L'acidose ruminale est l'une des préoccupations majeures des exploitations laitières actuelles. Les levures vivantes (LV) ont été largement étudiées et utilisées chez les vaches laitières pour stabiliser la fermentation ruminale. Récemment, la mesure du potentiel redox ruminal (Eh, en mV) a été considérée comme un outil intéressant pour indiquer le trouble de la fermentation ruminale. L'effet positif de LV sur Eh ruminal a été rapporté, mais il reste variable selon les conditions expérimentales. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de fournir une meilleure compréhension du mode d'action de LV et de définir la condition optimale de l'utilisation de LV chez les vaches laitières. La première partie de ce travail a consisté en une analyse quantitative des résultats de 22 expériences avec des vaches laitières canulées. La deuxième partie de ce travail a consisté à vérifier certains des résultats de l'analyse quantitative par une expérience chez des vaches en lactation. En utilisant l'analyse quantitative de données existantes provenant d'expériences antérieures, nous avons clarifié la relation entre le Eh ruminal et d'autres paramètres ruminaux principaux tels que le pH et le profil VFA, et suggéré que les variations de Eh pourraient être liées au transfert d'électrons dans les réactions dans le rumen. En outre, la réponse du Eh après la supplémentation en LV était également liée à celle du profil AGV ruminal, suggérant que l'effet de LV sur le profil VFA était atteint par l'augmentation du pouvoir réducteur, reflétant un meilleur transfert d'électrons dans le rumen. L'analyse a en outre démontré que la régulation du Eh ruminal par LV serait particulièrement efficace lorsque le risque de troubles digestifs est élevé. Puisque l'influence des caractéristiques de la ration sur le Eh ruminal a été quantifiée, l'effet de LV dans un régime donné pourrait être estimé indirectement. En outre, l'analyse quantitative a également révélé que la réponse de Eh suite à la supplémentation en LV était associée à la quantité de sucres solubles ingérée. L'expérience in vivo chez des vaches en début de lactation a confirmé un effet plus important de LV sur Eh ruminal avec une ration riche en sucres solubles, et a démontré que la supplémentation en LV avait un impact sur la richesse des bactéries, et que les métabolites ont également été influencés par la supplémentation en LV, probablement associée à la diminution du Eh ruminal. / Ruminal acidosis is one of the major concerns of current dairy farms. Live yeasts (LY) have been extensively studied and used in dairy cows for stabilization of rumen fermentation. Recently, measurement of ruminal redox potential (Eh, in mV) has been considered as an interesting tool to indicate ruminal fermentation disorder. The positive effect of LY on ruminal Eh has been reported, but it remains variable according to the experimental conditions. The aims of this work was to provide better understanding of mode of actions of LY, and to define the optimal condition of LY utilization in dairy cows. The first part of this work consisted to quantitative analysis of existing results from 22 experiments with cannulated dairy cattle. The second part of this work consisted to verify some of the results from quantitative analysis by an in vivo experiment in lactating cows. By using quantitative analysis of existing data from previously conducted experiments, we clarified the relationship between ruminal redox and other main ruminal parameters such as pH and VFA profile, and suggested that Eh variations might be related to the transfer of electrons in the reactions producing VFAs in the rumen. Moreover, response of ruminal Eh following live yeast supplementation was also related to that of ruminal VFA profile, which suggested that the effect of LY on VFA profile was achieved via the increase of reducing power, possibly reflected improved electron transfer and use in the rumen. The analysis further demonstrated that the regulation of ruminal Eh by LY would be particularly effective when risk of digestive disorder is high. Since the influence of dietary characteristics on ruminal Eh was quantified, the effect of LY in a given diet could be indirectly estimated. In addition, quantitative analysis also associated the response of ruminal Eh following LY supplementation to the intake of soluble sugars. The in vivo experiment in early-lactating cows confirmed greater effect of LY on ruminal Eh in diet rich in soluble sugars, and further demonstrated that i) LY supplementation tended to impact the richness of ruminal bacteria, and ii) some unidentified metabolites were also influenced by LY supplementation, probably associated to the decrease of ruminal Eh.

As pragas como besouros, ácaros, traças e fungos dentre outros, geralmente infestam produtos armazenados como: grãos, farelos, farinhas, café, fumo, frutas secas, rações animais, especiarias, plantas desidratadas, causando a depreciação visual e promovendo a deterioração dos produtos. Devido a isso a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo a utilização da radiação gama na desinfestação de alguns tipos de rações utilizadas para alimentação de animais de pequeno porte. No primeiro ensaio foram utilizadas embalagens de amostras grátis medindo 10 cm x 20 cm com capacidade de 70 gramas de substratos (ração) com 4 tipos de marcas existentes no comercio: (1), (2), (3) e (4). Cada tratamento constou de 10 repetições, que foram irradiadas com as doses de: 0 (controle) 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 kGy, para se fazer a desinfestação das amostras. Após a irradiação (desinfestação) todas as embalagens irradiadas e mais a testemunha foram acondicionadas em caixas plásticas de 80 cm x 50 cm com tampa, onde foram liberados os insetos Lasioderma. serricorne, Plodia interpuctella, Sitophilus zeamais e Sitophilus oryzae, num total de 400 para cada caixa e mantidas em sala climatizada com 27 ± 2ºC e umidade relativa de 70 ± 5%. No segundo ensaio foram utilizadas embalagens confeccionadas com os materiais das embalagens do primeiro ensaio. Cada embalagem foi feita de 10 cm x 15 cm, com capacidade de 30 gramas de substratos (ração). Em cada repetição foi inoculado 10 insetos de cada espécie, num total de 400 insetos por caixa. As embalagens com substrato e inseto foram vedadas em seladora comercial, e irradiadas com as doses de: 0 (controle) 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 kGy,. As embalagens irradiadas e a testemunha foram mantidas em sala climatizada já citada anteriormente. As contagens do número de insetos e furos nas embalagens foram feita após 60 dias. Concluiu-se que a embalagem da ração tipo número 4, foi a única susceptível ao ataque das espécies de insetos. A dose de 0,5 kGy foi suficiente para induzir a esterilização e conseqüentemente a desinfestação de todas as rações estudadas. / The pests as beetles, mites, moths and mushrooms among other, usually infest products stored as: grains, crumbs, flours, coffee, tobacco, dried fruits, animal rations, spices, dehydrated plants, causing the visual depreciation and promoting to deterioration of the products. The present research had as objective the use of the gamma radiation in the disinfestation of some types of rations used for feeding of animals of small size. In the first experiment packing of free samples were used measuring 10 cm x 20 cm with capacity of 70 grams of substrate (ration) with 4 types of existent marks in the trade: (1), (2), e (3), and (4). Each treatment consisted of 10 repetitions, that were irradiated with doses of: 0 (control) 0,5; 1,0 and 2,0 kGy, to do the disinfestation of the samples. After the irradiation (disinfestation) of the all irradiated packing and more the control was conditioned in plastic boxes of 80 cm x 50 cm with cover, where the insects were liberated Lasioderma. serricorne, Plodia interpuctella, Sitophilus zeamais and Sitophilus oryzae, in a total of 400 for each box and maintained at room acclimatized with 27 ± 2ºC and relative humidity of 70 ± 5%. In the second experiment packing were used made with the materials of packing of the first experiment. Each packing was made of 10 cm x 15 cm, with capacity of 30 grams of substrate (ration). In each repetition was inoculated 10 insects of each species, in a total of 400 insects for experiment per box. The packing with substrate and insect, were stamped in commercial machine and irradiated with doses of: 0 (control) 0,5; 1,0 and 2,0 kGy. The irradiated packing and the control were maintained at room acclimatized same the mentioned in the first experiment. The counting of the number of insects and holes in the packing were made after 60 days. Concluded that only the packing of the ration type number 4 was susceptive to attack of all species of insects. The dose of 0,5 kGy was sufficient to induce the sterilization and consequently the disinfestation of all studied rations.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-18T16:25:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Betania de Queiroz Rolim.pdf: 788007 bytes, checksum: eb84e4a25987ce5bcd8eff3754ddd230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T16:25:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Betania de Queiroz Rolim.pdf: 788007 bytes, checksum: eb84e4a25987ce5bcd8eff3754ddd230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-20 / In this work the purpose was to investigate the quality of honey marketed in popular markets of the City of Recife, Pernambuco. On total, 55 honey samples were submitted to carbon isotopic evaluation, microbiological and physicochemical tests, for, respectively, detect adulteration with corn sugar and cane sugar; identify coliforms 35°C and 45°C, mold and yeasts; and determine indexes of moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural, ash, reducing sugars, apparent sucrose, water insoluble solids, diastase activity and acidity. The results revealed that 31 (56,36%) samples were adulterated with sugars, 46 (83,64%) honeys were contaminated with molds and yeasts and 53 (96,36%) indicated physicochemical parameters unconforming with the Technical Regulation of Identity and Quality of Honey. Pure and adulterated honeys with C4 source, contaminated by fungi and / or physicochemically compromised, are marketed at the popular markets, in City of the Recife. Its ingestion may harm the consumer by risk acquire products unfit for consumption, with nutritional depreciation and microbial contamination. / Neste trabalho o objetivo foi pesquisar a qualidade de méis comercializados nas feiras-livres e mercados públicos da Cidade do Recife, Pernambuco. Ao total, 55 amostras de mel foram submetidas à análise isotópica do carbono, testes microbiológicos e ensaios físico-químicos, a fim de, respectivamente, detectar adulteração com açúcares provenientes do milho ou cana-de-açúcar; identificar coliformes 35°C, coliformes 45°C, bolores e leveduras; e determinar os índices de umidade, hidroximetilfurfural, cinzas, açúcares redutores, sacarose aparente, sólidos insolúveis em água, atividade diastásica e acidez. Os resultados revelaram que 31 (56,36%) amostras estavam adulteradas com açúcares, 46 (83,64%) apresentaram contaminação com bolores e leveduras e 53 (96,36%) indicaram parâmetros físico-químicos em desacordo com o Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e Qualidade do Mel. Méis puros e adulterados com açúcares provenientes de fontes C4, contaminados por fungos e / ou comprometidos físico-quimicamente, são comercializados nas feiras-livres e mercados-públicos, distribuídos na Cidade do Recife. Sua ingestão pode causar prejuízos à população consumidora pelo risco de pessoas adquirirem produtos impróprios ao consumo, com depreciação nutricional e / ou contaminação microbiana.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito da inclusÃo de antioxidantes naturais da manga na raÃÃo de frangos de corte e de poedeiras comerciais sobre a estabilidade oxidativa da carne de frango, produto cÃrneo tipo mortadela, bem como dos ovos de consumo. Foram preparados dois extratos etanÃlicos com a casca (E1) e o caroÃo (E2) da manga. Os extratos desidratados foram utilizados em dois ensaios biolÃgicos: um com frangos de corte e outro com poedeiras comercias. Em ambos os ensaios os tratamentos alimentares das aves consistiram no controle, T1, raÃÃo sem adiÃÃo de extratos; T2 raÃÃo com adiÃÃo de 200ppm de butilato de hidroxitolueno (BHT); T3 e T4, raÃÃes com 200 e 400ppm de extrato da casca da manga, respectivamente; e T5 e T6, raÃÃes com 200 e 400ppm de extrato do caroÃo da manga, respectivamente. No ensaio com frangos foram utilizados 360 pintos de um dia, da linhagem Ross, distribuÃdos ao acaso entre os seis tratamentos com seis repetiÃÃes de 10 aves. No ensaio com poedeiras foram utilizadas 180 aves da linhagem Hisex x Whitw, com 40 semanas de idade, distribuÃdas ao acaso entre os seis tratamentos com cinco repetiÃÃes de seis aves. A carne dos frangos de corte foi utilizada para os Experimentos 1 e 2 e os ovos das poedeiras para o Experimento 3. No Experimento 1, quatro aves com 42 dias de idade, foram selecionadas e apÃs o abate, foram coletados os peitos desossados, divididos ao meio e embalados a vÃcuo. Os peitos esquerdos foram armazenados em refrigeraÃÃo (4ÂC) e os peitos direitos em congelamento (-20ÂC). Foram realizadas anÃlises de cor e da oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica da carne nos tempos 0, 5, 10 e 15 dias, nas amostras refrigeradas, e nos tempos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias nas amostras congeladas. No Experimento 2, foram utilizados os mesmos frangos do Experimento 1, sendo que os cortes da coxa e sobre coxa foram coletados e apÃs a desossa e retirada da pele a carne foi utilizada na formulaÃÃo de mortadelas que foram armazenadas em refrigeraÃÃo (4C) por 90 dias. Durante o armazenamento foram realizadas anÃlises de cor e estabilidade lipÃdica (TBARS) do produto cÃrneo com 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias. No Experimento 3, foram selecionados 25 ovos de cada repetiÃÃo os quais foram armazenados em refrigeraÃÃo (4C) e as anÃlises da cor (leque colorimÃtrico e sistema CIE Lab) e da oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica da gema realizadas nos tempos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias. No Experimento 1, foi observada uma reduÃÃo dos valores do componente de cor L* (luminosidade) durante o armazenamento da carne de peito de frango em congelamento, e um aumento do componente a* (intensidade de vermelho) durante o armazenamento em refrigeraÃÃo. Os valores de TBARS sofreram aumento considerÃvel na carne de peito proveniente de todos os tratamentos durante o armazenamento sob refrigeraÃÃo e sob congelamento. Comparando com o tratamento controle (T1), os tratamentos contendo BHT ou os extratos E1 e E2 nas concentraÃÃes de 200 e 400 ppm (T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6) foram eficientes no controle da oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica da carne do peito de frango em refrigeraÃÃo por 5 dias ou em congelamento por 3 meses. No Experimento 2, de uma forma geral o armazenamento das mortadelas por 90 dias provocou reduÃÃo nos valores do componente de cor L* e aumentos nos valores dos componentes de cor a* e b*. Os produtos formulados com a carne proveniente de frangos em todos os tratamentos sofreram aumentos nos valores de TBARS com o tempo de armazenamento. Durante a estocagem em refrigeraÃÃo os tratamentos T2 e T6 foram os mais eficientes no controle da oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica nas mortadelas. No experimento 3, nÃo houve variaÃÃo significativa do componente de cor L* na gema dos ovos provenientes dos tratamentos alimentares T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6, em relaÃÃo ao tratamento controle (T1), durante todo o perÃodo de armazenamento. Os valores do componente de cor a* sofreram aumentos com o tempo de armazenamento em todos os tratamentos, enquanto que para os valores do componente de cor b* nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos. Quanto à cor medida pelo leque colorimÃtrico, os tratamentos nÃo tiveram efeito significativo em relaÃÃo ao tratamento controle (T1), ao longo de todo o perÃodo de armazenamento. A oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica da gema dos ovos dos tratamentos com adiÃÃo de antioxidante (T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6) foi menor que a dos ovos do tratamento controle (T1), mas aumentou durante o armazenamento dos ovos. Os ovos do T5 apresentaram a menor taxa de aumento da oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica ao final do perÃodo de armazenamento, seguido daqueles dos tratamentos T4 e T6, respectivamente. Pode ser concluÃdo que os extratos da casca e do caroÃo da manga podem ser usados na alimentaÃÃo das aves para ajudar no controle da oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica dos produtos avÃcolas carne e ovos. / The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of addition of natural antioxidants from mango in the feed of the broiler chickens and laying hens on the oxidative stability of chicken meat, a product processed from this meat (chicken mortadella) and eggs for consumption. It was prepared two ethanolic extracts from the peel (E1) and (E2) mango seed. The dried extracts were used in two bioassays, one with chickens and one with laying hens. In both trials, the alimentary treatments consisted in control, T1, feed without addition of extracts, T2, feed with addition of 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), T3 and T4, feed with 200 and 400ppm of extract of the mango peel, respectively, and T5 and T6, feed with 200 and 400ppm extract of the mango seed, respectively. In the trial with chickens, 360 chicks in a day, from Ross line were used, which were distributed randomly among the six treatments with six replicates of 10 poultry. In the trial with laying hens, 180 poultry from Hisex x Whitwam line, with 40 weeks of age were used, which were randomly distributed among six treatments with five replicates of six poultry. The meat of the broiler chickens was used for the Experiments 1 and 2 and the eggs of the laying hens for the Experiment 3. In Experiment 1, four poultry with 42 days of age, were selected and after slaughter, the boneless breasts were collected, split in half and vacuum packed. The samples of left breasts were stored under refrigeration (4 oC) and the rights breasts under freezing (~20 oC). The analyses of color and lipid oxidation of the meat were performed at 0, 5, 10 and 15 days in the refrigerated samples, and at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days in the frozen samples. In Experiment 2, the same chickens from Experiment 1 were used, whose the sections of the leg and thigh were collected and after boning and skinning the meat was used in the formulation of mortadella which were stored under refrigeration (4 oC) for 90 days. During the storage of meat product were carried out color (CIE Lab system) and lipid stability (TBARS) analysis at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. In Experiment 3, it was selected 25 eggs from each replicate which were stored under refrigeration (4 oC) and analysis of color (color fan and the CIE Lab) and lipid oxidation (TBARS) of yolk were realized at 0, 15 , 30, 45 and 60 days. In Experiment 1, it was observed a reduction of L * values (brightness) in chicken breast during storage under freezing, and an increase in a* value (redness) during storage under refrigeration. The values of TBARS suffered considerable increase in all treatments during storage under refrigeration or freezing. Compared with the control treatment (T1), treatments containing BHT (T2) or extracts E1 and E2 at concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm (T3, T4, T5 and T6) were effective in controlling lipid oxidation of breast meat chicken chilled for 5 days or frozen for 3 months. In Experiment 2, the storage of the mortadella for 90 days resulted in reduction of the L* value and increases of the a* and b* values. The chicken meat products in all treatments had elevated values of TBARS with increase in storage time. During storage under refrigeration, T2 and T6 treatments were the most effective in controlling lipid oxidation in mortadella. In experiment 3, there was no significant variation in the color component L * of the eggs yolk from the T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 treatments compared to the control treatment (T1), throughout the storage period. The a* values was increased with the storage time for all treatments, while for the b* values there was no significant difference between treatments. In relation to the color measured by yolk color fan, the treatments had no significant effect in comparison to control treatment (T1), throughout the storage period. The lipid oxidation of egg yolk from added-antioxidant treatments (T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) was smaller than the eggs from the control treatment (T1), but increased during storage of eggs. The eggs from T5 treatment had the lowest rate of increase in lipid oxidation at the end of the storage period, followed by those of T4 and T6 treatments, respectively. It was concluded that the extracts of peels and seed of mango can be used in poultry feed to help control lipid oxidation poultry products and eggs.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-09T18:09:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Stela Gomes Pelegrino.pdf: 247744 bytes, checksum: edcaaef4e983d4522513a9fcb967acdc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T18:09:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Stela Gomes Pelegrino.pdf: 247744 bytes, checksum: edcaaef4e983d4522513a9fcb967acdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-29 / The search of better quality of the milk induces that changes and advances should be reached trought manipulation of de diet of the animals. The evaluation of the food absorption processes have been a very important in the investigation of the animal nutrition. The objective was to evaluate the on ruminal fermentation parameters in high yielding dairy cows fed total mixed ration (TMR). Eighteen Holstein cows in initial third of lactation were distributed to three groups. Cows were fed ad libitum thirty a day. The diet containing corn silage, barley, cottonseed and commercial ration, with forage:concentrate ratio of 45:55. Ruminal fluid was used for sampling at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours after first meal for determination of ammonia, pH and VFA. The daily average intakes of nutrients, coefficients digestibility and milk production was evaluated how index of the production. There was no effect for averages of molar ruminal concentration ammonia. Was different, 4 hour after fed for the parameters: pH, VFA, acetic, butyric acids evidencing intense ruminal fermentative activity. Total VFA and pH was different in 4 hour after fed. The values of the propionic acid had followed the same trend of the AGV but they had not presented significant difference, the relation acetate: propionato was remained above of 3, keeping adjusted the text of fat of milk. This study demonstrates that the use of total diet provided a ruminal environment with adequate conditions of fermentation without large oscillations, what it diminishes the incidence of metabolic riots in cows of high production. / As melhores mudan?as na produ??o do leite podem ser atingidas atrav?s da manipula??o da dieta dos animais. Avaliar os processos de absor??o de alimentos direcionados para a s?ntese do leite tem sido de grande import?ncia nas pesquisas de nutri??o animal O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os par?metros ruminais de vacas de alta produ??o alimentadas com dieta total. Dezoito animais da ra?a Holandesa, no primeiro ter?o de lacta??o, foram divididos em tr?s grupos, por ordem de pari??o. Os animais receberam dieta total ? vontade (ad libitum) tr?s vezes ao dia composta por silagem de milho, cevada ?mida, caro?o de algod?o e ra??o comercial, com a rela??o volumoso:concentrado de 45:55. Amostras de l?quido ruminal foram coletadas nos hor?rios de 0, 2, 4 e 6 horas, ap?s a alimenta??o, no per?odo da manh?, sendo utilizadas para determina??es das concentra??es de am?nia, pH e AGV do l?quido ruminal. Os valores de consumo m?dio di?rio, coeficiente de digestibilidade, produ??o de leite foram avaliados como indicadores da produ??o. N?o foi observado efeito significante nas concentra??es m?dias ruminais de am?nia. Na quarta hora ap?s a alimenta??o foi observada diferen?a significativa dos par?metros: pH, AGV total, ?cidos ac?tico e but?rico, evidenciando a intensa atividade fermentativa ruminal. Os valores m?dios de ?cido propi?nico seguiram a mesma tend?ncia dos AGV mas n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa, a rela??o acetato:propionato manteve-se acima de 3, mantendo adequado o teor de gordura do leite. Este trabalho demonstra que o uso de dieta total proporcionou um ambiente ruminal com condi??es adequadas de fermenta??o sem grandes oscila??es, o que diminui a incid?ncia de dist?rbios metab?licos em vacas de alta produ??o.

A contaminação ambiental por metais pesados é um sério problema enfrentado atualmente pela humanidade, e tem causado grande preocupação, devido ao seu acúmulo em plantas cultivadas, podendo afetar a cadeia alimentar de homens e animais. O metal pesado Cádmio (Cd) é um dos contaminantes mais difundidos no ambiente, devido às diversas atividades humanas, e pode causar sérios danos ao metabolismo celular com a inibição de processos fisiológicos importantes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a resposta do sistema antioxidante de cafeeiros expostos às concentrações de 15, 45 e 90 mg de Cd/planta. De acordo com os resultados as plantas que receberam 90mg/planta de metal foram mais afetadas, apresentando altas taxas de peroxidação lipídica. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes, superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa redutase (GR), foram reduzidas na presença do metal em todas as concentrações de Cd utilizadas. Os resultados sugerem que o sistema antioxidante dessas plantas responde conforme o tempo de exposição ao metal e de acordo com a concentração. / Environmental heavy metal contamination is a serious problem currently faced by humanity and has caused great concern due to its accumulation in cultivated plants, being able to affect human and animals food chain. The heavy metal Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most widespread contaminants in the environment due to a variety of human activities and may cause severe damage to the cellular metabolism through inhibition of important physiological processes. This project aimed to study the antioxidative system response of coffee trees exposed to concentrations of 15, 45 and 90 mg of Cd per plant. According with results obtained, plants which received the higher concentration of Cd were more affected, showing great rates of lipid peroxidation. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), were reduced in the presence of the metal for each Cd concentration used. The results suggest that these enzymes respond according to time length of exposure and to the concentration of metal used.

This work was accomplished at the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, with the objective of evaluate the development of grass carp juveniles (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with teosinte grass (Euchlaena mexicana) and supplied with different feeding rates. Were conduced 2 experiments of 45 days each, between December 2004 to April 2005. Were use 240 juveniles with medium weigh of 10.33 ± 0.33 and 20.15 ± 0.23g in the experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The juveniles were stocked in a water re-use system with 12 boxes of 850 L. In the experiment 1 the tested treatments were: S1% = Teosinte grass + ration (1% of body weight; p.v.) ; S2% = Teosinte grass + ration (2% p.v.); S3% = Teosinte grass + ration (3% p.v.); S4% = Teosinte grass + ration (4% p.v.). In the experiment 2 the treatments were: C = Only teosinte grass; SD = Teosinte grass + ration daily (3% p.v.); SA = Teosinte grass + ration each 2 days (3% p.v.); R = Only ration (3% p.v.). In the experiment 1, a linear increase of medium weight was observed as it increased the supply level (ŷ =12,973733 + 2,148043x, r2=0,83), however didn't significant difference among the treatments S3 and S4%. The best specific growth rate (TCE) was obtained in treatment S4%, with significant difference than other treatments (p <0.05). The carcass yield (RC) didn t significant difference between the tested treatments, however, the filet yield (RF) was higher in the treatments S3 and S4%, not having significant difference between both. In the experiment 2, the variable medium weight, was significant difference (p <0.05) than treatments C, SA and R. Already, the standard length (CP) the highest values were of treatments SA and SD, differing significantly of the other treatments, however, no differed between themselves (p>0.05). The carcass yield (RC) didn't present significant difference between the treatments tested in the experiment 2. The treatments SD, SA and R, didn't significant difference among themselves regarding the filet yield (RF), however there was significant difference among the treatments SD and C. It may be concluded that the growth of grass carp juveniles is positively affected by the association of teosinte grass with ration supply, being necessary a minimum feeding rate (3% p.v.) and the daily supply provides better performance than supply each two days. / Este trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Nutrição de Peixes da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentados com capim teosinto (Euchlaena mexicana) e suplementados com diferentes taxas de arraçoamento. Foram realizados 2 experimentos de 45 dias, compreendidos entre dezembro de 2004 e abril de 2005. Em cada experimento foram utilizados 240 juvenis com peso médio de 10,93 ± 0,33g e 20,15 ± 0,23g nos experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um circuito de recirculação de água com termorregulação e biofiltragem, dotado de 12 caixas com volume útil de 850 litros cada. No experimento 1 os tratamentos testados foram: S1% = Capim Teosinto + 1% do p.v. em ração; S2% = Capim Teosinto + 2% do p.v. em ração; S3% = Capim Teosinto + 3% do p.v. em ração; S4% = Capim Teosinto + 4% do p.v. em ração. No experimento 2 os tratamentos foram: C = Somente Capim Teosinto; SD = Capim Teosinto + Suplementação diária (3% do p.v.); SA = Capim Teosinto + Suplementação a cada dois dias (3% do p.v.); R = Somente ração (3% do p.v.). No experimento 1, observou-se um aumento linear do peso médio à medida que aumentava o nível de suplementação (ŷ=12,973733 + 2,148043x, r2=0,83), porém não existiu diferença significativa entre os tratamentos S3 e S4 %. A melhor taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) foi obtida pelo tratamento S4 % , diferindo estatisticamente dos demais (P<0,05). Os valores de rendimento de carcaça não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos testados, porém, o rendimento de filé foi maior nos tratamentos S3 e S4% , não havendo diferença significativa entre ambos. No experimento 2, para a variável peso médio, o tratamento SD foi superior, diferindo significativamente (P<0,05) dos demais tratamentos. Já para o comprimento padrão (CP) os valores mais altos foram nos tratamentos SA e SD, diferindo significativamente dos demais tratamentos, porém, ambos não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). O rendimento de carcaça não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos testados no experimento 2. Os tratamentos SD, SA e R, não diferiram estatisticamente entre si com relação ao rendimento de filé, porém houve diferença significativa entre o tratamento SD e C. Pode-se concluir que o crescimento dos juvenis de carpa capim é afetado positivamente pela associação de capim teosinto com ração, sendo necessário um nível mínimo de suplementação de 3% do pv com ração e que a suplementação diária com ração proporciona melhor desempenho que a suplementação alternada.

Jörg Bauerfeld Untersuchungen zur Prophylaxe der Gebärparese bei Kühen durch Verfütterung anionenangereicherter Rationen in der Trockenstehperiode Medizinische Tierklinik der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig In einem Milchkuhbestand mit hoher Gebärpareseinzidenz wurden Untersuchungen zur Prophylaxe durch gezielte Steuerung der Dietary Cation-Anion-Difference (DCAD) in der Trockenstehperiode mittels Fütterung einer Anionenration (&#132;saure Salze&#147;) und zur Ermittlung einer optimalen Applikationsdauer durchgeführt. Dazu wurden Verlaufsuntersuchungen im Zeitraum von 6 Wochen (Wo.) ante partum (a.p.) bis 14 Tage (d) post partum (p.p.) zu den Parametern des Calcium-, Phosphor- und Säure-Basen-Haushaltes in Blut und Harn vorgenommen. Die DCAD der Futterration in der Trockenstehperiode, die an die Kontrolltiere (KT) verfüttert wurde, betrug +221,4 meq/kg TS. Durch Zusatz eines definierten Mineralstoffgemischs wurde die DCAD der Ration auf &#150;108,8 meq/kg TS abgesenkt und den Versuchstieren (VT) im Durchschnitt 36 d a.p. gefüttert. VT und KT hatten die absolut gleichen Haltungsbedingungen. Als Probanden dienten Kühe ab der 4. Laktation mit hoher Gepärparesegefährdung. Eine visuelle Körperkonditionsbewertung wurde 1 Wo. a.p. mittels Body Condition Scoring nach EDMONDSON et al. (1989) durchgeführt und ergab durchschnittliche Boniturnoten bei den VT von 3,8 ± 0,3 und bei den KT von 3,8 ± 0,2. Durch die Verfütterung der Anionenration in der Trockenstehperiode wurde mit 5 % bei den VT eine deutlich geringere Gebärparese-inzidenz als mit 47,5 % bei den KT erreicht. Puerperium und Milchleistung wurden günstig beeinflußt. Statistisch gesicherte höhere Konzentrationen bei ionisiertem Calcium (Cai), Gesamtcalcium (Cat), Ionisierungsgrad des Calciums und anorganischem Phosphat (Pa) im Blut wurden bei den VT gegenüber den KT nur unmittelbar nach der Kalbung (1 d p.p.) festgestellt. Beim Blut-pH-Wert fanden sich keine statistisch gesicherten Unterschiede. Die Erzeugung einer milden Azidose durch die Verfütterung der Anionenration ließ sich durch die Bestimmung des Harn-pH-Wertes nicht nachweisen. Zwischen VT und KT gab es hier über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede. Erst durch Bestimmung der fraktionierten Netto-Säuren-Basen-Ausscheidung (NSBA), des Kreatinins und der errechneten Quotienten im Harn zeigte sich, daß im präpartalen Zeitraum bei den VT eine milde Azidose mit günstigem Einfluß auf den Calciumhaushalt erzeugt wurde. Die Azidität des Harnes ist bei den VT 2 und 1 Wo. a.p. und 1 d p.p. statistisch gesichert deutlicher ausgeprägt als bei den KT. Für den milden kompensierten Charakter der induzierten Azidose spricht, daß sich der Blut-pH-Wert über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum im physiologischen Bereich bewegte und Veränderungen im Calcium-Metabolismus erst unmittelbar unter der Geburt auftraten. Klinische Nebenwirkungen waren, bis auf eine gesteigerte Diurese in Einzelfällen, nicht zu verzeichnen. Zur Ermittlung einer optimalen Applikationsdauer der Anionenration wurden die VT in vier Gruppen zu je 10 Kühen unterteilt und diesen die Anionenration in unterschiedlicher Dauer a.p. gefüttert. Hier zeigte sich, daß in der Gruppe mit der kürzesten Applikationsdauer (3 Wo. a.p.) die beiden einzigen klinisch manifesten Gebärparesefälle bei den VT auftraten. Die Milchleistung in der Folgelaktation blieb deutlich unter der der anderen VG. Bei den Blutparametern zeigten sich statistisch signifikante Unterschiede nur beim Ionisierungsgrad des Calciums, der bei der Gruppe mit 3-wöchiger Applikationsdauer a.p. 1 d p.p. am niedrigsten war. Die Erzeugung der (milden) Azidose erfolgte bei dieser Gruppe 2 Wo. a.p. mit Beginn der Transitfütterung. Das bedeutet eine zusätzliche Belastung der Regulationssysteme des Säure-Basen-Haushaltes in diesem Zeitraum. Daraus ist zu schließen, daß eine kurze Applikationsdauer von 3 Wo. a.p. nicht die gute Wirksamkeit einer längeren zur Gebärpareseprophylaxe besitzt. Die übrigen drei Gruppen mit längerer Applikations-dauer wiesen bei den Blut- und Harnparametern keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede auf. Die Gruppe mit 5- bis 6-wöchiger Applikationsdauer wies bei den Blut- und Harnparametern die konstantesten Verhältnisse bzw. die kontinuierlichsten Veränderungen auf. Die 5- bis 6-wöchige Applikationsdauer der Anionenration a.p. stellt somit die beste Variante dar und gewährleistet, daß auch bei Kühen mit Abkalbung vor dem errechneten Geburtstermin eine ausreichende azidotische Wirkung auf den Calciumstoffwechsel gegeben ist. / Jörg Bauerfeld Investigations into the prophylaxis of parturient paresis in cows by administering anion-enriched rations during the dry period Large Animal Clinic for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Leipzig In a dairy cow livestock with many incidences of parturient paresis, research was conducted in order to determine a prophylaxis strategy by purposefully controlling the Dietary Cation-Anion-Difference (DCAD) through administration of an anion ration (&#147;acidic salt&#148;) during the dry period and in order to determine the optimal length of application. Therefore the parameters of the calcium, the phosphor and the acid base state were investigated in blood as well as in urine for the period of time of 6 weeks before parturition (b.p.) and up to 14 days after parturition (a.p.). The DCAD of the food ration that was given to the control animals (CA) during the dry period amounted to + 221.4 meq/kg DM. By adding a well-defined amount of mineral mixture, the DCAD of the ration came down to -108.8 meq/kg DM and was fed to the test animals (TA) on average 36 days a. p. TA and CA were kept and fed under similar conditions. Cows starting from 4th lactation and at high risk of parturient paresis were used as test animals. A visual assessment of the body condition was carried out by means of the &#147;Body Condition Scoring&#148; by EDMONDSON et al. (1989) 1 week b.p., resulting in mean Bonitur marks of 3.8 ± 0.3 in the TA and 3.8 ± 0.2 in the CA. Because of the administration of the anion ration during the dry period markedly less incidences of parturient paresis occurred with 5 % in the TA, compared to the 47.5 % in the CA. Puerperium and milk yield were favourably influenced in the following lactation. Statistically confirmed higher concentrations in ionised calcium (Cai), total calcium (Cat), degree of ionisation of calcium and inorganic phosphate (Pa) were determined in the TA compared to the CA just after calving (1 day a.p.). Regarding the pH-value of blood, no statistically proven differences were found. The creation of a mild acidosis could not be verified through the determination of the pH-value of urine. Statistically the TA and the CA did not differ significantly during the period of the investigations. Only after determining the fractioned net acid base excretion, the creatinine and the quotients in urine a mild acidosis with a favourable effect on the calcium balance became noticeable in the test animals during the peripartal period. Compared to the CA, the acidity of urine is statistically proven and markedly distinctive 2 and 1 week b.p. and 1 day a.p.. The mild and compensated character of the induced acidosis is indicated by the pH-value in blood which varied within the physiological range during the whole period of investigations as well as the changes in the calcium metabolism occurring just after parturition. Except for diuresis in single cases, clinical side effects were not registered. Determining the optimal length of application, TA were divided into 4 groups with 10 cows each and the anion ration was given to these groups in varying periods b.p.. Evidently, the group with the shortest duration of application, 3 weeks, had the only two apparent incidences of parturient paresis in TA. Besides, the following lactation clearly lagged behind to those of the other TA. Regarding the blood parameters, the only statistically significant differences occurred in the degree of ionisation of calcium in blood, whereas the degree value 1 day a.p. was at its lowest in the group with the application period of 3 weeks. The mild acidosis was created in that group 2 weeks b.p. at the beginning of the transit feeding, which means that the regulating system of the acid base state was additionally strained during that period of time. Hence, a short application period of 3 weeks b. p. is less effective compared to a longer one in order to prevent parturient paresis. The other three groups with longer periods of application showed no statistically significant differences in blood and urine parameters. The group with the application period of 5 and 6 weeks showed in their blood and urine parameters the most balanced rates and continuous changes. The application of anion ration over a period of time between 5 and 6 weeks b. p. is consequently regarded to be the best option and insures even a sufficient acidotic effect on the Ca metabolism

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18659号 / 農博第2088号 / 新制||農||1027(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4882(農学部図書室) / 31573 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 教授 久米 新一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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