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The present study investigated high risk behaviors in a population of college students through the use of a large, national quantitative data set and individual qualitative interviews. Since millions of students are enrolled in higher education, which often comes at a great financial cost and sacrifice to them and their families (Henretta, Wolf, Van Voorhis & Soldo, 2012), this is a particularly important population to study. Additionally, despite being a time of optimal health, adolescence is also a time of increased mortality, particularly as it relates to social morbidities (Resnick et al., 1997). While risk taking amongst college students manifests itself in many ways, the primary focus of this research will be on alcohol use, drug use and sexual behavior. Recent research in the field, including the composite measure of psychosocial maturity (Steinberg, Cauffman, Woolard, Graham & Banich, 2009a), the social neuroscience perspective (Steinberg, 2008) and current trends in alcohol use, drug use and sexual behaviors amongst college students were examined. The American College Health Association National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA II) provided statistically significant evidence that students who drink more (frequency and quantity) have lower overall GPAs, experience more negative consequences as a result of their drinking and experience more impediments to academic success. Students who live on campus, are members of Greek fraternities and sororities and/or are varsity athletes engage in higher levels of binge drinking than their peers. Additionally, students who drink more (frequency and quantity) engage in other risky behaviors (unprotected sex, NMPD use, etc.) at higher rates than their peers. Qualitative interviews with high achieving students who engaged in various levels of risk taking resulted in the explication of six distinct themes: defining and conceptualizing risk taking, decision making, painting a picture of individual risk taking, academic achievement, peer perceptions and influence, and achieving both (what allows a high risk student to also be high achieving). In addition to the above analyses, the present study also examines implications for practitioners and directions for future research. / Educational Psychology

Included in this thesis are two papers describing companion studies which employed complementary methodologies to study the issue of how Acadia National Park might balance resource protection efforts and maintain quality visitor experiences on the summit of Cadillac Mountain. In the first study, stated choice analysis was used to assess visitors' preferences for alternative combinations of public access, resource protection, visitor regulation, and site hardening to manage the Cadillac Mountain summit. Results suggest that visitors consider resource protection to be a priority and are willing to accept regulation of their behavior onsite, reinforced with the use of moderately to highly intensive management structures, but generally don't support limiting public access to the summit to achieve resource protection objectives. In the second study, qualitative interviews were conducted to provide an in-depth understanding of visitor experiences on the summit of Cadillac Mountain and how site management actions designed to achieve resource protection objectives might affect visitors' experiences. Respondents indicated that the summit of Cadillac Mountain is a centerpiece of Acadia National Park, and their experiences of the mountain summit are centered around the aesthetics and naturalness of Cadillac Mountain. Several factors emerged as influencing whether site management actions are deemed appropriate by visitors and perceived to affect visitors' experiences. In particular, site management structures that were perceived to blend in with the surroundings, be constructed of natural materials and protect vegetation were considered appropriate and of little consequence to visitors' experiences. Some study participants also suggested that site management structures that provide visitors with the opportunity to freely demonstrate their choice to help protect vegetation and soils can enhance visitors' experiences. In contrast, site management structures and actions perceived as being regulatory, confining, or limiting opportunities for visitors to choose to help protect vegetation resources were considered less appropriate and more likely to negatively affect visitors' experiences. / Master of Science

Yes / Multiple changes are made to older patients' medicines during hospital admission, which can sometimes cause confusion and anxiety. This results in problems with post-discharge medicines management, for example medicines taken incorrectly, which can lead to harm, hospital readmission and reduced quality of life. To explore the experiences of older patients and their family carers as they enacted post-discharge medicines management. Semi-structured interviews took place in participants' homes, approximately two weeks after hospital discharge. Data analysis used the Framework method. Recruitment took place during admission to one of two large teaching hospitals in North England. Twenty-seven participants aged 75 plus who lived with long-term conditions and polypharmacy, and nine family carers, were interviewed. Three core themes emerged: impact of the transition, safety strategies and medicines management role. Conversations between participants and health-care professionals about medicines changes often lacked detail, which disrupted some participants' knowledge and medicines management capabilities. Participants used multiple strategies to support post-discharge medicines management, such as creating administration checklists, seeking advice or supporting primary care through prompts to ensure medicines were supplied on time. The level to which they engaged with these activities varied. Participants experienced gaps in their post-discharge medicines management, which they had to bridge through implementing their own strategies or by enlisting support from others. Areas for improvement were identified, mainly through better communication about medicines changes and wider involvement of patients and family carers in their medicines-related care during the hospital-to-home transition. / This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (NIHR Yorkshire and Humber PSTRC). This independent research is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Research for Patient Benefit (RfPB) Programme (Grant Reference Number PB-PG-0317-20010).

