The goal of my diploma thesis is to find out, what kind of relations exists between minority and majority at Czech primary schools. Vietnamese minority was chosen for this thesis. We research differences in perception between girls and boys and between older and younger pupils. We also research differences between formal and informal situations. Another goal is to find out if pupils have some basic knowledge about native land of this minority. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part includes the explanation of basic terms about minorities at all, historical and cultural information about Vietnam, information about life and distribution of Vietnamese in the Czech Republic and also information about Vietnamese pupils in Czech schools. In the practical part the questionnaire method is used for pupils and the interview is used for teachers. Results of these research studies are processed into graphs and tables, which are supplemented by relevant comments.

The diploma thesis deals with the importance of small schools for municipalities and their inhabitants. It focuses on the views and memories of individual residents who attended a small school in their village. The theoretical part of the thesis is divided into two main chapters, the first one deals with mixed-grade education and the other with a teacher in the classroom with mixed grades. The first chapter defines the concept of a small school, it also takes into account the history and distinguishes between the types of small-class schools. This chapter also discusses small-scale schools in the countryside, it examines the climate and environment in the small schools, and their advantages and disadvantages. Last but not least, it sees the small school as an alternative school, and also takes into account alternative schools with mixed grades structure abroad. The second chapter focuses on the teacher in the small school, his attitudes, values, personality, authority, as well as his professional knowledge and skills. The research part of the thesis was realized by semi-structured interviews. Qualitative research has shown that even though former pupils often remember at school in a good way, they do not always trust that system of teaching so much that they entrust their children to school unconditionally. The biggest surprise of the thesis was the finding that the memories of a particular small school are largely influenced by the memories of a particular teacher, his personality, behavior and manners, not the school itself. On the other hand, most of the respondents have had bad memories about their transition, it was stressful for most of them, they have been badly integrated into a new collective and a new environment, some of them have also encountered bullying. These facts discourage some people from putting their children in a small school.

My diploma thesis deals with the state of pupils' vocabulary in the sixths and ninths grades. The thesis focuses on the pupils' understanding of the words which occur at the periphery of the vocabulary, mainly to literary expressions, archaisms, historisms, poetisms. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first, theoretical, part is given deffiniton off basic terms related to the topic. In the second, practical, part is described whole cours and results of tests, which I gave to the pupils. Based on these test I have answered predefined research questions.

The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate why history textbooks are used the way they are and to identify possible reasons for the contradictions and dilemmas regarding the role of the textbook in history education. This thesis describes a case study of the history teaching at an upper secondary school class and investigates the attitudes of the pupils, teachers and textbook authors towards history, the teaching of history, textbooks and the use of textbooks. The study also investigates the textbook used in the history class and the attitudes that the authors expose in the textbook. The analyses are based on interviews with the pupils and teacher, the pupils’ responses in a questionnaire, lesson observations, parts of the textbook, and some other teaching materials used in the lessons. In addition to constituting research on attitudes, this study is also linked to cognitive dissonance theory since it highlights dissonance among the attitudes of the teachers, pupils and textbook authors. The study shows that one main dilemma is the fact that the textbook is frequently being used in the classroom, but many pupils find it dull and uninteresting. Other dilemmas are basically explanations for this and are discussed as such. The study also shows that the pupils prefer history lessons that follow certain strategies and that these strategies are only reflected in the textbook to a limited extent. However, these strategies are used to a large extent in the teaching and when other teaching materials are used instead of the textbook. Sometimes the language used in the textbook seems to prevent the pupils from being able to take in the content but they are not given any help to cope with this difficulty. However, the pupils are exposed to other teaching resources, such as films and lectures, which helps them to understand the subject matter and they appreciate such resources more than the textbook. Moreover, the use of this type of learning resources is combined with methodology that is popular among the pupils and they get help from each other and from the teacher when interpreting and working with these resources. The textbook is used primarily individually and some of the pupils find it difficult to understand. In addition, the textbook is used with teaching methodology that the pupils find dull. This could explain why films and lectures are the main focus of the history lessons while the textbook is used primarily as a supplementary factual resource. This may also be a reason why the pupils have a negative attitude towards the textbook.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The study of the pupil\'s movements (contraction and dilatation) has a significant clinical interest because it is used as a method of evaluating both, the human visual system and nervous system. This paper presents a technique that can make the human pupil tracking in real time, both the position and the diameter. That is crucial in extracting parameters related to pupillary movements, and these help in diagnosis of various diseases, among other applications. The suggested technique uses the information of the pupil found in the previous frame, size and position, that are used in an algorithm that aims to reduce the time spent on the next frame tracking. Using this procedure it is possible to make the human pupil tracking in real time, in some cases with an average of up to 140 frames per second. Comparisons with other studies were performed both, for the processing time of each frame and for accuracy in pupil\'s location and diameter found in each image . The pupil\'s position tracking is crucial in extracting parameters related to pupillary movements, and these help in diagnosis of various diseases, among other applications. The present work does not track only the diameter but also the position of the pupil in real time. / O estudo dos movimentos (contração e dilatação) da pupila tem interesse clínico relevante, pois é utilizado como método de avaliação tanto do sistema visual humano quanto do sistema nervoso. Este trabalho apresenta uma técnica para efetuar o rastreamento tanto da posição quanto do diâmetro da pupila humana em tempo real. A técnica sugerida utiliza as informações da pupila encontrada no frame anterior, tamanho e posição, que são utilizadas em um algoritmo que objetiva a redução do tempo gasto no rastreamento do próximo frame. Utilizando este algoritmo é possível efetuar o rastreamento da posição e tamanho da pupila humana em tempo real e em alguns casos com uma média de até 140 frames por segundo. Foram realizadas comparações com outros trabalhos tanto em relação a tempo de processamento de cada frame, quanto em precisão na localização e diâmetro da pupila encontrada em cada imagem. O rastreamento do diâmetro da pupila é fundamental na extração de parâmetros relacionados aos movimentos pupilares, e estes auxiliam no diagnósticos de diversas doenças, entre outras aplicações. O presente trabalho faz não só o rastreamento do diâmetro mas também da posição da pupila em tempo real. / Mestre em Ciências

This master thesis aims to introduce and describe effective strategies and teaching methods that teachers of gifted pupils with ADHD use and during which the different educational needs of these learners are taken into consideration. This thesis also presents how faculty primary school teachers apply these strategies and teaching methods in integrated and segregated forms of education focused on gifted pupils with ADHD. The theoretical part of this thesis summarizes findings about the issues of differentiation, individualization, talent and teaching strategies of gifted pupils. It also deals with a specific group of gifted pupils with ADHD which are classified as twice-exceptional learners. Therefore, there are also described the recommended strategies for the education of pupils with ADHD. Based on the study of Czech and foreign literature, this thesis delimits strategies and teaching methods which are suitable for gifted pupils with ADHD. The practical part of the thesis is a qualitative research done by analysing the observed lessons in classes with gifted pupils with ADHD, and subsequent in-depth interviews with the teachers of these pupils who teach in an integrated and segregated forms of teaching. This thesis tries to find out what strategies and teaching methods these teachers choose during...

The attitude of society towards persons with mental disabilities and recognizing their rights and dignity are important evaluation aspects of the society. The Czech Republic follows modern European trends that provide the mentally disabled with the same extent of activities as people without disabilities. As a topic of my thesis I have chosen the mentally disabled children´s right to education. The thesis addresses attitudes of primary school headmasters as well as attitudes of the staff of special education centers for children and youths with mental disabilities to integration of pupils with mental disabilities into a regular primary school. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with important documents discussing the rights of individuals with mental disabilities. It describes not only mental disability and its degrees, but in particular education of children with mental disabilities in schools set up for pupils with special educational needs and the possibility of integrating these pupils into mainstream education. The theoretical part is followed by the practical part. The objective of the thesis was to identify the attitude of primary school headmasters as well as that of the staff of a special education center for the mentally disabled staff to the integration process of children with mental disabilities into mainstream primary schools and implementation of the right to education of children with mental disabilities. The research was conducted by the interrogation method using anonymous questionnaires. The results show that a majority of primary schools headmasters in the South Bohemian region support the right to education of pupils with mental disabilities in the form of their integration into regular classrooms. All the respondents, both primary school headmasters and the special education center staff, give the priority at education to individual learning abilities of each child with a mental disability. At the integration of a pupil with a mental disability into a regular primary school the crucial criterion is health and social motivation, not economic motivation. This thesis can be used as a survey of current attitudes and opinions of primary school headmasters and special education centers´ staff on the possibility of pupils with mental disabilities integration into mainstream education.

The dissertation is focused to the field of communication and it is divided up to three sections, which concur in order. The first section is aimed to delimitation, definiton, functions and types of social communication. The second section is applied to the pedagogic communication in a primary school background, and there are stated, as well as in the first section, definitions, functions and verbal and nonverbal communication. There are new chapters added to this section, which subsequently apply to the goal, subject, rules of pedagogic communication and the time aspect, that together with organizing forms and methods of teaching has the influence on the pedagogic communication. The last section is concentrated on the pedagogic communication in a after school daycare background, the content structure copies the previous section. For further specification, there is a chapter added in this section, that is focused to after school daycare as a place for education and cultivation in the time of not school teaching. The goal of this dissertation was the comparison of differences in pedagogic communication in a primary school and in a after-school daycare.

The diploma paper consists of two parts {--} theoretical and practical. There are explained notions related to visual art motivation in the theoretical part like creativity, imagination and fantasy, explanation of chosen visual art techniques, definition of younger pupil age, explication of pedagogy of leisure time and pedagogue of leisure. The practical part consists of visual art project which is composed of visual art activities. The visual art project is realized at the school nursery with pupils of the first and the second classes. Each part of the project contains various motivational elements. There is an obvious interconnection among particular subjects {--} fine art, physical education and music.

My dissertation thesis deals with information and communication technologies in the context of education and their impact on the subsequent quality of life of individuals with sight impairment. The work shows that it appears essential to provide pupils and students with impaired sight not only with the standard volume of knowledge, but also with specific and social skills and competences which will become a tool compensating their impaired sight handicap. The objective of the practical section of my thesis consists in determining the specifics of the process of instruction of pupils and students with sight impairment focussed on information technologies and in comparing the acquired data with research results aimed at the majority population of pupils and students. The said issues were analysed using the quantitative procedure of questionnaire research and evaluated under the application of frequency statistics. The testing of hypotheses was based on the Chi-square independence test. The research also incorporated the target group of parents of pupils with sight impairment and their teachers. Significant factors affecting the optimisation of the education and instruction process as a whole in the above mentioned target groups were determined and compared. Based on the acquired data and their statistic evaluation I succeeded to prove a significant correlation between the level of acquired competences in the field of information and communication technologies and the level of sight impairment. The results of the empiric section also suggest that the education of students with impaired sight within the mainstream educational process shows considerable reserves as compared with the educational process applied in special schools for pupils with a health handicap. The theoretical section of my thesis is divided into three chapters focussed on the conceptual and material specification and definition of the problem. The introductory chapter deals with the theoretical issues of sight impairment and the individuals with this type of handicap. The second chapter presents the system of the education of pupils and students with impaired sight and the concluding chapter deals with information and communication technologies as the tools compensating the information deficit in individuals with sight impairment. In co-operation with the Special Educational Centre based in České Budějovice, the results of my dissertation thesis will present the basis of recommendations targeted at an optimised formation of specific skills and competences in pupils with impaired sight educated within the mainstream educational process. The theoretical output of my thesis will result in study materials for the branch of specific educational studies in the Faculty of Health Care and Social Studies of the University of South Bohemia.