Bakgrund Fotboll är Sveriges populäraste sport och har över en halv miljon utövare. Det står för en tredjedel av hela den svenska idrottsrörelsen. Med ett stort antal aktiva fotbollsspelare behövs även domare. Domare har inte alltid varit en självklar del av spelet utan introducerades först när fotbollen professionaliserades. Likt fotbollsspelare, drabbas även fotbollsdomare av skador.  Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka skadepanorama hos fotbollsdomare. Metod  Studien genomfördes genom en retrospektiv enkätundersökning med 265 (N=265) fotbollsdomare. Resultat Totalt deltog 265 domare varav 214 män och 51 kvinnor. Totalt rapporterade 103 av 265 domare att de drabbats av skador (68 män och 23 kvinnor). Domarna drabbades främst av överbelastningsskador (80 domare) men akuta skador rapporterades också av 20 domare. Smygande debut var den vanligaste skademekanismen men muskelsträckning och muskelbristning rapporterades också. Domare drabbades främst av skador i nedre extremitet såsom hamstrings, vader, knän. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan typ av skador i förhållande till nivån som domaren dömer. Både domare och assisterande domare drabbades i samma utsträckning av skador och hade samma skadelokalisation. Diskussion Vid retrospektiva undersökningar finns svårigheter att återge skador som har hänt bakåt i tiden. Val av annan undersökningsmetod hade därför kunnat tydliggöra och differentiera de skador som domarnas drabbas av. Konklusion Resultaten av studien är i linje med tidigare studier om skador hos fotbollsdomare. Många domare drabbas av överbelastningsskador med smygande debut främst i nedre extremitet såsom hamstring, vader och knän. Utifrån resultatet i den här studien rekommenderas utveckling, implementering och utvärdering av evidensbaserade skadeförebyggande träningsprogram såsom FIFA 11+. / Abstract Background Football is Sweden's most popular sport and has over half a million athletes. It accounts for a third of the entire Swedish sports movement. With a large number of active football players, referees are also needed. Referees have not always been an obvious part of the game but were only introduced when football was professionalized. Like football players, football referees also suffer from injuries.  Purpose  The purpose of the study was to investigate the injury panorama in football referees.  Method The study was conducted through a retrospective survey with 265 (N = 265) football referees. Results A total of 265 referees participated, of which 214 men and 51 women. A total of 103 out of 265 reported that they had suffered from injuries (68 men and 23 woman). The referees were mainly affected by overload injuries (80 referee) but acute injuries were also reported (20 referee). Gradually occurred injuries is stated as the most common injury mechanism but muscle sprain and strain were also common. Referees suffered mainly from injuries to the lower extremities such as hamstrings, calves and knees. There were no significant results between the type of injuries in relation to the level of refereeing. Both referee and assistant referee suffered from injuries to the same extent and on the same location of the body. Discussion In retrospective examinations, there are difficulties in reproducing injuries that have occurred back in time. The choice of another examination method could therefore have clarified and differentiate the referee’s injuries.  Conclusion The results of the study are in line with previously reported injury-related complaints. Many Referees were affected by overuse injuries that occurred gradually, mainly in the lower extremity. Based on the results of this study, the development, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based injury prevention training programs such as FIFA 11+ are recommended.

Topic: Analysis of game in girls minibasketball from the perspective of interruptions by referees. Aim: The aim in this thesis is to make a analysis in one season in girls minibasketbal games in all categories to find out how often and why referees are interrupting the game. Than to make a statistic of all games and compare categories between themselves. Primary aim is to make the analysis which will show characteristic of interrupting the game and how often they are happening in game. Methods: Taking into consideration quantitative survey, my dissertation work was based on methods of secondary information collecting that implies secondary statistical analysis and observation with taking records down. Results: In average there are 98,14 interrupting in game of minibasketbal from referee. The travelling and ball outside of playcourt are the most often violations. There are differences between categories. Key words: Basketball, girls minibasketbal, categories U11, U12, U13 referee in minibasketbal, modification of basketball rules, types of interrupting game by referee

Title: Ethical Aspects of Ultimate Frisbee Objectives: The purpose of this study is to introduce one of the recent team sports - ultimate frisbee - in the matter of its ethics. The work is divided into two thematic parts. The first one deals with general introduction of the fair play problemacy including also the issue of the referees/umpires. The second part presents ultimate frisbee covering its history, game rules and the idea of the Spirit of the Game. Futhermore, the study also contains comparison of the ethics of ultimate frisbee and other team sports. Keywords: Ultimate frisbee, Spirit of the Game, ethics of sport, values in sport, referee

Nécessité pressante, l’urgence appelle une réponse rapide. Le Droit, règle sociale, ne peut l’ignorer. L’urgence pourtant dérange. Imposant une réaction immédiate, elle demande au système juridique souplesse et flexibilité. Elle justifie des exceptions au droit ordinaire. Violation de la règle de droit organisée par la Loi elle-même, n’y a-t-il pas une contradiction interne du système juridique nuisant à sa cohérence ? Indéfinie, la notion d’urgence se présente comme une lacune intra legem. Laissée entre les mains de l’interprète, la règle paraît imprécise et imprévisible. La sécurité juridique n’est-elle pas remise en cause ? Si l’urgence semble prima facie subversive, elle invite, en réalité, l’observateur à modifier sa posture. Elle le conduit à quitter le confort d’une logique formelle pour adopter une rationalité réaliste, moins respectueuse de la lettre des textes mais plus conforme à leur esprit. Loin d’être un élément perturbateur, l’urgence participe à la réalisation du Droit. / As a reflexion of a pressing necessity, emergency calls for a rapid response. Law as the social rule cannot ignore this. Yet, emergency troubles. While imposing an immediate reaction, it demands from the legal system suppleness and flexibility. It justifies exceptions to the ordinary law. Given that the violation of the rule of law is organised by Law itself, isn’t there an internal contradiction within the legal system undermining its coherence ? Undefined, the notion of emergency comes across as a loophole intra legem. Left in the hands of the interpreter, the rule appears as imprecise and unpredictable. Hence, isn’t the imperative of the legal certainty called into question ? If emergency seems prima facie subversive it invites, in realty, the observer to modify its posture. It leads to abandon the comfort of a formal logics to adopt a realistic rationality, which is less respectful of the letter of the texts but is more consistent with their spirit. Far from being a disruptive element, emergency contributes to the realisation of Law.

Depuis quelques années, ma pratique de la bande dessinée numérique entend « produire du sens avec la technologie », en faisant « parler l'outil ». Cette thèse a pour but de poser la question à un niveau plus large en se demandant ce que signifie produire du sens avec la technologie dans le contexte de la bande dessinée numérique aujourd'hui.Si la plus grande partie de ce qu'on appelle aujourd'hui bande dessinée numérique n'utilise le support et les outils numériques que comme moyen de diffusion d'une bande dessinée conçue de manière traditionnelle, une partie de la production met au contraire véritablement en oeuvre les propriétés du numérique pour produire du sens et du récit. Notre hypothèse est que la bande dessinée ne devient véritablement numérique que lorsqu'elle met ces propriétés en jeu. Dès lors, elle questionne à la fois le « système de la bande dessinée », l'usage conventionnel des outils numériques et la notion de récit. Elle impose à l'artiste d'établir de nouveaux modes opératoires. Le dépassement des théories traditionnelles par ses figures impose au théoricien d'utiliser de nouveaux concepts. L'outil ne peut devenir « parlant » pour le lecteur que si celui-ci est mis en position de l'expérimenter : interface et interactivité sont des enjeux cruciaux, la bande dessinée devient « jouable » et la « lectacture » devient son mode de réception. L'expérience de l'oeuvre par le « lectacteur » se joue sur le mode du gameplay, et cela a des répercussions sur la narration qui doit intégrer ces modalités particulières. Le récit ne repose d'ailleurs plus seulement sur les mécanismes de la narration. Il exhibe toute sa matérialité au lectacteur et repose alors en grande partie sur des mécanismes d'ordre poétique. / For a few years now, my digital comic creations have been seeking to “produce meaning with technology” by making “the tools talk.” This thesis aims to raise the question to a wider level by exploring what it means to produce meaning with technology today, in the context of digital comics.If most of what we call digital comics only use digital medium and tools as a way of publishing a comic which has been created in a traditional way, a part of the production actually uses the properties of computers to produce sense and narration.Our working hypothesis is that a comic only becomes ‘digital’ when it involves these properties. It therefore questions the ‘system of comics’, the conventional use of digital tools as well as the notion of narrative. It forces the artist to introduce new methods. Surpassing traditional theories through the digital comic forms forces the theorist to use new concepts. The tool can only ‘talk’ to the reader if they are allowed to try it out themselves. Interface and interactivity are crucial issues; the comic becomes ‘playable’, through ‘read-acting.’ While interact with the piece, the read-actor is in gameplay mode, which in turn has consequences on the narration, which must therefore include these rules. As a matter of fact, the narrative no longer relies on the mechanism of the narration. It displays all its materiality to the read-actor and so relies largely on mechanisms of a poetical nature.

The main topic of this diploma thesis is the development of Mrs. Dagmar Damková media image between 2003-2017. Mrs. Damková is a former football referee and became the first woman who managed a football match in the Czech 1st Men's League in 2003. She has been professionally successful and popular with the public and the media in a purely male environment. She has become one of the world's best female referee and has been managing the prestigious games of the biggest foreign events. She ended her career as a referee in 2011 and began her new career path as a functionary. Besides this, she became a chairwomen of the Committee of the Referees of the Football Association of the Czech Republic. She was directly responsible for the actions of the referees, and was therefore often criticized by the media. Her relationship with the influential but controversial functionary Roman Berbr was also known to the public at that time, which has increased the interest of her person from the media. Mrs. Damková had withdrawn from the public after leaving the Refereeing Commission and the media did not refer to her so often. The research part of the thesis includes qualitative analysis of the media texts which were published in five periods of professional career Dagmar Damková. This diploma thesis also includes interviews...

Title: Analysis of the load of ice hockey referees in the extraliga and the II. liga Objectives: The main goal of my diploma thesis is to analyze the load of referees in Tipsport Extraliga ledního hokeje and II. liga ledního hokeje. Methods: For my research I chose the method of monitoring the heart rate of referees using POLAR cardiotachometers, as another method I used monitoring the intensity of the refferee' load and last was the invasive method of measuring lactate using SCOUT Sirius lactate meter and then Lactate Scout Start Set SensLab. The investigation was carried out on a total of 12 judges II. liga (4 main referees and 8 line referees) and on 19 Tipsport Extraliga ledního hokeje referees (10 main referees and 9 line referees). In total, 31 referees aged 30.1 ± 6.2 years. Heart rate was measured in all referees. The intensity of the load was measured for 19 referees, specifically 8 referees from II. liga ledního hokeje (4 main referees and 4 line referees) and 11 referees from the Tipsport Extraliga ledního hokeje (7 main and 4 line). Lactate was taken from 21 referees, of which 12 TELH referees (6 main referees and 6 line referees) and 9 referees of the II. Ice Hockey League (3 main referees and 6 line referees). Results: The analysis of the results showed that the intensity of the load...

Cette recherche en sociologie du genre vise à comprendre la rareté de femmes arbitres à la Fédération Malgache de Volley-Ball (FMVB). Elle a pour problématique l'articulation entre pratiques professionnelles d'arbitrage et normes des identités sexuées de la société malgache. Faute de travaux existant portant sur genre et sport à Madagascar, la démarche procède d'une enquête exploratoire. L'approche institutionnelle et statistique met en évidence un double plafond de verre, bloquant la formation des femmes à l'arbitrage, puis leur promotion de carrière. L'approche qualitative interroge sur ces faits des arbitres femmes (8) et des cadres ou dirigeants sportifs (17 dont 14 hommes) par entretien, des volleyeuses de Tananarive (222) par questionnaire. Toutes les réponses convergent sur les faits mais les interprétations divergent : les arbitres femmes dénoncent des procédés discriminatoires et la domination masculine qu'elles affrontent ; les dirigeants légitiment leur gestion en se prévalant des normes et valeurs patriarcales de la société malgache ; d'autres cadres hommes se dissocient de ces positions et d'autres Fédérations favorisent l'arbitrage féminin, jusqu'à l’international. Les réponses des volleyeuses viennent prouver leur disponibilité pour le sport, expriment en majorité une conception égalitaire de l'arbitrage et un quart déclarent souhaiter devenir arbitre. Bien que la fin des discriminations de la gestion arbitrale à la FMVB semble dépendre de rapports de pouvoir internes, l'enquête montre l'émergence de mobilités de genre dans le milieu sportif malgache, les femmes arbitres y ayant notamment conquis de nouvelles prérogatives publiques et démocratiques. / This research in the field of sociology of gender aims at understanding the rarity of female referees in the Malagasy Federation of Volleyball (MFVB). The issue concerns the link between the professional practice of arbitration and the norms of sexual identities in the Malagasy society. Due to the lack of existing work on gender and sport in Madagascar, our approach proceeds from an exploratory investigation. The institutional and statistical approach reveals the existence of a double glass ceiling, blocking women's arbitration training, and then, their career promotion. Interviews were conducted, in a qualitative approach, with female referees (8), leaders or managers (17 with 14 men), and a questionnaire was filled in by female volleyball players from Antananarivo (222). All answers point towards the facts but the interpretations vary: the female referees denounce discriminatory processes and the male domination they are facing, leaders legitimize their management practice, relying on the patriarchal norms and values of the Malagasy society, while other male managers do not abide by these positions and other federations promote female arbitration on an international scale. The female volleyball players' responses prove that they are available for the sport and generally express an egalitarian conception of arbitration, a quarter of the women even said they would like to become referee. Although the end of discrimination in the arbitral management of the MFVB seems to depend on internal power relations, the survey shows the emergence of gender mobility in the Malagasy sport community, women referees have actually conquered new public and democratic prerogatives.

My thesis deals with the topic of burning out of Department of non-insurance social benefits (DNSB) Labor Office workers in the Czech Republic. We can find a lot of definitions of Burn-out Syndrome in the literature. Some of them are focused on the emotional, mental or physical exhaustion, others interpret the syndrome as a process with certain development. Nevertheless, Burn-out Syndrome is a pack of symptoms including lack of zest and energy, life joy and mainly enthusiasm needed for work. There are various functions of the Labor office CZ: to fulfill tasks in the employment area, protection of employees in case of employer´s insolvency and first of all, to administrate, decide and pay non-insurance social benefits. Social workers and referees who work in DNSB are extremely endangered with Burn-out Syndrome because of their specific work. Their job requires daily talks with clients who do not have only one but various problems and who are unable to solve them by themselves. And these clients usually expect more service than the office workers can provide. The aim of my thesis is to describe the Burn-out Syndrome issue and its appearance in the group of the social workers and referees of the DNSB Labor Office CZ. Partial aim of my thesis is to find out if the workers have information how to precede it and to compare the difference between small and big town workers. Other partial aim is to find out if the workers subjectively suffer exhaustion. Three hypotheses were set up. Workers of DNSB in bigger towns feel subjectively more exhausted than those in smaller ones. Social workers have more information how to precede it than referees. Referees feel subjectively more exhausted than social workers. Flowingly there is a survey question: what do the workers in the DNSB Labor Office CZ know about Burn-out Syndrome? A quantity strategy of survey was set up via using questionnaire. There were 148 DNSB workers in the survey sample who filled in completely and correctly the questionnaire. As a complement strategy a quality data survey was used via questioning method, semi-structured interview. 8 workers from total 249 workers were chosen by random choice to be interviewed - this group forms the second survey sample. Results of quantity survey are presented with descriptive statistics using graphs and charts. The set up hypotheses were tested with statistic method of Chi-squared test. The results show that DNSB workers in bigger cities do not feel more exhausted than those in smaller ones. Social workers of DNSB have more information how to precede it than referees. Referees do not feel more exhausted than social workers of DNSB. For analysis of quality survey, a hand written record was chosen. There were identified three clusters: awareness about Burn-out Syndrome, perception of clients and personal feelings. The results of quality part show that DNSB workers have information about the Syndrome, but the information is incomplete - sometimes even confusing in the sense of focusing on the unimportant peculiarities instead of core causes. Regarding individual answers, most of the workers see the clients and work with the clients as something unpleasant, not entertaining. Moreover, we can imply from the survey a necessity of specialized training about Burn-out Syndrome focused on the workers. Practical anticipated benefit of the thesis is providing study materials to the students of the Health and Social Faculty of the Southern Bohemian University in České Budějovice and providing the materials to the Labor Office CZ.

<p>Докторска дисертација припада области информационих система, са јасним акцентом на употребу неуронских мрежа за решавање проблема вишеструких зависних временских серија&nbsp; који је у&nbsp; овом докторату дефинисан.Основни циљ дисертације је креирање система у форми едукативног софтвера путем којег ће се обучавати младе кошаркашке судије</p><p>Један од кључих елемената овог&nbsp; доктората јесте симулација хоризонталног видног поља на основу којег се&nbsp; утврђује да ли је резоновано кретање кошаркашких судија било адекватно&nbsp; или није. Стога развијени софтвер поседује споменуту едукативну примену.</p><p>Како би се реализовао споменути софтвер спроведено је истраживање које је обухватило обучавање великог броја традиционалних вишеслојних перцептрона као и формирање посебне&nbsp; LTR&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; MDTS структуре неуронске мреже за коју се сматра да је погодна за решавање постојећег проблема. За реализацију симулације хоризонталног видног поља разматрано је више алгоритама из области рачунарске графике&nbsp; а&nbsp; Sweep and Prune&nbsp; алгоритам је парцијално пружио основу за развијени и тренутно&nbsp; имплементирани алгоритам.</p> / <p>Doktorska disertacija pripada oblasti informacionih sistema, sa jasnim akcentom na upotrebu neuronskih mreža za rešavanje problema višestrukih zavisnih vremenskih serija&nbsp; koji je u&nbsp; ovom doktoratu definisan.Osnovni cilj disertacije je kreiranje sistema u formi edukativnog softvera putem kojeg će se obučavati mlade košarkaške sudije</p><p>Jedan od ključih elemenata ovog&nbsp; doktorata jeste simulacija horizontalnog vidnog polja na osnovu kojeg se&nbsp; utvrđuje da li je rezonovano kretanje košarkaških sudija bilo adekvatno&nbsp; ili nije. Stoga razvijeni softver poseduje spomenutu edukativnu primenu.</p><p>Kako bi se realizovao spomenuti softver sprovedeno je istraživanje koje je obuhvatilo obučavanje velikog broja tradicionalnih višeslojnih perceptrona kao i formiranje posebne&nbsp; LTR&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; MDTS strukture neuronske mreže za koju se smatra da je pogodna za rešavanje postojećeg problema. Za realizaciju simulacije horizontalnog vidnog polja razmatrano je više algoritama iz oblasti računarske grafike&nbsp; a&nbsp; Sweep and Prune&nbsp; algoritam je parcijalno pružio osnovu za razvijeni i trenutno&nbsp; implementirani algoritam.</p> / <p>Doctoral dissertation belongs to the field of information systems, with a clear&nbsp; emphasis on the use of neural networks for solving the problem of multiple dependent time series, which is defined in this doctorate. The main objective of the&nbsp; thesis is to create a system in the form of educational software that will be used druring the training of young basketball referees.One of the key elements of this doctorate is a simulation of a horizontal field of&nbsp; vision&nbsp; on the basis of which it is determined whether the movement of&nbsp; reasoned&nbsp; basketball referees was adequate &nbsp; or not.&nbsp; Therefore developed software has&nbsp; aforementioned educational use. In order&nbsp; to realize the aforementioned software, a&nbsp; research&nbsp; was conducted that included training of a large number of traditional multilayer perceptron neural networks and the&nbsp; formation of special LTR&nbsp; -&nbsp; MDTS&nbsp; neural network&nbsp; structure which is considered to be&nbsp; suitable&nbsp; for solving the presented problem. For the realization of the simulation&nbsp; of the horizontal field of vision a large number of algorithms in the field of computer graphis was considered&nbsp; and Sweep and Prune algorithm partially provided the basis for the developed and&nbsp; currently implemented algorithm.</p>