Auf der Suche nach Determinanten der erfolgreichen beruflichen Integration in den allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt wurden Teilnehmer einer Integrationsmaßnahme für psychisch beeinträchtigte Menschen bei der REHAaktiv darr GmbH sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ untersucht. Es handelt sich um eine prospektive Längsschnitt- bzw. Kohortenstudie. Der umfangreichere Quantitative Teil der Arbeit beinhaltet die Auswertung erhobener demographischer, psychodiagnostischer und persönlicher (Freizeit, finanzielle Situation) Daten von n=206 Maßnahmeteilnehmern bezüglich der Zielvariablen erfolgreiche berufliche Integration direkt nach der Maßnahme, nach einem halben Jahr sowie nach einem Jahr und Abbruch der Maßnahme aus gesundheitlichen Gründen sowie Anzahl krankheitsbedingter Fehlzeiten während der Maßnahmedauer. Als Prädiktoren der erfolgreichen beruflichen Integration konnten ein hohes Intelligenzniveau, ein guter Schulabschluss, das Vorhandensein eines Partners, ein mittleres bis hohes Engagement, gute Kontrollstrategien innerhalb der Stressbewältigung sowie ein höheres Einkommen zu Maßnahmebeginn gefunden werden. Die Einnahme von Medikamenten, ein höheres Alter, eine vorhandene Berufsunfähigkeit sowie eine subjektiv höhere Einschätzung der psychosomatischen Beschwerden wurden als Prädiktoren des Maßnahmeabbruchs aus gesundheitlichen Gründen identifiziert. Die Anzahl krankheitsbedingter Fehlzeiten wurde durch die beiden Prädiktoren psychosomatische Beschwerden sowie das Fehlen der Diagnose Schizophrenie, vorher gesagt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit erfolgte die Auswertung der qualitativen Interviews von jeweils sechs erfolgreich integrierten und sechs nicht integrierten Maßnahmeteilnehmern. Als Ergebnis konnten die generellen Bedeutungsschwerpunkte Empfundene Unterstützung durch die Mitarbeiter, fehlende berufliche Orientierung sowie die große Bedeutung der Praktika und der Seminargruppe herausgestellt werden. Individuelle Unterschiede in Bezug auf den Integrationserfolg zeigten sich bezüglich der Bedeutung der Arbeit, der Fähigkeit zur Stressbewältigung, der Selbsteinschätzung und der Einstellung zur Maßnahme. / Searching for determinants for the successful integration into the general job market, participants in a rehabilitation program for the mental handicapped carried out by REHAaktiv darr GmbH were studied qualitatively und quantitatively. This was a prospective longitudinal or cohort study. The more extensive, quantitative part of the study consists of an analysis of the demographic, psychodiagnostic and personal (leisure time, financial situation) data ascertained from n=206 participants with regard to the variable objectives of the successful integration immediately after completion of the scheme, after six months and one year as well as after dropping out of the scheme for health reasons as well as the number of days absent for health reasons during the scheme. Predictors of a successful integration are high intelligence, high school graduation, the presence of a partner, a mid to high level of commitment, good strategies of control as soon as a higher income in the beginning of the program. Medication, advanced age, vocational disability and subjectively higher assessment of the psychosomatic troubles were identified as predictors for dropping out of the scheme for health reasons. The number of absences due to illness was predicted by the predictors psychosomatic disorders as well as the absence of a diagnosis schizophrenia. The second part of the study consisted of the assessment of the qualitative interviews with six participants who were successfully integrated and six who were not. The result that emerged emphasized the amount of support from the REHAaktiv personnel “felt” by the participants, a lack of career orientation on their part as well as the great importance of the practical training and the seminar group. Individual differences with respect to the success of the integration could be attributed to the importance of work, the ability to deal with stress and mental attitude to the scheme.

Övervikt och fetma är ett folkhälsoproblem som ökar i en oroväckande takt både i Sverige och i många andra delar av världen. Fetma räknas som en sjukdom i sig, men är även en riskfaktor för andra icke smittsamma sjukdomar. Våra levnadsvanor grundläggs redan under barndomen och inverkar på hälsan resten av livet. Att satsa på förebyggande åtgärder i tidig ålder kan således vara viktigt för att minska risken att barn senare i livet drabbas av överviktsrelaterade sjukdomar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka skolsköterskors och skolors erfarenheter av och förutsättningar för att arbeta med övervikt och fetma bland barn mellan sex och elva år. För att besvara syftet användes en kvalitativ metodansats. Totalt genomfördes sex enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer med skolsköterskor. Intervjuerna analyserades med en manifest innehållsanalys. I resultatet framkom att övervikt och fetma är vanligt förekommande på skolorna. Övervikt och fetma anses vara ett viktigt, men också svårt, område för skolor att arbeta mot. Skolsköterskorna uppfattar flera hinder i sitt arbete, och önskar att de kunde göra mera för att hjälpa barn som drabbats. Skolsköterskorna har många idéer om hur de och skolorna skulle kunna arbeta förebyggande, men upplever en frustration över de bristande resurserna som ges till det. / Overweight and obesity is a public health problem that is increasing in an alarming rate both in Sweden and in many other parts of the world. Obesity is considered as a disease in itself, but is also a risk factor for other noncommunicable diseases. Our habits are established during childhood and have an impact on our health throughout our lives. Investing in preventive interventions at an early age may therefore be important for reducing the risk of children later in life suffer from obesity-related diseases. The aim of this study was to examine school nurses' and schools’ experiences of and presumptions for working with overweight and obesity among children at primary schools. A qualitative approach was chosen and a total of six individual semi-structured interviews with school nurses were conducted. The interviews were analysed with a manifest content analysis. The result showed that overweight and obesity are common in the primary schools. Overweight and obesity are considered an important, but also difficult, area for schools to work against. The school nurses perceive several obstacles in their work, and wish they could do more to help children who are affected. The school nurses have many ideas about how they and the schools could work preventive, but are frustrated over the lack of resources that are given to it.

Investeringarna i Sverige inom folkhälsa genomförs på flera nivåer; både på regional och lokal nivå. Dessa investeringar genomförs av landsting och deras respektive kommuner. Folkhälsoarbetet är under ständig utveckling, även i Sörmland, där det sker en omorganisation där nya styrmetoder skapas. Syftet med studien var att studera styrning och organisation av folkhälsoarbetet i fem av kommunerna i Sörmland. För att besvara syftet med denna studie användes en kvalitativ metod där data samlades in med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna i denna studie var fem strateger och samordnare från fem olika kommuner i Sörmland. Materialet analyserades med en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultatet som framkom var att de som arbetade med folkhälsofrågor i kommunerna har olika utbildning och erfarenhet. De flesta av dem arbetar 50 procent med folkhälsa, resterande procent med utredning och projektledning. Dessa betraktas som "vanliga uppgifter." Det finns ett folkhälsonätverk i Sörmland där kommunerna samarbetar vilket kan ses som samverkan. Respondenterna anser att politiken är ytterst ansvarig för folkhälsan och decentralisering förekommer i kommunerna. Alla kommuner använder planer och strategier; det varierar i hur evidensbaserat arbetet är och om omvärldsanalys genomförs. Detta genomförs dels genom nätverksmötena. På grund av folkhälsoarbetets organisering inom kommunerna, styrning och ansvarsfördelning mellan kommuner och politiker, samt hur uppföljning av folkhälsoarbetet ser ut så varierar förutsättningarna att förbättra folkhälsan i kommunerna. / In Sweden, investments in Public Health are conducted at several levels; both at the regional and the local level. These investments are conducted by the county council and their respective municipalities. Public health work is under constant development, as well as in Sörmland, where there is a reorganization in which new control methods are being discussed. The purpose of the study was to investigate the governance and organization of public health investments in five of the municipalities in Sörmland. To answer the purpose of this study , qualitative methods was used and data was collected by semi-structured interviews. The respondents in this study were five strategists and coordinators from five different municipalities in Sörmland. The material was analyzed by a manifest content analysis. The result that emerged was that public health workers in the municipalities have different educational backgrounds and experience. The majority of the public health workers work 50 percent in public health, and the rest in investigation and project management. These are regarded as “common tasks.” There is a public health network in Sörmland where municipalities work together which can be seen as cooperation. The respondents feel that the politicians are is ultimately responsible for the public health and decentralization is present in the municipalities. All municipalities use plans and policies; it differs in how evidence-based the work is, however social and environmental analyzes are carried out. This is carried out partly through networking meetings. Due to the organization of the public healthwork in the municipalities, control and allocation of responsibilities between municipalities and management, and the follow-up of public health-interventions makes it more or less effective when it comes to improving public health.