The General Purpose Interface Bus, as defined by the IEEE Standard, deals with systems that require digital data to be transferred between a group of instruments. An overview of this standard is presented which summarizes the interface's capabilities, functions and versatility by explaining the basic interface concepts. In addition, a GPIB testing application and a GPIB related design example are presented and investigated.

Two fundamental components of causality are the Cause and the Result. In linguistic work the distinction between these aspects is commonly blurred, presumably because the primary research focus has been on describing how language encodes causality. The semantic nature of the component events and the constraints on their relationship are seldom discussed; however, the current work aims to shed light on a broader spectrum of features that underlie the concept. This is an essential foundation for understanding how language communicates Result. The present discussion explores and illuminates the nature of this concept focusing on a relatively open-ended set of linguistic elements that can play a role in shaping a discourse relation in addition to discourse connectives. This is in contrast to the majority of the previous research, which has been quite intensely concerned with investigating a limited collection of well-established causality markers. Also, despite the fact that English has been used in studies on causality both as a control language and a metalanguage, there is surprisingly little work on the semantics of the relations that occur specifically in English, let alone Result relations. By borrowing from several cognitively-oriented approaches and combining empirical data from two written corpora (British National Corpus and the Penn Discourse Treebank) with experimental work, the current study systematically investigates the conceptual and linguistic properties of several closely related Result relation types (including Purpose), along with the joint role of discourse connectives and other discourse elements in conveying the intended sense. The findings indicate that linguistic signals of the conceptual structure of the relation seem to play a more significant role in the interpretation than explicit marking. Two factors emerged as more vital cues than the presence of the ambiguous connective so.  In Purpose relations, a modal auxiliary conveying an intended effect, and in Result relations the presence/absence of an intentionally acting actor are crucial for disambiguation. The multifunctional connective therefore seems to merely satisfy the mandatory marking requirement related to the intrinsically unrealized (‘nonveridical’) nature of Purpose. In Result the presence of an ambiguous marker is to a great extent optional in English. However, discourse markers can also reflect how language users categorize causal event types. This claim has been confirmed in several cross-linguistic analyses, but the lexicon of English connectives has not been systematically investigated from this vantage point. The few existing studies found that the uses of English connectives are quite unconstrained across causal categories. The present work contributes to this line of research and suggests that two unambiguous markers, as a result and for this reason, indeed cover a wide range of causal event types; however, they also exhibit significant tendencies to occur prototypically in certain relation types. The presence and role of an intentionally acting discourse participant behind both real-world and linguistic causally-related events contributes to these tendencies. The contexts that include such a participant are regarded as intrinsically subjective and have been found to manifest surface expressions of subjectivity in previous work on other languages. The current study confirms similar tendencies in the linguistic construal and marking of Result relations in English, which proves that certain language elements partake in establishing the intended interpretation on a par with discourse connectives.  What emerges as a result of this discussion, is therefore an account on how English utilizes the broad category of Result and what linguistic elements are used to convey the array of resultative events.

Text in Afrikaans / Jeugbediening in die meeste hoofstroom kerke vertoon die volgende: Dit is program- en tradisie-gedrewe. Daar is nie 'n doelgedrewe plan en -strategie te bespeur nie. Die fokus val op die instandhouding van die jeuggroep, programme en aktiwiteite. Die potensiele teikengroepe, hul vlakke van geloofsverbintenis en hulle behoeftes word nie na behore ge!dentifiseer nie. 'n Doelgedrewe jeugbediening-strategie kan 'n moontlike oplossing vrr bogenoemde probleme wees. Dit moet veral aan die volgende aandag skenk: Fokus op 'n duidelike doelstelling, op jongmense se behoeftes en op 'n doelgedrewe benadering. Daar moet veral 'n spesifieke sty/ of benadering wees waarmee die jeugbediening aangepak word, naamlik 'n intergeneratiewe strategie. Die gemeente as geloofsgemeenskap en as lewenslange versorgingstruktuur behoort die konteks te wees waarbinne die jeugbediening plaasvind. 'n Programbeplanningsproses sal verhoed dat die beplanning lukraak en oorhaastig gedoen word. Verder sal dit die gevaar van programme wat net aanmekaar geryg word, tee werk. / Youth ministry m most mainstream churches is characterised by the following: It is program- and tradition-driven. No purpose-driven plan and -strategy are visible. The focus is on maintaining the youth group, programs and activities. The potential target groups, their levels of faith commitment and their needs are not identified properly. A purpose-driven youth ministry strategy may be a possible solution to the above-mentioned problems. It should especially give attention to the following: Focus on a clear purpose statement, on young people's needs and on a purpose-driven approach. In particular, there should be a 5pesific style or approach with which youth ministry is launched, namely an intergenerational strategy. The congregation as a community of faith and as a lifelong care structure should be the context within youth ministry occurs. A program planning process will prevent the planning to be done haphazardly and impetuously. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M.Diac. (Jeugwerk)

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1985 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / A key milestone for every telemetry design is that date when everyone agrees on a definition of the design requirements. Unfortunately, specifications often become obscured as test constraints change, additional requirements are uncovered, test objectives are more clearly defined, and budgets are cut in half. Historically, telemetry designs using technology, hardware, and philosophy that pre-date Christopher Columbus have caused obvious rigidity to the system design and its operation. Once completed, program managers become ruefully aware that these systems are difficult (if not impossible) to modify and are always very costly to change. Telemetry systems available today offer the flexibility necessary to accommodate a frequently changing measurement list. Not only can the measurement list be changed, it can be changed during the course of a test in progress. If requirements expand, hardware may be added. If the test is a non-destructive test, the system can be configured for use on future programs.

The practice of cultural planning proceeds largely in the absence of discussion regarding its purpose, norms and goals, either in academic literature or among its practitioners. This paper seeks to uncover the norms and goals of cultural planning, as understood by cultural planners working in Austin, TX, through a series of interviews with these individuals. Interviews also brought to light cultural planners’ understandings of the function of art in communities. Ultimately, little connection was found between cultural planners’ understandings of the function of art in communities and the norms and goals of cultural planning. It is argued herein that these two conversations must be closely linked and that cultural planner’s understandings of what art can and should do in communities must form the basis for the goals and norms of cultural planning practice. / text

The thesis was based on a unique opportunity to compare the perceptions of participants before and after a scenario planning project conducted in a water utility. The researcher was able to explore the perceptions of the participants of scenario planning as a change agent directly, and so address a concern in some of the literature that much of the body of knowledge on scenario planning has been filtered through the viewpoints of scenario planning practitioners. Through the use of an adapted grounded theory approach, the perceptions of the participants emerged independently of a pre-conceived theoretical framework and explanations of the outcomes of the process were developed from this data. As well, the assumptions behind the practice of scenario planning were explored and from this a theory for scenario planning was developed. This was effected while constant comparison of concepts emerging from the data was in progress and provided a theoretical framework for the discussion of the empirical research. In this case scenario planning was perceived more as an instrument than as an agent of change, with a role of setting a framework for the strategic conversation in the subsequent phases of the change initiative. The outcomes of the research illustrated that uncertainties internal to the organisation had affected the implementation of change. In particular the conceptual ecologies of people in the organisation were not explored in depth, and this perpetuated a driving force for the future of the organisation that was not merely uncertain but remained unknowable. It was concluded that whether a scenario planning project achieved its objectives was matter of perception, with evaluation differing depending on the viewpoint taken. / Change of mind-set was not necessarily needed for a change of strategic direction, which could be explained using a political metaphor. However, for cultural change to be effected, there was a need for operatives to identify with it. It was concluded from this case that unless change and/or the change process were adapted to resonate with the world views of the operatives, it was unlikely it would become embedded in the organisation and may be resisted. Conceptual ecologies needed to be explored for this adaptation to occur.

This study was carried out in order to investigate the purpose of Bob Dylan’s creative metaphors. Focus was on whether they were used for artistic effect or to simplify and concretize abstract concepts. Ten songs written in the last five decades were randomly selected and searched for occurrences of creative metaphors. The metaphors found were chronologically listed and discussed in terms of potential source and target domains in order to determine their purpose. The results showed rather clearly that Dylan’s creative metaphors, regardless of whether the domains were abstract or concrete, seemed to complicate rather than simplify the interpretation of a line. There were a few instances where the creative metaphors could be interpreted as being explanatory; however, this was regarded as a secondary effect since it was clear that the primary purpose for Dylan’s creative metaphors was to add an artistic touch. Moreover, this purpose did not seem to have changed in any way during the last five decades.

¡@¡@Automobles are those highest price goods beside houses. They are a symbol of status and wealth in the past, but nowdays, almost every family can afford them. An automoble is more than a tool of travaling, but also an attribute of life style and values. Therefore, the decision factors of buying an automoble are more complicated, and the demands of consumers are more and more diversificated. For these reasons, automoble manufacturers have to develop more varied types of automobiles to fit market trends and consumer needs. ¡@¡@To conclude the trend of Taiwan automobile sales, RV(Recreation Vehicle) is increasing rapidly for the recent years because of the favor of consumers. The sales of SU(Space Utility) is about 55%, and MPV(Multi-Purpose Vehicle) is the best saler type, so MPV is one of the trand of Taiwan automobile market. ¡@¡@The beginning of Taiwan MPV history is Mazda introduced Premacy at April 2001, an obviously increasing period was after the introduce of Mitsubishi Savrin at September 2001, till September 2004, Toyota Wish introduced, the MPV segment was getting into maturity. In 2005, Mazda, Mitsubishi and Toyota contained more than 90% sales of Taiwan MPV, so the centralization and average sales of MPV is more than other segments. ¡@¡@To analize the marketing strategies of main MPVs, this research choosed the owners of Mazda Premacy, Mazda 5(which is the next type of Premacy), Mitsubishi Savrin, Mitsubishi Inspire(which is the second brand name of Savrin) and Toyota Wish to study about ¡§present car and previous car¡¨, ¡§important factors of buying¡¨, ¡§satisfication level of present car¡¨ and ¡§personal information¡¨ by questionnaires. The investigation was during April 22 to May 7 2006, and received 63 complete questionnaires. ¡@¡@According to the research, the owner of MPV is 76.2% for male, average 34.9 years old, 57.1% for colledge or more, 66.7% for marriaged and have kids, 49.2% for two generations family, average 4.4 persons per family.They are 54.0% by car-loans, 47.6% consulting their spouses, 50.8% replace-buy, because 30.2% for Ex-car was too old to use, mainly information was from magazines, and prefer allowance promotions(39.7%). They think highly of ¡§safety¡¨, ¡§exterior¡¨ and ¡§public praise¡¨ when buying a car. ¡@¡@Among main MPVs, Premacy has no superior items, but service inferior items, Mazda 5 has performance superior items, but service inferior items, Savrin has service superior items, but economy inferior items, Inspire has service superior items, but economy inferior items, Wish has service and funcation superior items, but economy and performance inferior item. ¡@¡@In the end, this research use IPA(Importancd-Performance Analysis) for a tool to analysis and suggest the future strategic actions, such as Premacy is suggested to improve ¡§after-sales service¡¨, ¡§brand image¡¨, ¡§variability of seats¡¨ and ¡§durability¡¨, Mazda 5 is suggested to improve ¡§variability of seats¡¨, Savrin 2.0 is suggested to improve ¡§discount¡¨, ¡§price¡¨ and ¡§breaks¡¨, Savrin 2.4 is suggested to improve ¡§discount¡¨, Inspire 2.0 is suggested to improve ¡§breaks¡¨, Inspire 2.4 is suggested to improve ¡§breaks¡¨ and ¡§saleman service¡¨, and Wish is suggested to improve ¡§assembling quality¡¨.

SANTRAUKA TIKSLINĖS ATOSTOGOS, JŲ RŪŠYS, PRIGIMTIS IR APMOKĖJIMO TVARKA Tikslinių atostogų institutas Lietuvos darbo teisėje yra Konstitucijos deklaruojamos kiekvieno dirbančio žmogaus teisės turėti poilsį ir laisvalaikį teisinė išraiška. Teisės į tikslines atostogas užtikrinimas sudaro didesnes galimybes darbuotojų teisėms ir interesams apsaugoti ir tuo pačiu stiprina pagrindinės darbo teisės funkcijos- apsauginės funkcijos vaidmenį. Iš pradžių Lietuvoje darbuotojams buvo numatyta teisė tik į 3 rūšių tikslines atostogas, tačiau atsižvelgiant į visuomenėje vykstančias permainas, kartu su kitais darbo teisiniais santykiais palaipsniui buvo reformuotas ir atostogų institutas, ko pasekoje šiandien darbuotojai jau gali pasinaudoti teise į nėštumo ir gimdymo atostogas, vaiko priežiūros atostogas, tėvystės atostogas, mokymosi atostogas, kūrybines atostogas bei įstatymų nustatytais pagrindais turi teisę būti atleidžiami nuo darbo valstybinėms ir visuomeninėms pareigoms atlikti. Šio darbo turinį sudaro keturios dalys: 1. tikslinių atostogų samprata, prigimtis ir rūšys; 2. tikslinės atostogos, skirtos darbo ir šeiminių pareigų derinimui; 3. tikslinės atostogos, skirtos darbuotojų asmeninių savybių ir profesinių gebėjimų tobulinimui; 4. laisvas nuo darbo laikas įvairiems socialiai reikšmingiems veiksmams atlikti. Tikslinės atostogos  palyginus naujas Lietuvos darbo teisės institutas. Doktrininiu ir moksliniu lygmeniu jis praktiškai nenagrinėtas, todėl šiame magistriniame darbe... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY SPECIAL-PURPOSE LEAVES, TYPES, NATURE, AND PAYMENT PROCEDURE Institute of special-purpose leave—which is set out under the Lithuanian labour law—is a legal expression of the right of each working individual to recreation and leisure as declared in the Constitution. Ensuring the right to special-purpose leave provides better opportunities for safeguarding employee rights and interests as well as at the same time strengthening the role of the key labour law function, i.e. the protective function. In the beginning, there were only three types of special-purpose leave to which Lithuanian employees were entitled, although taking into account changes that are taking place in the society, the institute of leave was gradually reformed together with other labour associated legal relations, due to which employees of today are able to utilize their right to pregnancy and confinement leave, child-care leave, parental leave, educational leave, sabbatical leave, and leave for performance of official or public duties. The content of this paper consists of four parts: 1. conception, nature, and types of special-purpose leave; 2. special-purpose leave for balancing labour and family obligations; 3. special-purpose leave for employee personal and vocational improvement; 4. free of work time for delivery of various socially significant actions. Special-purpose leave is a rather new institute in Lithuanian labour law. On the level of doctrines and science it is practically untouched... [to full text]

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