A presente tese se configura como uma interrogação à teoria psicanalítica acerca das ressonâncias do traumatismo precoce e das defesas por ele suscitadas no processo de simbolização primária, especialmente nas ligações psíquicas decorrentes e na construção de sentido inconsciente. Os conceitos de trauma precoce e simbolização primária se entrelaçam na trama complexa da constituição psíquica, que se suplementa, em tensão paradoxal, entre os pólos intersubjetivo e intrapsíquico. As discussões se articulam entre as proposições inaugurais de Freud e Ferenczi e seus desdobramentos na teoria psicanalítica pós-freudiana, particularmente nas obras de Donald Winnicott, André Green e René Roussillon. O primeiro eixo de discussão da tese enfoca a noção de simbolização primária em sua relação intrínseca com os processos de diferenciação psíquica entre os campos Eu/não-Eu e Isso-Eu, no tempo do narcisismo primário. Considero que a organização psíquica, tanto no nível do Eu como no das representações, constitui-se em simultaneidade ao processo de simbolização da alteridade (interna-externa). Problematizo a concepção de desamparo constituinte a partir do estudo dos efeitos da diferença na organização psíquica. Tenho por hipótese que a possibilidade interna de reconhecimento de diferenças depende de uma função de reconhecimento que é criada no espaço intersubjetivo a partir do investimento objetal. O modo como o objeto primário reconhece as experiências do infans e as reflete de volta, em uma experiência de compartilhamento de prazer, é constituinte de ligações psíquicas simbolizantes, necessárias para a instalação de um Eu diferenciado do que lhe exterior e da função de simbolização. As ligações simbolizantes remetem, assim, à construção de estruturas psíquicas terciárias que sustentam a associatividade psíquica. Associo o trauma precoce a uma falha objetal, em suas funções primárias de espelhamento, que se desdobra internamente em um sofrimento psíquico decorrente das perturbações nos processos de integração pulsional, de diferenciação psíquica e de internalização da função de simbolização. Outra hipótese da tese é que o sujeito se defenda da realidade traumática por meio de um conjunto de defesas, pautadas pela ação da pulsão de morte desintrincada (desligamento e cisão psíquica) que configuram um funcionamento transicional negativo segundo modalidades de ligação psíquica traumática. Tais ligações têm como objetivo impedir o (re)conhecimento da realidade traumática, condição de elaboração psíquica, ao interpor barreiras, por meio de mecanismos como a recusa e a alucinação negativa, entre os traços perceptivos do trauma e seu encadeamento em uma cadeia associativa significante. As articulações teóricas da pesquisa pretendem oferecer contribuições à metapsicologia dos processos psíquicos inaugurais, constitutivos e traumáticos, assim como subsídios ao pensamento clínico/psicopatológico em psicanálise / The present work is designed as an interrogation to the psychoanalytic theory about the resonance of early trauma and the defenses caused by it during the primary symbolization process, specially on resulting psychic bindings and construction of unconscious sense. The concepts of early trauma and primary symbolization are interlinked in the psychic constitution, which is built through the tense, paradoxical and supplementary dynamics between intrapsychic and intersubjective poles. Discussions are made among inaugural propositions from Freud and Ferenczi and their consequences on the post-freudian psychoanalytic theory, particularly on the works of Donald Winnicott, André Green and René Roussillon. The first axis of the present discussion focuses on the notion of primary symbolization in its intrinsic relation with psychic differentiation processes between the fields I/not-I and Id-I, at the primary narcissism time. I consider that the psychic organization, not only at the level of I, but also at the level of representations, is constituted by simultaneousness to the alterity symbolization process (internal-external). I emphasize the problem on the conception of constituent helplessness from the study of the effects of difference in psychic organization. I hypothesize that the internal possibility of recognizing the differences depends on a recognition function that is created in the intersubjective space, from the objects investment. The way the primary object recognizes the infans experiences, and reflects them back, in an experience of sharing pleasure, constitutes the symbolizing psychic bindings, which are necessary for installing a differentiated I and the symbolization function. The symbolizing bindings reflect, therefore, the construction of tertiary psychic structures that support the psychic associativity. I associate the early trauma to a failure of the object on his primary mirror functions, which internally unfolds into a psychic suffering due to disturbances on the drives integration processes, of psychic differentiation and internalization of the symbolization function. Another hypothesis of the present thesis is that the subject fends off traumatic reality through several defenses, ruled by the action of desintricated death drive (disconnection and psychic splitting), which define a negative transitional function according to traumatic psychic binding modalities. Such bindings aim to avoid the recognition of traumatic reality, condition of psychic elaboration, by building barriers, through mechanisms such as disavowal and negative hallucination, between perceptive traces of trauma and its connection to a significant associative chain. Research theoretical articulations intend to offer contributions to the metapsycholgy of inaugural, constitutive and traumatic psychic processes, as well as subsides the clinical/psychopathological thought in psychoanalysis

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-08T20:45:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dayanna Pereira dos Santos - 2013.pdf: 1276872 bytes, checksum: db67ab4b796541e64fbb04b0cad871e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-09T11:15:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dayanna Pereira dos Santos - 2013.pdf: 1276872 bytes, checksum: db67ab4b796541e64fbb04b0cad871e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T11:15:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dayanna Pereira dos Santos - 2013.pdf: 1276872 bytes, checksum: db67ab4b796541e64fbb04b0cad871e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / This thesis aims to contribute to the discussion on the concept of the unconscious by seeking to understand it in early Freudian thought, in the so-called pre-psychoanalytic texts. To do so, the study reflects on how Freud, in his text On Aphasia (1891), configures the psychic apparatus as a “language machine” and the role played by the association of representations in the constitution and triggering processes of an unconscious nature. In discussing this issue, it tries to situate the fact that language is not only a product of the operation of this apparatus, but rather what institutes it. Based on the discussion of the associations of representation the language device is seen throughout as a memory device, characterized by a web of mnemonic records. The proposed reflection seeks to define the peculiar characteristics of the processes which operate in the unconscious. Therefore, the study focuseson The Interpretation of Dreams(1900), where Freud takes up the concept of memory developed in Letter 52 (1896) to show that the unconscious (Ucs) and the preconscious (Pcs) are two ultimate mnemonic records of the psychic apparatus. In the light of these texts, the study sets out to establish that the pre-conscious and unconscious processes are analogous to the primary and secondary processes listed in the Project for a Scientific Psychology (1895). The main source of research for this study derives from a careful and critical reading of Freud's writings. / Esta dissertação tem por finalidade contribuir para a discussão do conceito de inconsciente buscando compreendê-lo no início da elaboração freudiana, nos denominados textos prépsicanalíticos. Para tal empreitada, este estudo traz uma reflexão sobre o modo como Freud configura, no texto A interpretação das Afasias (1891), o aparelho psíquico como um “aparelho de linguagem” e o papel desempenhado pela associação de representações na constituição e no encadeamento dos processos de ordem inconsciente. Trata-se da tentativa de situar, na discussão deste tema, o fato de que a linguagem não é apenas o produto do funcionamento desse aparelho, mas é especialmente aquilo que o institui. Nesse percurso, a partir da discussão sobre as associações de representação, o aparelho de linguagem é concebido como um aparelho de memória, caracterizado por uma trama de registros mnêmicos. O desenvolvimento da reflexão proposta pretende definir as peculiares características dos processos que atuam no inconsciente. Para tanto, privilegia-se o texto A Interpretação dos sonhos, de 1900, onde Freud retoma a noção de memória desenvolvida na Carta 52 (1896) para expor que o inconsciente (ics) e o pré-consciente (pcs) são dois derradeiros registros mnêmicos do aparelho psíquico. À luz dos referidos textos, objetiva-se constatar que os sistemas pré-consciente e inconsciente são análogos aos processos primários e os secundários mencionados no Projeto para uma psicologia científica (1895). A fonte de pesquisa principal deste estudo deriva de uma leitura crítica e atenta dos escritos de Freud.

O presente trabalho se propõe a discutir os destinos psíquicos da experiência traumática, tanto em seus aspectos defensivos, restritivos das capacidades de realização do si-mesmo, quanto no que diz respeito a seus potenciais de simbolização e transformação. Referimo-nos aqui, porém, a uma modalidade particular de traumatismo: aquela que se define por um distanciamento afetivo dos pais em relação à criança, distanciamento esse responsável pelo confronto do sujeito a uma condição de desamparo e impotência insuportáveis. O fracasso dos esforços que, no passado, o indivíduo realizou na tentativa de socorrer os pais em seu sofrimento e de recuperar seu amor deixou como herança um terrível abismo interno e, para sobreviver a essa condição, o psiquismo irá estruturar defesas sofisticadas contra a perda do sentido de si e o colapso da estrutura psíquica de que se vê permanentemente ameaçado, as quais se definem, de nosso ponto de vista, a partir de três vértices principais. Num primeiro plano de análise, pudemos reconhecer que a situação traumática para a qual não se vislumbra nenhuma possibilidade de saída torna-se para o sujeito signo de uma realidade não dimensionável, sem começo, meio e fim, ou seja, uma condição existencial definitiva e inquestionável. Num segundo, fomos levados a tratar os efeitos do abandono afetivo, também, nos termos de um fenômeno de auto-alienação, já que, em meio a uma situação de sofrimento intolerável, uma das primeiras tendências evidenciadas pelo psiquismo é a de mergulhar em um processo de transe, semelhante a uma anestesia, cujo resultado é um estado de desorientação psíquica capaz de suspender a percepção do mal e, junto com ela, a de uma boa parcela da realidade. Consideramos ainda, num terceiro plano, o fato de que, nessa condição, o indivíduo tende a localizar em si mesmo a origem da violência que se abate sobre ele, purificando os pais e a família de todo o seu potencial enlouquecedor e o atribuindo exclusivamente a si. Tais perspectivas se apresentaram para nós como dimensões concomitantes e indissolúveis das configurações subjetivas em que podem ser reconhecidas. A partir de cada uma delas, vemo-nos diante de diferentes aspectos de organizações defensivas criadas contra a angústia de fragmentação e despersonalização gerada pela profunda insegurança a respeito da confiabilidade do objeto. Na última parte da pesquisa, buscamos apresentar possibilidades para o trabalho com pacientes traumatizados, a partir do que nos parecem ser as condições imprescindíveis à simbolização de angústias profundas produzidas pela situação traumática / The present work proposes to discuss the psychic destinies of the traumatic experience, both in their defensive aspects, restrictive of the capacities for realization of the self, and in their potential of symbolization and transformation. We make reference here, however, to a specific modality of traumatism: one which is defined by the affective distance of the parents from the children, distance responsible for the confrontation of the subject with the condition of helplessness and unbearable powerlessness. The failure of the efforts which, in the past, the individual has realized in the attempt to rescue the parents from their suffering and to recover their love left as heritage a terrible interior abyss and, to survive this condition, the psychism will structure sophisticated defences against the loss of the meaning of the self and the collapse of the psychic structure with that is seen permanently threatened, which are defined, in our point of view, from three main angles. In a first level of analysis, we could recognise that the traumatic situation for which is not glimpsed none possibility of exit turns out to be for the subject a sign of a reality which cannot be measured, without beginning, middle and end, that is, a definitive and unquestionable existential condition. In a second level, we were led to treat the effects of the affective abandonment, also, in the terms of a phenomenon of self-alienation, since, in the midst of a situation of intolerable suffering, one of the first tendencies evidenced by the psychism is to submerge in a process of trance, similar to an anesthesia, whose result is a state of psychic disorientation able to cease the perception of the evil and, with it, of a good part of the reality. We also consider, in a third level, the fact that, in this condition, the individual tends to situate in himself or herself the origin of the violence which is inflicted upon him or her, purifying the parents and the family of their whole maddening potential and laying it exclusively to himself or herself. These perspectives have been presented for us as concomitant and indissoluble dimensions of the subjective configurations in which can be recognised. From each one of them, we see us in front of different aspects of defensive organizations created against the angst of fragmentation and depersonalization engendered by the deep insecurity about the confiability of the object. In the last part of the research, we try to present possibilities for a work with traumatized patients, from that appear us to be the essential conditions for the symbolization of deep angsts produced by the traumatic situation

[pt] A presente dissertação pretende investigar o paradoxo da pulsão de morte: se, por um lado, os movimentos destrutivos que esta coloca em ação são claramente observados na clínica psicanalítica, por outro, nos interessa apontar a possibilidade de criação que a mesma propicia ao desfazer as ligações já estabelecidas, colocando o psiquismo frente ao irrepresentável que o movimenta. Para tanto, estudaremos o trabalho do negativo, tendo em vista que essa teorização nos permite examinar a ação da pulsão de morte em sua face estruturante e em sua face desestruturante do aparato psíquico. No que se refere a sua ação desorganizadora, pensaremos os efeitos patológicos da ação da pulsão de morte como efeitos colaterais de uma tentativa radical de sobrevivência a um objeto primário absoluto, portanto, como um esforço de subjetivação. / [en] The present dissertation aims to investigate the paradox of the death drive: the destructive movements that are put into action are clearly observed in the psychoanalytic clinic, but in contrast we point out the possibility of creation that it facilitates by undoing what is already established, placing the psyche in front of the unrepresentable that makes it move. Therefore, we will study the work of the negative in view that this theorization allows us to examine the action of the death drive in its structuring perspective and in its deconstructing view of the psychic apparatus. With regard to their disorganizing action, we will think of the pathological effects of the death drive as the side effects of a radical attempt to survive an absolute primary object, therefore, as an effort of subjectivation.

Youth involved in the criminal justice system exhibit elevated rates of sexual risk behavior (SRB), placing them at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other deleterious outcomes. High levels of youth-maternal connectedness have been shown to act as a protective factor for SRB in nationally representative studies and in studies with primarily White youth samples. However, there are mixed findings in the research literature on the association of maternal connectedness and SRB among African American and Latino youth, a population who are disproportionately over-represented in the criminal justice system. Additionally, no studies to date have examined the role of maternal connectedness in SRB among justice-involved youth. This dissertation used archived data to determine if maternal connectedness can buffer against the negative effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on SRB among justice-involved youth. A secondary aim was to explore the prevalence of ACEs among youth in the sample, including several new ACE items that focus on adversity occurring outside the home. Participants (N=263) were sentenced or detained adolescent males at a large correctional facility in New York City, aged 16-18 and predominantly African American and Latino. Data were collected from the baseline interview of an intervention study conducted from 2009-2010. Youth participated in an individually administered, computer-based survey covering a range of topics, such as sexual health history, family relationships, substance use, and exposure to adverse events. Consistent with the literature, our sample of detained youth reported a high degree of SRB and a significant number of adverse experiences. Logistic regression analysis found that total ACE scores do not predict risky sexual behavior, even when controlling for maternal connectedness, substance use, age, and number of days incarcerated/detained. However, every participant endorsed exposure to at least 2 ACEs and 92% endorsed exposure to 4 or more, suggesting that the restriction in range may have obfuscated a relationship between total ACE scores and sexual risk-taking. The new ACE items, including poverty, racial discrimination, and neighborhood violence were prevalent. Additionally, several of the individual ACE items, including physical abuse, emotional abuse, and racial discrimination were independently associated with sexual risk outcomes. Maternal connectedness was negatively correlated with one type of risky sexual behavior—frequency of substance use during sex. Maternal connectedness and total ACE scores were, as predicted, negatively correlated. These findings suggest that our sample of incarcerated youth have experienced such a profound degree of adversity and trauma that perhaps ACE scores alone cannot adequately predict their engagement in risky sex. The fact that so many of the adolescents in the study endorsed the new ACE items also provides strong support for dissemination of the revised ACE inventory. This study highlights the need for greater research on risk and protective factors influencing adolescent SRB, as well as psychosocial correlates of ACEs among at-risk youth. Furthermore, given the syndemic nature of SRB and high prevalence of STIs, HIV, and ACEs in urban communities of color, future research should consider a more comprehensive and integrative approach to preventing both childhood adversity and unwanted sexual risk outcomes. Directions for future research and clinical implications are discussed.

It became very obvious, during my research, that alchemy was much more than just aspects of practical metallurgy and much more relevant in terms of symbolic and psychic investigations into the significance of the unconscious mind, the individual and the journey to discover the 'centre.' I use the concept of alchemy as a means to explore the unknown mystery of existence, being and the inner self. 'One Square Inch Between the Eyes' is a phrase used by Taosists to describe that area of the body that contains the highest form of energy and is the centre of spiritual development and transformations. Important aspects of true alchemy appear through Taosist manifestations and is expressed by the unity of nature and humankind. It is seen as a principle of universal understanding and a means to get behind or within appearances. This thesis begins to inquire into aspects of how alchemical notions have developed, both on a practical and symbolic level and how both have impacted on our lives. In the research process, several definitions of alchemy have been identified together with how these definitions have been adopted culturally. I begin to look at areas of art and creativity, science and chemistry, medicine and illness and how people see these aspects of cultural necessities through alchemical concepts and notions. / Master of Arts (Hons) (Visual Arts)

The focus of this thesis is to investigate the use of art therapy in the treatment of an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia. In this qualitative narrative single case study, eleven art therapy sessions are described using non-directive spontaneous art making with a 37-year-old man residing in a psychosocial rehabilitation program. The research study describes this client�s delusional world, and explores the struggle of making sense of his traumatic experiences in early childhood. The themes that emerge in this exploratory study are many and grief and bereavement are the focus as the client uncovers the connections between the past and the present. The process of the art therapy sessions and the progression in the imagery from chaos to serenity is described as the client moves from darkness into light, and as we witness his exploration of space in the images of the whirlwind that reappear throughout the sessions.

Thesis (M. Th.(Practical theology))-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-92)

Thesis (M. Th.(Practical theology))-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-102)

Thesis (MA.(Theology)Trauma)-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-88)