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur några sångpedagoger erfar fenomenet sångteknik. Forskningsfrågorna handlar om hur sångpedagogerna verbaliserar sin syn på sångteknik, registertermer och metoder samt hur sångpedagogerna förhåller sig till forskning i området. Utgångspunkterna för genomförandet är semistrukturerade intervjuer där fyra sångpedagoger med lärarexamen har intervjuats. Studiens teoretiska ramverk omfattas av fenomenologi med inriktning mot intentionalitet och livsvärdsfenomenologi. Intervjuerna spelades in med ljudupptagning som sedan transkriberades och analyserades med tematisk analys. De teman som utkristalliserades presenteras i resultatkapitlet och är följande: sångpedagogernas syn på sångteknik, sångpedagogernas erfarenheter och uppfattningar av register, sångpedagogernas egna metoder samt sångteknik och metoder i förhållande till forskning. Resultatet synliggör både likheter och olikheter i hur de ser på och verbaliserar sina förhållningssätt till sångteknik, registertermer, metoder och forskning. De erfarenheter som ligger till grund för dessa förhållningssätt erfars emellertid i den egna livsvärlden och har på olika sätt haft betydelse för hur de erfar fenomenet sångteknik och förhåller sig till det i undervisningen. Resultatet visar även att sångpedagogerna är överens om att forskning i sång är mycket viktigt, dock är det endast undantagsvis som de själva vänder sig till forskning. I diskussionen resoneras det vidare kring de teman som framkommer i resultatet i relation till den tidigare forskningen som presenteras samt det teoretiska perspektiv som genomsyrar studien. / The purpose of this study is to investigate vocal teachers views on and experiences with the singing technology phenomenon. The study’s research questions concerns how singing pedagogues verbalize their views on singing technique, their terms about register, methods and their relation to research. The starting points for implementation is semi structured interviews with four singing pedagogues whom all have a teachers degree. The study’s theoretical framework covers phenomenology and focus on intentionality and lifeworld phenomenology. The interviews was recorded with phonogram and later transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. The different themes which are presented in the result are as follows: the vocal teachers views on singing techniques, the vocal teachers experiences and perceptions of registers, the vocal teachers own methods and singing techniques and methods in relation to research. The result visualizes both similarities and differences in how they view and verbalize their approaches to singing technology, terms about register, methods and research. The experiences that form the basis of these approaches, however, are experienced in their own lifeworld and have in different ways been important for how they experience the phenomenon of singing technique and relates to it through teaching. The result also shows that the singing pedagogues agree that research on singing is very important, nonetheless they themselves seldom turn to research. The discussion is further conferring around the themes that emerge in the result in relation to the previous background and the theoretical perspective that permeates the study.

This study is sponsored by Minor Field Study (MFS) scholarships from the University of Borås, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Thailand is a densely populated developing country situated in Asia. The relatives are the most important social network in Thailand. People all over the world, including Thai people are in need of aftercare when they have left the hospital. In Thailand this care mostly executed by relatives.There is not much research done that shows the patient‟s perspective of home care in Thailand so it is important to do this study. The aim of the study is to illuminate the Thai patients‟ perspective of being cared in their own home. The qualitative interviews were made with six patients at a hospital in Bangkok. The authors had one in beforehand-prepared question, but had to put in some stimulating questions in all of the interviews. To describe and analyze the result the authors did qualitative content analysis. The criteria to take part in this study were that the interviewees were Thai, over 25 years old and had experiences of being cared in their own home, by relatives or by professionals.The result is presented with meanings units, codes, sub-categories, categories and content areas. The content areas are; the patient does not experience any problems with home care and the patient experience problems with home care. The categories are good experiences and naturally and hard experiences. The authors then made sub-categories and named them; safety, family as caregiver is expected, solidarity, grateful, sense of guilt, insecure and hard to be dependent.The authors found out that all the interviewees experienced home care as something naturally, when it is a part of life to be cared by your relatives in Thailand. This expression fits in under the first content area, but some of the interviewees also expressed feelings that fit in under the opposite content area. In the end of the study the authors discusses different choices that they have done, and the consequences that followed with them, in a discussion of the method. Even the use of an interpreter is discussed in this part. In the discussion of the result the authors discusses the most interesting parts of the result and verify this with references from scientific articles. One thing that the authors found out was that home care in Thailand can be expressed with both positive and negative experiences from the same person. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning