BACKGROUND: Research has established the positive link between physical activity and its impact on health among adults. Generally, as people get older, they are less likely to be active. Black women comprise 13% of the women in the US but constitute 52% of women who are inactive. Existing articles on exercise motivation among Black women have generally assessed sedentary individuals. Little research has examined the motivations to exercise among physically active Black women. METHODS: Guided by the regulators of the Self Determination Theory, the 56 item Motivations of Marathoners Scales for Triathletes (MOMS-T) was used to assess the motives of (N =121) midlife to older Black women (36+) and then transformed into a semi structured guide to interview (n =12) women to further understand their motives for participating in triathlons. RESULTS: Univariate and two way analysis reveals age as a predictor for the four regulators (external, introjection, integration and intrinsic) but BMI and distance are not. Integration demonstrated the highest mean. Qualitative results indicated that construct of self competition and receiving medals are important aspects of participation but are not measured in the survey. A new scale, triathlete lifestyle, should be considered within the MOMS-T. CONCLUSION: Findings were representative of the study population and comparable to previous studies. The survey transformation of the MOMS-T into an interview guide provided additional qualitative explanations of the survey answers demonstrating a secondary method of gathering data as important to provide further understanding about constructs not measured in the survey form of the MOMS-T.

Scholars for decades have studied the achievement gap and attempted to explain it in regards to race and class. Throughout the existing literature regarding the achievement gap between black and white students, however, there is a dearth of research exploring why the gap exists for upper-class black students; this population is largely ignored. This research seeks to explain why an achievement gap exists between white and black students who come from households of similar incomes. Ten students (five white and five black gradates) of a private, non-parochial school in Washington DC are interviewed about high school and post-high school experiences. Using cultural capital and labeling theory frameworks, this study follows the work of Billings (2011), Pattillo-McCoy (2000), Lacy (2007), and Khan (2011) in their focus on black students, cultural capital, and embodied privilege, and builds on that of Lensmire (2012), Dixon-Roman 2014, Orr (2003) Adams (2010) and Tyson et al. (2005). Results uncover the uniquely complex configuration of class and race. Latent issues as a result of race can arise, and the research illustrates how they affect the achievement ideology and attainment of both black and white students. This study’s findings suggest that two mechanisms shape the achievement gap: academic support and social interactions and interpretations, with the former rooted largely in class differences and the latter rooted in racial differences. This study aims to improve our understanding of the distinct role race and class play in influencing educational and professional outcomes from upper-class backgrounds.

This essay will use the views of two African American newspaper columnists, E. Belfield Spriggins of the Louisiana Weekly and Dave Peyton of the Chicago Defender, to argue that though New Orleans and Chicago both occupied a primary place in the history of jazz, in many ways jazz was initially met with ambivalence and suspicion. The struggle between the desire to highlight black achievement in music and the effort to adhere to tenets of middle class respectability play out in their columns. Despite historiographical writings to the contrary, these issues of the influence of jazz music on society were not limited to the white community. Tracing these columnists through the years of 1925-1929, a critical point in the popularity of jazz, reveals how considerations of black innovation and economic autonomy helped alter their opinions from criticism to ownership.

The reproductive justice movement gives a voice and representation to women of color whose experience of reproductive control is impacted by intersecting layers of oppression. This thesis uses an intersectional approach to develop the concept of racial reproductive control logics, which describes the relationship between racial logics and racial patterns of reproductive control. The study uses qualitative interviews and content analysis of organizational material to explore how the reproductive justice movement is influenced by racial reproductive control logics.

The intention of this study is to contribute to research on Black women and to bring awareness to Black women's experiences, as they navigate social institutions. This study examines the perception of the intersectionality of race and gender impacts their awareness of police violence against Black women. Researchers measured respondent's perceptions/attitudes regarding intersectionality and their awareness of people who had been victimized by police violence. The quantitative study is comprised of statements regarding patriarchy and/or sexism and statements concerning racism and/or the lack thereof. The data analysis indicates that respondents' awareness and sensitivity to racism along with their perception of sexism and patriarchy is associated with their awareness of police victims. The researcher's findings found that the intersectionality of race and gender impacts their awareness of police violence against Black women.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-22T15:37:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosaMariaMarques.pdf: 3346604 bytes, checksum: e775207f23be9abf108dd5b13b0143f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-22T15:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosaMariaMarques.pdf: 3346604 bytes, checksum: e775207f23be9abf108dd5b13b0143f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / FORD - Programa Internacional de Bolsas de Pós-Graduação da Fundação Ford / Esta pesquisa analisa o discurso e a prática de organizações sociais a exemplo da Cáritas Brasileira no período de 2004-2007, no uso da transversalidade de raça/etnia. Parte do pressuposto de que o racismo ainda se encontra na sociedade de maneira perversa no cotidiano, por vezes escamoteado dentro de um discurso que se define como democrático. Nesta direção, fica notório que ter um programa curricular, um planejamento devidamente organizado, que efetive um discurso coerente, não é sinônimo de práticas pedagógicas excelentes para promover as mudanças sociais necessárias. Portanto, transversalizar a questão da raça/etnia nas atividades político-pedagógicas dessas organizações sociais, como obrigatoriedade ou modismo, não garante que ocorrerão mudanças satisfatórias. O foco teórico toma como referência conceitual autores que tratam do assunto em perspectiva na pesquisa. São eles: Carlos Moore, Ricardo Ferreira, Kabengele Munanga. A metodologia usada para análise dos dados coletados É aquela proposta por Fernando Lefévre, denominada Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. A coleta dos dados deu-se em dois momentos que, embora distintos, complementam-se. Num primeiro momento, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico das publicações existentes acerca do assunto em pauta. A pesquisa sobre gênero realizada pela Cáritas Brasileira - seus relatórios e avaliações não constituíram o material bibliográfico utilizado. Num segundo momento, trabalhou-se com a prática empírica da pesquisa. Para esse recorte, tomou-se uma amostra aleatória de dez pessoas, utilizando-se da técnica de entrevistas semiestruturadas, tendo como referência teórica de análise os autores Martin Bauer e George Gaskell. Esta pesquisa trabalha com a hipótese de que o uso da transversalidade de raça/etnia por modismo ou sem centralidade não possibilitara a sensibilização, a motivação das pessoas, nem tampouco apontar caminhos que levem a desestabilização do racismo e do mito da democracia; o uso da mesma como caminho metodológico poder ser mais uma estratégia na luta contra o racismo e o mito da democracia racial. Os resultados evidenciaram que há um discurso sobre o tema raça/etnia, mas não há ainda uma prática que efetive as ações político-pedagógicas da organização. / This paper analysis the discourse and the practice of social organizations as C•ritas Brasileira during the years of 2004-2007, regarding the issue of transversality of race and ethnicity. It takes for granted that the racism is still found on a daily basis in the society under a perverse way. This happens, nevertheless, inside a discourse that defines itself as a ìdemocraticî one. In this sense, it is clear that having a syllabus, a well-organized planning, that put in practice a coherent discourse, it is not a synonym of excellent pedagogical actions to promote the necessary social changes. Therefore, transversalizing the question on race/ethnicity at the political and pedagogical activities of such social organizations, as derogatory or trivial event, do not warrantee that there will be satisfactory changes. The theoretical focus takes as conceptual references authors that study the subject matter. These are the followings: Carlos Moore, Ricardo Ferreira, and Kabengele Munanga. The methodology used to the analysis of the collected data is the ones proposed by Fernando LefËvre, named Collective Subjectsí Discourse. The methodology to collecting data took place in two moments that we complementary to one another, even though they are different. At a first step, it is done a theoretical review of the existing publications about the subject matter. The research about gender carried out by C•ritas Brasileira ñ its reports and evaluation documents ñ compound the references that were used. At a second step, it was considered the empirical practice of the research. For this, it took ten people randomly, making use the semistructured interviews, having as theoretical basis of analysis the authors Martin Bauer e George Gaskell. This research assumes that the use of transversality of race and ethnicity as a fad or the lack of focus upon it will not touch people, nor will present paths that lead to destabilization of racism and the myth of democracy; transversality taken as a methodological approach should be one more strategy in the fight against racism and the myth of racial democracy. In fact, results evidenced that there is a discourse on the issue race/ethnicity, but there is not yet a practice that takes effective political and educational actions of social organization.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-07-23T13:30:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa_Luciane_16-09_14.pdf_2.pdf: 2365834 bytes, checksum: 5a75302c6266c54eadad17662f0f7dfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T13:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa_Luciane_16-09_14.pdf_2.pdf: 2365834 bytes, checksum: 5a75302c6266c54eadad17662f0f7dfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-13 / Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, maternal morbidity is understood as the occurrence of complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or puerperium that if untreated can complicate and lead to death. Maternal mortality, in turn, is defined as the death of women of childbearing age (15 - 49 years) during pregnancy or within 42 days after delivery. Objective: To analyze maternal mortality in the state of Bahia in 2010, according to differences in race/sk in color. Methods: Descriptive and ecological study of multiple groups, of the maternal mortality in the 49 most populous cities in Bahia in 2010, according to race / skin color. Secondary data available in Health information systems (SIS), the mortality information system (MIS); Information System on Live Births (SINASC); Hospital information system (HIS) of the department of the SUS (SUS Date) and socioeconomic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were used. To analyze the association between the independent and dependent variables, we used the logistic regression model of Poisson through of software STATA version 10 and R version 2.15.2. In spatial data was used ARCGIS application 10.0 Results: In 2010, Bahia, 209 444 hosp italizations of women of childbearing age were recorded. In the 49 municipalities with the highest population density 118,773 admissions occurred. Of these, 57,173 (48.1%) occurred in the black population, 6,938 (5.8%) in the white population; 54,551 (45.9%) without race / skin color information. The total number of maternal deaths in MIS aged 15- 49 years accounted for 154 deaths, with 85 of these deaths occurred in the 49 municipalities (55.2%). The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in Bahia was 72.5 / 100,000 live births (LB) as in the cities studied was 71.9 / 100,000 (LB). In the bivariate and multivariate analyzes of association was observed that the number of maternal deaths was positively associated with the proportion of black population, since, as the proportion of blacks increased 5%, the risk of maternal death increased to 25.2 % (p <0.0278) and 26.6% (p <0.0366), respectively. In the bivariate analysis of HDI and Gini index also associated, but were not statistically significant. The multivariate analysis showed that there was increased risk of death even when adjusted for variable water rate (WR), and this result was statistically significant. Conclusion: The analyzed data revealed higher incidence and prevalence of maternal mortality in the black population. Underreporting related to completing the race / skin color variable records hinders a more precise analysis of morbidity and mortality and represents a gap due to the effectiveness of health interventions for vulnerable groups of women. The red uction of maternal morbidity and mortality should be a universal and emergency commitment. Investments in humanization and universalization of quality maternal health care constitute a significant affirmative action against exclusion and social injustice. / Introdu??o : De acordo com a organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de, a morbidade materna ? compreendida como a ocorr?ncia de complica??o durante a gesta??o, parto, ou puerp?rio que, se n?o tratadas podem complicar e levar ? morte. A mortalidade materna, por sua vez, ? definida como a morte de mulheres em idade f?rtil (15 - 49 anos) durante a gesta??o ou nos 42 dias ap?s o parto. Objetivo: analisar a morbimortalidade materna no estado da Bahia em 2010, segundo diferenciais de ra?a/cor da pele. M?todos: Estudo descritivo e ecol?gico, de m?ltiplos grupos, da morbimortalidade materna nos 49 munic?pios mais populosos da Bahia, em 2010, segundo a ra?a/cor da pele. Foram utilizados dados secund?rios disponibilizados nos Sistemas de informa??o em Sa?de (SIS), Sistema de informa??o sobre mortalidade (SIM); Sistema de informa??o sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC); Sistema de informa??o hospitalar (SIH) do departamento de inform?tica do SUS (Data SUS) e dados socioecon?micos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica (IBGE). Para an?lise da associa??o entre as vari?veis independentes e dependentes utilizou- se o modelo de regress?o log?stica de Poisson atrav?s do software STATA vers?o 10 e R vers?o 2.15.2. Na espacializa??o dos dados foi usado aplicativo ARCGIS 10.0 Resultados : Em 2010, na Bahia, foram registrados 209.444 internamentos de mulheres em idade f?rtil. Nos 49 munic?pios com maior densidade populacional ocorreram 118.773 internamentos. Destes, 57.173 (48,1%) ocorreram na popula??o negra, 6.938 (5,8%) na popula??o branca; 54.551(45,9%) sem informa??o da ra?a/cor da pele. O total de ?bitos maternos registrados no SIM na faixa et?ria de 15 - 49 anos correspondeu a 154 ?bitos, sendo que 85 destes ?bitos ocorreram nos 49 munic?pios (55,2%). A Raz?o de Mortalidade Materna (RMM) na Bahia foi 72,5/100.000 Nascidos vivos (NV) enquanto nos munic?pios estudados foi 71,9/100.000(NV). Nas an?lises de associa??o bivariada e multivariada observou- se que o n?mero de mortes maternas associou- se positivamente com propor??o de popula??o negra, j? que, ? medida que a propor??o de popula??o negra aumentou 5%, o risco de morte materna aumentou para a 25.2% (p < 0.0278) e 26.6%(p<0.0366) respectivamente. Na an?lise bivariada ?ndice de Gini e IDH tamb?m se associaram, mas n?o foram estatisticamente significantes. Na an?lise multivariada foi observado que houve aumento no risco de morte mesmo quando ajustado pela vari?vel taxa de ?gua (TXAG), sendo esse resultado es tatisticamente significante. Conclus?o : Os dados analisados revelaram maior incid?ncia e preval?ncia de morbimortalidade materna na popula??o negra. A subnotifica??o de registros relacionados ao preenchimento da vari?vel ra?a/cor da pele dificulta uma an?lise mais precisa da morbimortalidade e representa uma lacuna face ? efetividade das a??es em sa?de para grupos de mulheres mais vulner?veis. A redu??o da morbidade e mortalidade materna deve ser um compromisso universal e emergencial. Investimentos em humaniza??o e universaliza??o da qualidade da assist?ncia ? sa?de materna constituem uma significativa a??o afirmativa contra a exclus?o e a injusti?a social.

The integration of Clinton High School, located in Clinton, Tennessee captivated the nation in the fall of 1956. This paper depicts the events that occurred during that period. Also included are the events that occurred prior to the desegregation of the high school, the understanding of which is necessary to fully appreciate the events that unfolded in Clinton.

Zara Neale Purston has re-emerged as an author of promise due to the re-appraisal of her works led by Alice Walker and Robert Hemenway. In both literary and folklore academic circles, Hurston's work has been reclaimed by African-American female scholars and writers, but still a significant study has yet to be done about her ethnographic contributions to folklore and her farsightedness in fieldwork methodology. This thesis seeks to validate her work as a folklorist, thereby dismissing the charges of popularization and amateurishness by re-examining her work. Mules and Men and Jonah's Gourd Vine are Hurston's two most influential folklore texts and will be evaluated for their approach and contribution to the study of ethnography.

This study examined the predictive validity of the WAIS in an academic setting. Traditional WAIS IQ scores and subtests of 127 male and 163 female college students were correlated with Grade Point Averages at the end of four semesters and within five academic areas. Five groups were examined including the total group, male group, female group, black group, and white group. The academic University's general and Communication of areas investigated corresponded to the education requirements; Organization Ideas, Humanities, Social and Behavioral Studies, Natural Science and Mathematics, and Physical Development. Results indicated that dictor of both semester GPA and five groups. Full Scale IQ was Verbal IQ was the best preacademic area GPA for the the second best overall indicator. Verbal IQ for blacks was a better predictor of success in college than it was for whites. Verbal abilities appeared more important for blacks than whites in terms of how well they did in school. WAIS IQ tended to best predict first semester GPA and the areas of Social and Behavioral Studies, Organization and Communication of Ideas, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Humanities and Physical Development, in that order. WAIS Verbal subtests were more efficient predictors than were the Performance subtests. The Digit Span and Arithmetic subtests of the Verbal scale and all five of the Performance subtests appeared to be of negligible value in predicting academic achievement. The highest correlations were found in the Vocabulary subtest, then Similarities and Information, and finally Comprehension. The female group had consistently higher correlation coefficients in every Performance subtest across all semesters and in each of the five academic areas.