actors of history. Seeking a way to act in a clear-headed and prudent manner, the essayist examines the possibility to speak and act freely. Therefore, his relationship with politics and rhetoric should be rethought in terms of conseil and discrétion. My conclusion draws a Guillaume du Bellay moment when history was not considered as a study of the past but as the reflective extension of the actors of history’s deliberations and as a way to “dire sur ce qui peut advenir” (talk about what could happen next).

Le but de cette thèse est d'examiner les causes et les conséquences des activités productives des entrepreneurs. Cette étude utilise la base de données sur les régions d'Indonésie pour mettre à l'épreuve des faits nos hypothèses. Le premier chapitre scrute le rôle de l'entrepreneur dans la dynamique du marché du travail. Son originalité est d'introduire la structure du chômage et de travailleur indépendant pour expliquer la relation entre l'entrepreneuriat et le chômage. Le deuxième chapitre cherche à renouveler le raisonnement sur les relations entre les institutions et l'entrepreneuriat. La particularité de cette étude est d'expliquer ces relations au travers de l'ontologie d'Aristote de la contingence et de la prudence. Le troisième chapitre étudie les conséquences de la diversité culturelle sur l'entrepreneuriat. Nous proposons que la diversité culturelle n'influence pas seulement la compétence des individus à découvrir des opportunités, mais qu'elle se trouve également à l'origine de ces opportunités. Le quatrième chapitre étudie les effets des activités productives des entrepreneurs sur la croissance économique. Nous proposons quatre types de modèles économiques: Innovation-économie managériale, innovation-économie entrepreneuriale, imitation-économie managériale et imitation-économie entrepreneuriale. Le cinquième chapitre a pour but de comprendre les conséquences de l'entrepreneuriat sur le processus de la convergence économique. Nous proposons que l'égalisation du capital entrepreneurial à la période initiale soit un facteur nécessaire à la formation de convergence club. / This dissertation aims to examine the causes and consequences of entrepreneurial productive activities. This study makes use Indonesian cross-region database to investigate empirically our hypotheses. The first chapter observes the role of entrepreneurship in the dynamic of the labor markets. The value of this chapter is to consider the structure of unemployment and self-employment to uncover the entrepreneurship-unemployment relationships. The second chapter seeks to renew the explanation of the relationships between institutions and entrepreneurship. The originality is to explain this relationship through Aristotle's ontology of contingency and prudence. The third chapter investigates the consequences of cultural diversity on entrepreneurship. We propose that cultural heterogeneity not only influences the ability to discover profit opportunities, but it also is the origin of these opportunities. The fourth chapter studies the effect of entrepreneurial productive activities of economic growth. The novelty of this chapter is to propose that a country's model of economic growth may fall into four possible economic models: innovation-managed economy or innovation­entrepreneurial economy and imitation-managed economy or imitation-entrepreneurial economy. The fifth chapter aims to understand the consequences of entrepreneurship on the process of convergence. We propose that the equalization of entrepreneurial capital at the initial period is a conditioning factor of convergence club formation and different types of entrepreneurship based on technology intensity matters for explaining the process of catch-up.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la notion de prudence dans la pensée castillane médiévale et moderne, depuis le début du règne d'Alphonse X de Castille, dit « le roi Sage », en 1252, jusqu'à la mort de Philippe II, dit « le Prudent », en 1598. Le choix d'une période longue a permis d'analyser dans toute sa complexité le processus de réception et d'adaptation des doctrines classiques sur la prudence par les traducteurs, commentateurs et penseurs politiques castillans. La thèse montre comment ce concept défini dans les textes de l'Antiquité grecque et latine a nourri leur réflexion sur la double nature, rationnelle et politique, de l'homme : la prudence est en effet la vertu intellectuelle qui définit l'homme comme animal politique, et plus particulièrement, chez Aristote, le gouvernant et le législateur. La transmission, fidèle ou non, de la doctrine aristotélicienne des vertus intellectuelles en général, et de la prudence en particulier, se révèle le lieu d'un affrontement entre deux paradigmes royaux dans la Castille d'alors : face au modèle d'un roi sage (sapiens, sabio) disposant d'un pouvoir absolu, que les monarques successifs s'attachent à maintenir tout au long de la période, la haute noblesse et les maîtres ès arts salmantins posent l'image d'un roi simplement prudent au sens où l'entend Aristote, c'est-à-dire faillible, pour mieux l'inviter à gouverner en s'appuyant sur les élites de son royaume. / This PhD thesis deals with the notion of prudence in medieval and modern Castilian thought, from the beginning of the reign of Alfonso X of Castile, known as “the Wise King”, in 1252, until the death of Philip II, called “the Prudent King”, in 1598. The choice of a long period enabled to analyze in all its complexity the process of reception and adaptation of classical doctrines of Prudence by Castilian translators, commentators and political thinkers. The thesis shows how this concept defined in Greek and Latin Antiquity texts nourished their thougt on the dual nature of man (rational and political): Prudence is indeed the intellectual virtue that defines Man as a Political animal ; in Aristotle's Ethics and Politics, this virtue defines more particularly the ruler and the legislator. This study shows how the transmission, faithful or not, of the Aristotelian doctrine of intellectual virtues in general, and of Prudence in particular, was in Castile the place of a confrontation between two royal paradigms: opposite the model of a Wise king (sapiens, sabio) possessing absolute power, which the successive monarchs strove to maintain throughout the period, the high nobility and the Salmantine Masters of Arts proposed the image of a merely prudent ruler. This latest model, defined by Aristotle as being fallible, allowed them to claim their participation in the governance of the Kingdom.

To appreciate fully the ethical dimensions inherent in the literature of the eighteenth century it is necessary to understand the moral bias of an author, a bias often best ascertained by a study of the treatment he accords good nature and prudence. Although several scholarly articles and portions of longer studies recognize the importance of these virtues for individual writers, no single work has appeared which traces fully the history of the idea of good nature and prudence as complementary virtues in the eighteenth century. The present study provides a systematic analysis of these virtues as treated in theology, ethical philosophy, and fiction from the later seventeenth century to about 1800.

The subject of this thesis is the evaluation of certain legal aspects of financial markets regulation related especially to dealing activities. Important role plays the context of contemporary period struggling with the consequences of recent financial crisis with the emphasis put on EU (resp. national) regulation. The first part is in general devoted to the meaning of existent regulation itself. Related legislation and institutional layout are subsequently brought closer in context of national and esp. EU environment. Certain point of interest deserves even (american) the most comprehensive financial markets reform ever. The key part of this thesis devotes to public law aspects instantly influencing dealing and trading activities on financial markets and their contrast to reality. The first theme describes categorization of clients entering on financial markets and duties put on subjects involved (counterparties), who conclude ind. deals with them. Then follow rating agencies, who have been influencing daily routine on financial markets for years and whose evaluation activities imminently influence the row of processes present on financial markets - starting from calculation of capital adequacy requirements until settlement of credit derivatives trades. Capital adequacy is put in context with...

The thesis defines prudence principle in accounting as are impairment of assets, provisions, depreciation of assets and deferred tax. In the first part discourses about them in light of International Financial Reporting Standards and in the second part according to Czech legislation, where are also both approaches compared within the scope of the end of each chapter.

