Detta examensarbete består av en resiliensanalys av ett stadbyggnadsprojekt i området Ulleråker, straxsöder om Uppsalas stadskärna. Resiliensanalysen kan bidra med perspektiv till planeringen för att säkraUppsalas dricksvattenförsörjning då stadsbyggnadsprojektet, enligt programförslaget, är planerat attligga på känsliga delar av Uppsalas grundvattentäkt och därför riskerar att förorena grundvattnet.Området Ulleråker ligger inom zon för vattenskyddsområde. Resiliensanalysen har tidigare inte använts i stor utsträckning för planeringkontexten och metoden hardelvis kritiserats för brister i praktisk användbarhet. Examensarbetet ämnar därför till att fylla håletmellan teori och praktik och därför testa metoden på ett praktiskt planeringsfall (Ulleråker) och ommöjligt föreslå förbättringar för dess användbarhet. Dessutom ska examensarbetet bidra till denpraktiska fallstudien för Ulleråker där Sweco och Uppsala kommun får nya perspektiv kring vilkaaspekter som är relevant att inkludera i planeringen. Metoden följer Resilience Alliance praktikerns handbok ”Assessing Resilience in Social-EcologicalSystems: Workbook for Practitioners”, vilken används för att analysera systemet utifrån handbokensfem steg, inkluderat vägledande frågor. Det första steget fokuserade på att definiera systemgränser samtidentifiera huvudproblem. Det andra steget handlade om systemdynamik i form av den adaptiva cykelnoch önskvärda eller icke önskvärda systemlägen. Det tredje steget fokuserade på tvärvetenskapligasamverkansprocesser mellan andra system på högre och lägre nivåer. Det fjärde steget handlade omaktörssamverkan. Slutligen, i det femte steget, sammanfattades analysen och adaptiva lösningar försystemet diskuteras vilka kan användas för att bygga ett resilient system. Analysen avstadsbyggnadsprojektet Ulleråker gjordes utifrån tillgängligt underlag från planprocessen samtintervjuer av nyckelpersoner, och fokuserade på riskerna för grundvattentäkten och ytvattnet i Fyrisån. Slutsatserna från resiliensanalysen är att metoden är svår att använda i en komplex planeringkontextutifrån handbokens utformning och fokus på mindre komplexa system. Även om det finns vissabegränsningar i analysmetodens praktiska användbarhet finns det faktorer som kan bidra tillplaneringskontexten, t.ex. ett ökat systemtänkande (Ulleråker som system), risktänk kringtröskeleffekter (irreversibel förorening av grundvattentäkten) samt längre tidsperspektiv (framtidaosäkerheter). Modellen ball-in-the-basin med systemlägen är relevant för att förstå ett systems önskade,oönskade eller irreversibla förändring liksom den adaptiva cykeln för att systemet ständigt utvecklas.Dessutom är en viktig poäng med de tvärvetenskapliga interaktionerna att kunskapen från systemetsminne bör utnyttjas i större grad. Finns redan kunskapen inom kommunen bör det social-ekologiskasystemet mycket snabbare kunna återhämta sig och återgå till ett fungerande dricksvattensystem (högresystemnivå). Resiliensanalysen har också identifierat och diskuterat strategiska åtgärder, som skullekunna skapa ett mer resilient Ulleråker, bland annat i form av att öka samverkansprocesserna(governance) och att initiera förändring. Avslutningsvis är de viktigaste slutsatserna kopplade till de tre pelarna: Social-ekologiska system(systemtänk), komplexa adaptiva system (risker för tröskeleffekter och att utvecklingen inte alltså skerlinjärt och förutsägbar utan inkluderar stora osäkerheter) samt utveckling över skalor av tid och rum(långa tidsperspektiv, men också olika geografiska skalor). Eftersom det utifrån handbokens utformningkrävs kunskap kring resiliens från analysören och dessutom mycket tid och resurser som det sällan finnsgott om i planeringsprocessen bör dessa tre pelare, tillsammans med anpassningsbarhet,omställningsbarhet och specifik samt generell resiliens, implementeras i traditionell planering. / This master thesis contains of a resilience assessment of an urban development project in the area called Ulleråker, a bit south of the center of Uppsala city. The resilience assessment aims to give newperspectives for obtaining water security in Uppsala, since the program proposal affects sensitive areasof the groundwater aquifer of Uppsala and is posing risks of contaminating the ground water aquifer.The area of Ulleråker is highly sensitive and therefore secured by a water protection area. The resilience assessment has not earlier been used to a large extent in the urban planning context andthe method has earlier been criticized for lack of practical usefulness. The thesis aims to fill the gapbetween scientific studies of practical cases. The method is therefore used on a practical case (Ulleråker)and propose improvements connected to the usability. The thesis should also contribute to the case,Ulleråker, where Sweco and the municipality of Uppsala are given new perspectives of what should beimportant to consider in planning. The method is based on the Resilience Alliance’s workbook ”Assessing Resilience in Social-EcologicalSystems: Workbook for Practitioners”, which is used to analyze the system based in five steps, includingguiding questions. The first step of the workbook focused on defining the system and limiting the systemtogether with identifying main problems. The second step of the assessment focused on the systemdynamic exploring the adaptive cycle as well as desired and undesired system regimes. The third stagefocused on interactions between different hierarchical levels of time and scale. The fourth stage focusedon governance, and on how actors cooperate with decision-making. The last stage focused onsyntezeising the assessment findings and adaptive solutions for building resilience. The analysis ofUlleråker is based on already completed investigations and material from the planning process togetherwith interviews of main actors and is focused on risks connected to ground- and surface water. The conclusions are that the resilience assessment is hard to use in a planning context with theconformation of today. Even though there are difficulties, the assessment can contribute with factors asthe resilience thinking about social-ecological systems (Ulleråker as a system with social and ecologicalsystems interacting), risks of thresholds (contaminating the groundwater) and the longer timeperspective (future uncertainties), to the planning context. The model ball-in-the-basin with systemregimes are relevant to understand the systems desirable, undesirable or irreversible development andthe adaptive cycle for the constant development (adaptation and transformation) of the system. Anotherimportant aspect with the cross-scale interactions (between levels) are to a higher extent use the memoryof the system. If the knowledge already exists in the municipality, the social-ecological system wouldbe able to reorganize faster and return to a functional drinking water system (on higher level). Theresilience assessment has also identified strategic actions that possibly could create a more resilientUlleråker, by for example increase the governance and initiating change. In conclusion, the most important aspects of the assessment to bring in to the planning process are thethree aspects: Social-ecological system (resilience thinking), complex adaptive system (risks connectedto thresholds and non-linear development including uncertainties) and cross-scale interactionsdevelopment (long time perspectives and geographical scales). The conformation of the workbookrequires great knowledge about resilience from the assessor, and there are seldom enough time andresources available in the conventional process. The three aspects together with adaptability,transformability and specified and general resilience should be implemented in conventional planning.

A quem se destina o enunciado? Como o falante imagina para si o seu destinatário? Qual é a sua influência no enunciado? A partir desses questionamentos, Bakhtin (2016[1952-53]) pondera que um traço constitutivo do enunciado é seu direcionamento a alguém, ou seja, o fato de estar voltado para seu destinatário, o qual pode ser um parceiro/ interlocutor direto do diálogo na vida cotidiana, um conjunto diferenciado de especialistas de alguma esfera individualizada da comunicação cultural, um público mais ou menos diferenciado, os contemporâneos, os partidários, os adversários e até um outro não determinado, dos quais considera pontos de vistas, avaliações, visões de mundo, correntes e teorias presumidamente partilhados. Nesse sentido, a orientação do discurso verbal em função de um interlocutor/leitor tem uma imensa importância no processo de sua construção. Essa orientação se reflete nas escolhas estilísticas, composicionais e temáticas e nas entonações valorativas de todo e qualquer enunciado. Desse modo, considerando as reflexões do Círculo de Bakhtin, esta pesquisa objetiva analisar os enunciados verbo-visuais que compõem as exposições de divulgação científica veiculadas pela instituição Catavento Cultural e Educacional, buscando ressaltar a quem é endereçado esse discurso que se materializa nas exposições e como esse direcionamento se reflete nos elementos essenciais do enunciado expositivo. A análise empreendida revelou que o visitante-destinatário é inscrito de modo distinto a partir da percepção do seu fundo aperceptível de conhecimento pelo autor e da relação desse com o objeto. / To whom the utterance is destined for? How the speaker imagines his recipient? Which is his influence in the utterance? From these questions, Bakhtin (2016[1952-53]) considers that a constitutive mark of the utterance is its direction to someone, or in other words, the fact of being faced to its recipient, which can be a partner/listener in the daily life dialogues, a differentiated set of specialists from some individualized circle of the cultural communication, a public more or less diverse group, the contemporaneous, the supporters, the opponents, or even other not determined, whom considers points of views, evaluation, worldviews, currents or theories presumed shared. In this sense, the orientation of the verbal discourse in function of a listener/reader has a huge importance in the process of its construction. This orientation reflects itself in the stylistic, compositional and thematic choices and in the intonation valuation of all and any utterance. Thereby, considering the reflections of the Bakhtin Circle, this research objectifies to analysis the verbo-visual utterances that composes the expositions of scientific propagation/divulgation served by the institution Catavento Cultural e Educacional, aiming to highlight for who is addressed this discourse that materializes in the expositions and how this guidance reflects itself in the essential elements of the expositive utterance. The analysis undertaken revealed that the visitor-recipient is inscribed in a distinct way based on the perception of his/her perceptible background of knowledge by the author and their relationship with the object.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects almost all humans and establishes lifelong latency in B cells. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare but serious complication after transplantation triggered by immunosuppression and often related to EBV infection. The aim of this thesis was to study the role of EBV in relation to clinical and histological features of PTLD, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and donor or recipient origin of PTLD. EBV surveillance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) showed that EBV reactivations were common, but that symptomatic EBV disease (including PTLD) only occurred in the high-risk group (unrelated or mismatched related grafts, reduced-intensity conditioning). A threshold of 1000 copies/ml plasma distinguished EBV disease from asymptomatic reactivations. In a population-based cohort of 135 PTLDs/lymphomas after solid organ transplantation (SOT) almost half were EBV–. EBV+ PTLDs were associated with B cell phenotype, non-germinal center subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), early-onset, graft involvement, antithymocyte globulin treatment, and younger age. EBV– PTLDs were associated with T cell phenotype, bone marrow involvement, and hepatitis C. Most PTLDs displayed few or no intratumoral Tregs with the marker FoxP3, possibly due to heavy immuno­suppres­sion. Half of both FoxP3+ and FoxP3– PTLDs were EBV+. FoxP3+ PTLDs were associated with B cell phenotype and hepatitis C. All PTLDs for which tumor origin could be determined were recipient-derived and half of them were EBV+. Eight of twelve recipient-derived graft PTLDs were disseminated outside the graft. T cell PTLD and hepatitis C were independently associated with inferior overall survival, whereas subtype of DLBCL, FoxP3-expression, and EBV-status did not influence survival. In conclusion, monitoring of EBV DNAemia in high-risk patients after allo-HSCT and pre-emptive therapy is valuable for prevention of PTLD. Use of anti­thymocyte globulin increases the risk for EBV+ PTLDs after allo-HSCT and SOT. With long follow-up time, a large proportion of PLTDs after SOT are EBV– with a different clinical presentation. Tregs are rare in PTLD and do not affect survival. The vast majority of PTLDs after SOT is of recipient origin. Graft PTLDs are more likely recipient-derived if disseminated. EBV-status is not associated with intratumoral Tregs or PTLD of recipient origin.

The effects of foreign aid in the process of economic growth in developing countries is a subject of intense debate. While its favorable effects in the struggle with poverty are undeniable, its determining factor for economic development has positions in favor and against. This article presents a review of the literature on foreign aid, focusing on the fundamental aspects to facilitate its analysis. Other aspects that are addressed are the main arguments used to support the granting and receiving of foreign aid towards a developing country, as well as those arguments that criticize its suitability. The final part includes some conclusions about the presented arguments. / Los efectos de la cooperación internacional en el proceso de crecimiento económico de los países en desarrollo es un tema de intenso debate. Si bien sus efectos favorables en la lucha contra la pobreza resultan innegables, su condición de factor determinante para el desarrollo económico tiene posiciones a favor y en contra. En este artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre la cooperación internacional, concentrándose en los factores fundamentales para facilitar su análisis. Otro aspecto tratado son los principales argumentos utilizados para respaldar el otorgamiento y recepción de cooperación internacional hacia un país en desarrollo, así como aquellos argumentos que critican su conveniencia. La parte final incluye algunas conclusiones sobre los argumentos expuestos.

My diploma thesis deals with social support of chosen roles which occur while bullying the role of a victim and a defender. The diploma paper is divided into two consecutive parts a theoretical and a practical one. In the beginning of the theoretical part I introduced the problems of bullying and identified the roles which can be present while bullying. I also focused on the characteristics of terms: social support, capturing its forms, the participants of bullying and last, but not least the differences in children´s age. The practical part contains mixed (quantitative and qualitative) research methods. There are two goals of the research, the first is to reveal the potential roles of participants of bullying in a class team, and the second one is to detect the level of social support provided by teachers and classmates to defenders and victims of bullying. The qualitative research works as a supplement, it is focused to opinions and attitudes of defenders and victims considering the behaviour while bullying.

In this article, the author tell us regarding the main function of the consumer protection system, which is to maximize the making good decisions consumption by consumers. Likewise, he tells us about the  information asymmetry and how it should be considered, as well as the inequality between a consumer and a seller. To end, he points out the discussion of whom and why would be considered as consumers as well as the effects of this decision. / En el presente artículo, el autor nos habla sobre la principal función del sistema de protección al consumidor, que es la de maximizar la toma de buenas decisiones de consumo por parte de los consumidores. Asimismo, el autor nos habla acerca de la asimetría de la información y cómo debe ser tomada en cuenta, así como de la desigualdad entre un consumidor y un vendedor. Finalmente, plantea la discusión acerca de quiénes y por qué deben ser considerados como consumidores así como los efectos de esta decisión.

This thesis investigates human-robot interaction using an Interaction Analysis methodology. Posing the question how humans manage the interaction with a robot, the study focuses on humans and how they adapt to the robot’s limited conversational and interactional capabilities. As Conversation Analytic research suggests that humans always adjust their actions to a specific recipient, the author assumed to also find this in the interaction with an artificial communicative partner. For this purpose a conventional robot was programmed to play a charade game with human participants. The interaction of the humans with the robot was filmed and analysed within an interaction analytic framework. The study suggests that humans adapt their recipient design with their changing assumptions about the conversational partner. Starting off with different conversational expectations, participants adapt turn design (word selection, turn size, loudness and prosody) first and turn-taking in a second step. Adaptation to the robot is deployed as a means to accomplish a successful interaction. The detailed study of the human perspective in this interaction can yield conclusions for how robots could be improved to facilitate the interaction. As humans adjust to the interactional limitations with varying speed and ease, the limits to which adaptation is most difficult should be addressed first.

Bakgrund: Mer än 10% av den västerländska befolkningen lever med kronisk njursvikt. Njurtransplantation är det effektivaste behandlingsalternativet vid svår kronisk njursvikt, och fler än 600 personer står på väntelistan för en ny njure i Sverige. Det är som sjuksköterska viktigt att se patienterna bakom sjukdomen och ha förståelse för deras individuella behov. Genom att få en uppfattning av patienternas livsvärld, har sjuksköterskan möjlighet att främja njurmottagarnas liv efter transplantationen. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa njurmottagares erfarenheter av livet efter en transplantation. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 10 vetenskapliga studier med kvalitativ ansats. Studiernas kvalitet granskades med hjälp av SBU:s granskningsmall och analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet presenterades i tre tema och nio undertema. De tema som framkom var: Utmaningar i det dagliga livet, Livsförändringar och Självständighet. Slutsats: Njurmottagarna upplevde många olika känslor efter transplantationen. De kände glädje och tacksamhet, för att de hade fått en ny chans i livet, men också för att de inte längre var beroende av dialysbehandling. De upplevde också känslor av rädsla och oro, som var associerade till risken för njuravstötning och fysiska komplikationer. Dessutom hade anhöriga höga förväntningar som mottagarna inte kunde leva upp till, vilket bidrog till känslor av besvikelse. Genom personcentrerad vård och mycket information från sjuksköterskor, var njurmottagarna mer redo för livet efter transplantationen. / Background: More than 10% of the western population are living with kidney failure. The most effective treatment for severe chronic kidney failure is a kidney transplant, and more than 600 people are waiting for a new kidney in Sweden. It is important as a nurse to see the patient behind the disease and have understanding for their individual needs. By gaining insight of the person’s life-world, can the nurse promote kidney recipients life after a transplant. Aim: The purpose was to explore kidney recipient’s experiences of life after a transplantation. Method: A literature review based on 10 scientific articles with qualitative approach. The quality of the articles was reviewed and analyzed by a content analysis. Results: The results were presented in three themes and nine sub-themes. The themes presented were Challenges in the daily life, Life changes and Independence. Conclusion: The kidney recipients experienced different emotions after the transplant. They felt joy and gratitude, because they had been given a new chance in life, but also because they were no longer dependent on dialysis treatment. They also experienced feelings of fear and anxiety, which were associated with the risk of kidney rejection and physical complications. In addition, relatives had high expectations that the recipients could not live up to, which contributed to feelings of disappointment. The obstacles that the recipients experienced in life after the transplant, could the nurse support them in. Through person centered care and a lot of information from the nurses, were the kidney recipients more ready for life after the transplant.

Sammanfattning Titel: Samma fast olika – En explorativ studie om hur undersköterskorna inom hemtjänstenhanterar äldreomsorgens värdegrund och de organisatoriska förutsättningarna Författare: Patrik Bengtsson och Viktor Bergerus Uppsatsen syftade till att med en explorativ ansats, undersöka hur undersköterskor ihemtjänsten hanterar målen om självbestämmande, delaktighet och individanpassning samtvilka faktorer som möjliggör respektive begränsar implementeringen av målen. För att studienssyfte skulle uppnås, användes en kvalitativ metod. Fem intervjuer har genomförts medundersköterskor som arbetar inom hemtjänsten i fyra olika kommuner. Resultatet frånintervjuerna tolkades utifrån grundad teori som valdes då syftet var explorativt. Under analysengenererades koder, underkategorier, kategorier som resulterade i en main concern. Det fannsolika faktorer som influerade när det kom till vad som främjade respektive hämmade införandetav värdegrunden i det dagliga arbetet. Det begrepp eller main concern som framkom varnormdiskrepans, vilket i korthet innebär att arbetet som utförs ska vara flexibelt men genomförsinom en rigid inramning. Nyinstitutionell användes för att diskutera resultatet, slutsatsen var attundersköterskornas förmåga att anpassa sig är det som får hemtjänstens arbete att fungera trotsmotstridiga mål och krav.  What do you want to do ?New mailCopy<img /> / Abstract Title: Same but different - An exploratory study on how nursing aides within the homecare handlethe values of elderly care and the organizational conditions Authors: Patrik Bengtsson och Viktor Bergerus The thesis aimed to, with an exploratory approach, examine how nursing aides in the home careservice manage the goals of self-determination, participation, and individualization, as well aswhich factors enable and limit the implementation of these goals. To achieve the purpose of thestudy, a qualitative method was used. Five interviews have been conducted with nurses workingin home care in four different municipalities. The results of the interviews were interpretedbased on grounded theory which was chosen when the purpose was exploratory. During theanalysis, codes, subcategories and categories were generated that resulted in a main concern.There were various factors that influenced when it comes to what promotes and inhibits theintroduction of the values in daily work. The concept or main concern that emerged was thenorm discrepancy, which in short means that the work performed must be flexible but be carriedout within a rigid framework. Neo-institutional theory was used to discuss the results, theconclusion was that the nursing aides’ ability to adapt is what makes the home care service'swork despite conflicting goals and requirements. What do you want to do ?New mailCopy<img /> / <p></p><p>What do you want to do ?New mailCopy</p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20225号 / 医博第4184号 / 新制||医||1019(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊達 洋至, 教授 Shohab YOUSSEFIAN, 教授 川村 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM