Tyrimo objektas – teisėjų savanorių išlaikymo valdymo vertinimas. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti LFTA teisėjų savanorių išlaikymo valdymą. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti teisėjo savanorio ir savanorystės sampratą bei reikšmę sporto sektoriuje. 2. Atskleisti valdymo sampratos modernioje vadybos teorijoje sąsajas su savanorystės valdymo principais.. 3. Empiriškai patikrinti sporto organizacijos (LFTA) teisėjų išlaikymo valdymo vertinimo modelio rezultatus. Tyrimo metodai: • Mokslinės literatūros analizė. • Anketinė apklausa. • Matematinė analizė. Išvados: 1. Savanoriai yra žmonės, laisva valia atliekantys naudingus darbus visuomenei, organizacijai ar žmonių grupei negaudami už tai piniginio atlygio. Savanorystė apima plataus spektro, laiko sąnaudų reikalaujančia neapmokama veiklą, kurios tikslas pagalba bendruomenei ar organizacijai. Į tą veiklų spektrą galima įtraukti ir žemos kategorijos teisėjus kurie negaudami piniginio atlygio padeda teisėjų organizacijai vykdyti jos veiklą, bei sudaro svarbų vaidmenį jos gyvavimo ir tobulėjimo procesui. Lietuvoje jaunųjų teisėjų bei II kategorijos nariai svariai prisideda prie futbolo renginių įgyvendinimo. 2. Modernioji vadybos teorija remiasi tais pačiais klasikinės teorijos principais, bet čia jie apibūdinami kaip veikiantys procesai. Todėl klasikinį valdymą siūloma pakeisti į procesų valdymą. Teisėjų kaip savanorių valdymo principai būtų tokie: motyvų suvokimas, poreikių įvertinimas planavimas, rizikų valdymo įvertinimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of the research: evaluation of referee volunteers retention management. The aim of the research: to evaluate LFTA referee volunteers retention management. The objectives of the research: 1. To define referee volunteer, volunteer conception and their importance in sport sector. 2. To describe management conception in modern theory and it‘s connection with volunteer management principles. 3. Empirical examination of sport organisation (LFTA) referee retention management evaluation model. Methods of the research:  Analysis of scientific literature  Survey questioning  Mathematical analisis Conclusions: 1. Volunteering is an activity that involves spending time, unpaid, doing something that aims to benefit the environment or individuals or groups other than close relatives. Low category referees contribute to their organisation when refereeing in football events. They don‘t get paid either, so according to definition they are volunteers. 2. Modern management theory based on same principles as classical theory, but are described as active processes. Therefore classical management can be changed to process management. So in this case, referee as volunteer management principles would be: needs assesement, risk assesement, recruitment, referee training referee work management, observation, work evaluation, recognition, referee retention or dismissal. 3. Empirical examination of sport organization (in this case LFTA) volunteer retention management evaluation model... [to full text]

The thesis deals with the issue of legal status of professional sportsmen performing collective sports and professional referees active in collective sports from the perspective of personal income tax. This issue is now vividly discussed in relation with a recent judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court from 17th July 2017, case no. 6 Afs 278/2016. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the potential status of a professional sportsman and a referee and subsequently, depending on this status, analyse opportunities of taxation of their incomes according to the relevant national legislation and the Supreme Administrative Court's case law. The key question is whether the sportsman and referee should be regarded as an employee in accordance with the Income Tax Act or as a self - employed person. Partial objective of the thesis is to assess whether current practice in the Czech Republic corresponds with the legislation or as the case may be suggest an acceptable solution which would reflect the needs of professional sport with respect to the current circumstances in the Czech sports. The first and the second chapter present the theoretical part of the thesis, which describes the key concepts and specify the subject of the thesis. This part is followed by the analytical section which consists of...

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Belissimo_Vanessa_M.pdf: 884513 bytes, checksum: f097145f311f4ca6c203451d16898fe6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O número de variáveis que podem determinar o alto ou o baixo rendimento de uma equipe de futebol abrange aspectos de difícil controle. Uma variável interessante e de polêmica discussão diz respeito à arbitragem no jogo de futebol que em geral permeia a intervenção dos árbitros no resultado final de uma partida. Nesse contexto, é possível a hipótese de que os árbitros tomem decisões dentro de uma partida, influenciados pela torcida, pelo mandante do jogo ou por ¿valores agregados¿ (tradição da camisa, histórico de vitórias e etc.) deste ou daquele time. OBS.: O resumo na integra poderá ser visualizado no link ou texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The number of variables that can determine the high or low performance of a football team covers aspects difficult to control. A variable interesting discussion and controversy relates to arbitration in the soccer game that generally permeates the intervention of the referees in the final outcome of a match. It is possible the chance that the referees decide within a match, influenced by the crowd, the principal of the game or by "aggregates" (tradition of the team, history of victories and so on.) of this or that time. Note: the complete abstract is avaiable with the link or full eletronic digital theses or dissertations / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física

In Canada, women’s soccer has continuously grown and developed, however women continue to be under represented in non-playing roles – particularly as referees (Canadian Heritage, 2013; Canadian Soccer Association, 2013a; Ontario Soccer Association, 2012). Of the 20,507 soccer referees in Canada, only 24% are women (Canadian Soccer Association, 2013a). Moreover, 54% of Canadian soccer referees are registered in Ontario (Ontario Soccer Association, 2012), of which only 9.5% are women (Ontario Soccer Association, 2013). This study explores the experiences of women who continue to referee despite their under-representation within the refereeing domain, in an effort to identify the benefits and challenges of being a woman soccer referee in Ontario. I employed a feminist lens to guide the development and design of the research agenda, alongside Michel Foucault’s concept of the subject. The results of this exploration uncovered that the woman soccer referee subject comes to recognize and understand herself and her role as a referee through the discourse of ability and the discourse of the outsider. These discourses emerged from the ways in which the subject constructed becoming a referee, being a referee (benefits and challenges), continuing to referee, and being a woman soccer referee. Resultantly, the woman soccer referee is primarily motivated to continue to referee by her competence to perform according to the ideals and practices of “the referee” that she learns through both education and experience. However, as woman she is an outsider within the soccer community and comes to internalize her subordination and normalize sexism within the refereeing domain and soccer community at large in order to be accepted and respected within her position as “the referee”. Using the results of analysis I also make recommendations for increasing the number of women that choose to continue, as well as boost the notoriety of women soccer referees within the refereeing domain.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The number of sports officials around the United States and world has been slowly declining. The average age of sports officials keeps rising year over year, meaning younger officials are leaving their jobs at a high rate. The goal of this study was to compare training methods, traditional and immersive video-based, specifically RefReps training, to see how this training method affects officials’ confidence level at performing their duty as college intramural basketball officials. The study included college level intramural basketball officials from different universities in the United States (N = 34). A pre-test survey asking about confidence level was administered to each participating official prior to training for the upcoming intramural season. A control group (N = 13) used the university’s traditional training as their only form of training, while the test group (N = 21) trained using RefReps immersive video-based training. A post-test survey was given with the same confidence level questions for the participants to answer. The results showed that the RefReps group showed a greater increase in confidence in their ability to possess the most extensive knowledge of the rules compared to anyone else at the game and an increase in confidence in their ability to determine if a foul or violation had been committed.

Syfte och frågeställningar Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka eventuell domarbrist i Sverige samt svensk fotbolls domarverksamhet på distriktsnivå kopplat till makt och ledarskap, representation och organisation, allt med grund i frågeställningen om domarbrist finns eller inte. Frågeställningarna som studiens resultat baseras på lyder som följer: -       Är det domarbrist i Sverige, och vad innebär det i så fall för verksamheten? -       Vilka bakgrunder finns representerade bland studiens respondenter? -       Vilka eventuella utmaningar står distrikten inför kopplat till representation? -       Vem bär ansvaret för hur distriktsverksamheten bedrivs ur distriktens perspektiv? -       Hur vill distrikten utveckla sina domarverksamheter framöver? Metod För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med åtta domarkommittéordförande från olika distrikt inom svensk fotboll, rekryterade genom ett handplockat urval. Efter intervjuernas genomförande transkriberades och analyserades resultaten utifrån maktteori (Christensen, Daugaard Jensen & Lindkvist, 2011), organisationsteori (Slack & Parent, 2006) och representationsteori (Wahl, Holgersson, Höök & Linghag, 2011). Resultat Resultaten visade att domarbrist förekommer inom svensk fotboll enligt distrikten själva. Bakgrunderna respondenterna har är mer eller mindre den samma oavsett vilket distrikt de representerar. Representationen inom svensk fotbolls domarorganisation är skev. Det finns en överrepresentation av killar med annan etnisk bakgrund än svensk, samtidigt som tjejer rent generellt är underrepresenterade. Det finns organisatoriska utmaningar med hur svensk fotboll bedriver sin domarverksamhet idag, och det är inte klarlagt om det är förbundet eller distrikten som ska driva verksamheten framåt. De utvecklingsområden som lyfts är en bättre organisation för att kunna möta verksamhetens krav, samt att locka fler tjejer till att döma fotboll. Slutsats Utifrån resultaten dras slutsatsen att organisationsformen som används idag inte fungerar tillfredsställande utifrån idrottsrörelsens målbild. Det som är viktigast för hur organisationen bedrivs är formaliseringsnivån samt vilka relationer som finns inom organisationen. / Aim The aim of this study is to examine the Swedish Football Association’s (SvFF) referee organization at a district level, in relation to power and leadership, representation and organization. The analysis is based on whether there is a lack of referees in Sweden or not. The questions are as follows: -       Is there a lack of referees in Sweden and how does that effect the organization? -       What backgrounds are represented among the respondents of this study? -       What challenges do the districts face related to representation? -       Who do the districts believe should be responsible for how the district are organised? -       How do the districts want to develop their referee organizations in the future? Method To answer the questions of this study, semi-structured interviews have been used. The respondents were eight presidents of the districts’ referee committees, recruited through a hand-picked selection. After the interviews were made, the results were transcribed and analysed through power theory (Christensen, Daugaard Jensen & Lindkvist, 2011), organization theory (Slack & Parent, 2006) and representation theory (Wahl, Holgersson, Höök & Linghag, 2011). Results The results showed that there is a lack of referees in Swedish football according to the districts. The backgrounds of the respondents are very alike, independent of which district they represent. The representation within the organization is skew. Boys with other ethnic backgrounds than Swedish are over-represented, while girls are under-represented in general. There are challenges connected to how SvFF is organized, today there are uncertainties whether the SvFF or the districts should run the organizational development for referees. The areas of development mentioned are organizational in order to meet the set requirements, and representational to attract more girls to become referees. Conclusion With the results in mind, the conclusion drawn is that the organizational form of today is unsatisfactory according to the set goals of the overall sports movement. The factors most dependent was shown to be formalization and the relationships within the organization.

On a football field games are played between two teams, and the players of these teams get almost all of the attention. But there is another team on the field, the team of referees. The referees get mostly negative criticism, and are almost never mentioned in a positive way. This study is all about the teams’ captain, the main referee. Who is he? What does he have to go through? What makes him continue in his career?   Earlier studies have shown that the work you do as a referee can be very stressful, with a lot of stressing factors coming from the players, the coaches, and at a higher level supporters and media (Nyberg, 2000, 2002). Because of all this, this study shows opinions from active referees in Allsvenskan in Sweden, and from some which are active on an international basis as well. Interviews have been made and a survey to compare the referees experiences with their sense of coherence, from Aaron Antonovskys theory SoC (Sense of Coherence).   The results are showing that yes, there are connections between a successful career as a referee and a high level of sense of coherence, and that the interviewed referees’ spend a huge amount of time to be able to perform. Even though they try their hardest, they have to deal with threats in their daily work. Therefore, you can find the conclusion that you need to have a certain type of personality to be able to make it as a referee.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-06T13:13:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igorchagasmonteiro.pdf: 1365277 bytes, checksum: fb725b7cc31032f5780dce0174d70178 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:28:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igorchagasmonteiro.pdf: 1365277 bytes, checksum: fb725b7cc31032f5780dce0174d70178 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:28:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igorchagasmonteiro.pdf: 1365277 bytes, checksum: fb725b7cc31032f5780dce0174d70178 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Inúmeras barreiras culturais e de gênero, além daquelas relacionadas às formas de ascensão profissional, delimitam as experiências das mulheres na arbitragem no futebol brasileiro. Nesse sentido, destacamos como objetivo deste estudo descrever a trajetória de árbitras de futebol profissional no Brasil, analisando seus processos de inserção, permanência, ascensão na carreira e aposentadoria. Para tal organizou-se um estudo de abordagem qualitativa e do tipo descritivo. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se da técnica de entrevista, realizada com dez árbitras de futebol atuantes nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000. A análise dos dados seguiu a técnica da análise de conteúdo, de acordo com Bardin. As vias de acesso para a arbitragem foram a família e a experiência esportiva, e a visibilidade de mulheres na arbitragem foi fundamental para o ingresso das novas árbitras a partir dos anos 2000. As participantes do estudo atuaram em importantes competições nacionais e internacionais e o encerramento de suas carreiras foi motivado por lesões. Concluímos que as árbitras das décadas de 1980 e 1990, ao se inserirem na arbitragem, quebraram barreiras, superaram inúmeras dificuldades no campo da arbitragem e contribuíram para consolidar a atuação das mulheres como árbitras. / A lot of difficulties – such as cultural and gender barriers, as well as those related to career building – limit women experience in soccer. The aim of this study is to describe the history of Brazilian professional football referees and analyze the processes of inclusion, permanence, career advancement and retirement of women referees in Brazilian professional soccer. To achieve our purpose, we conducted a qualitative and descriptive research. Data was collected through interviews conducted with ten women soccer referees acting in the years 1980, 1990 and 2000. For data analysis we adopted Bardin´s content analysis technique. Access routes to arbitration were family and sports experience. The visibility of women in arbitration was essential for the entry of new referees in the 2000s. The study participants were active in major national and international competitions, and the end of their careers was motivated by injuries. We conclude that the referees of the 1980s and 1990s, when inserted in the refereeing, broke down barriers, overcame numerous difficulties in the field of refereeing and contributed to consolidating the role of women as referees.

This thesis, which is divided into theoretical and analytical part, deals with the analysis of the remuneration of referees in professional basketball leagues in the U.S. and Europe. Consequently, it compares and evaluates these systems. In the theoretical section first it explains the rules of basketball and its popularity in the world compared to other sports. It mentions here about the two most prestigious competitions of the world basketball - the NBA and Euroleague. Analytical section begins with an explanation of the functions and work of a basketball referees. There is also explained the process of how to become a basketball referee. After that, it analyzes the two options of their remuneration system on the example of Czech basketball league NBL and American league NBA. It also compares these different evaluation systems. Referees had a chance to say their opinion through interviews and questionnaires, which is summarized in the penultimate chapter of the analytical work. In the last chapter it presents a SWOT analysis of the American way of remuneration of arbitrators and the possibility of its application to the European competitions.

The conventional understanding of the liaison interpreter views the professional as a language broker between two or more individuals not speaking the same language. The manner in which this language gap is bridged, according to the conventional understanding, is through copying verbatim what is said in one language (the source language) and pasting it (into the target language). The conventional understanding of the profession and its professionals neglects the multi-faceted nature of the profession along with the many challenges with which its professionals are faced. A liaison interpreter is a professional who forms a bridge between languages, people and culture. When viewed through this lens, new meaning and understanding are gained regarding the work of the liaison interpreter whilst, similarly, unveiling the complexity of the profession. As such, new questions may be raised pertaining to the role of the liaison interpreter in dialogue settings. This mini-dissertation seeks to shed new light on an age old profession whilst unveiling these hidden factors to highlight the benefits of factoring cultural training into interpreter training to better train student interpreters, and equip them with a unique set of skills to assist them in overcoming the unique set of challenges with which liaison interpreters often grapple. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Modern European Languages / Unrestricted