[pt] O conceito de prudência possui centralidade em Maquiavel e Guicciardini, sendo empregado para qualificar o bom juízo, a celeridade decisória e a aguçada capacidade de avaliar as transformações da realidade. Os prudentes, além de reunirem em si as qualidades citadas, devem ser capazes de articular os produtos do cálculo cuidadoso da realidade na forma de textos ou orações regrados segundo preceitos definidos em tratados clássicos de arte retórica. Abrem-se, assim, dois horizontes distintos, porém mutuamente dependentes, em torno da prudência. De um lado, a ênfase no cálculo e medida das coisas do mundo, com destaque para a questão dos efeitos, ou seja, os possíveis resultados das ações dos governantes e demais agentes envolvidos nos processos de tomada de decisões em Repúblicas, principados, reinos ou estados papais; de outro, a representação de uma performance letrada da prudência em textos compostos segundo preceitos éticoretóricos- poéticos convencionais. Trata-se, nesta tese, da discussão desta dupla dimensão acerca da prudência, com ênfase no exame das histórias compostas por Maquiavel e Guicciardini. / [en] The concept of prudence is vital for the appropriate understanding of Machiavelli and Guicciardini`s texts, being used in order to qualify the good judgment, the ability to make fast decisions and the acute comprehension of the transformations of reality. The prudent men must also be capable of articulating the products of the careful analysis of the reality`s movements in texts composed according to the precepts established in classical treatises of rhetoric. Thus one institutes two distinct, however mutually dependent, horizons concerning prudence. On the one hand, the emphasis on the calculation and measure of the things of the world - the possible results of the actions of governors and the other agents responsible for taking decisions in Republics, Principalities, Kingdoms or Papal States. On the other hand, the representation of prudence`s literate performance in texts composed according to the ethical and rhetorical and poetical rules established by the tradition. This thesis discusses this double character associated to prudence, especially through the exam of the histories composed by Machiavelli and Guicciardini.

A idéia central da dissertação é explicitar a filosofia da educação subjacente às práticas do Opus Dei e discutir criticamente estas práticas. A contribuição principal do trabalho será a demonstração de que a concepção de educação do Opus Dei tem como objetivo a formação de indivíduos submissos em grau universal e irrestrito. Serão também explicitados os meios utilizados pela instituição para obter este objetivo. A natureza do trabalho é a de uma pesquisa teórica que além da bibliografia usual inclui o exame de diversos casos e testemunhos. O objeto a ser pesquisado se subdivide nos textos produzidos pelo Opus Dei (de autoria de seu fundador, o espanhol Josemaría Escrivá, e de seus seguidores) e no que podemos chamar de educação informal do Opus Dei, que são as atividades levadas a cabo nas casas da instituição. O objetivo visado, portanto, é trazer à luz uma análise científica sobre as práticas educacionais do Opus Dei e seus reflexos no indivíduo. O referencial teórico remete à obra de autores que se debruçaram sobre as temáticas da virtude da prudentia, linguagem e psico-sociologia: Tomás de Aquino, Karl Popper e Erich Fromm. Os procedimentos metodológicos consistem na pesquisa teórica e no exame de relatos. O procedimento técnico-operacional consiste em analisar os escritos do Opus Dei, sempre confrontados com os depoimentos de quem vivenciou as práticas da instituição, à luz dos referenciais teóricos apontados. / The central idea of this work is to present the educational philosophy of Opus Dei´s practices and critically analyze those practices. The main contribution of this work shall be the demonstration that the Opus Deis concept of education has as primary goal the production of fully submitted individuals. The methods used by the institution to achieve this goal will also be presented. The works nature is theoretical, but also includes the analysis of many testimonies of real cases. The object of research is composed by Opus Deis texts (written by its founder, the spanish Josemaría Escrivá, and by some of his followers) and by the so called informal education of Opus Dei, witch are activities that usually take place inside the institutions houses. The objective, therefore, is to present a scientific analysis of the Opus Deis educational practices and its consequences on the individual. The theoretic references are authors who have studied the fields of prudentia, language and psycho-sociology: Tomas de Aquino, Karl Popper and Erich Fromm. The methodological procedures consist on the theoretical research and on the analysis of testimonies. The technical-operational procedure consist on the analysis of Opus Deis texts and testimonies of ex-members.