2020 and 2021 were shocking years for advertising and digital marketing since both Apple and Google announced that they would limit third-party tracking. Google and Apple’s news created turmoil in the marketing business sector since advertisers no longer will be able to target and track the success of their digital ads as efficiently and effectively. In addition, there will be significant changes in the industry since these new privacy rules mean that there will be an inability of personalisation and just-in-time targeting for digital marketing, and advertisers have dubbed this situation the “adpocalypse.”  Both secondary and primary data were collected to answer the research question, how have the new privacy rules and regulations impacted the different steps of the AIDA model in digital media planning for digital advertising. Secondary data has been collected from business journals and academic journals, and the primary data has been collected through in-depth interviews. Further, the research is exploratory and explores the research question to give the reader a greater understanding of the subject area.   The following can be concluded from the research. Internet privacy rules and regulations will impact awareness, and it will be more challenging for companies to create awareness for their product offerings. Awareness will be heavily built on brand recognition, and the strategies for this step will revert to more traditional methods.  Interest would be affected since companies no longer will be able to follow up on their communication strategies as effectively. This research showed that the further down the company’s sales funnel, the more impacted the strategies. Further, desire would be more challenging for companies to create since retargeting, just-in-time targeting, and micro-targeting would no longer be possible in the same manner. Lastly, since action results from desire, this step would be heavily impacted.

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The purpose of this study is to find out how the Swedish urban development occurred at local stages in the early 20th century. Previous studies have explained how urban transformations in Sweden took place on a general basis. Therefore, this study will have a more local focus and the community Katrineholm which grew up as a railway society during the latter part of the 19th century. Due to the railway, industries, and population growth, Katrineholm and its municipal committee began to fight for city rights. The issues this study is based on thus: What did the municipal community and its committee in Katrineholm do to fulfil city rights? What similarities and differences can be read from the communities of Nässjö and Nynäshamn that were in a similar position during the same period? The theory will therefore be based on urbanization and examine the potential development of urban areas and the opportunities and obstacles for Katrineholm. The material studied for the survey is protocol from Katrineholms archives and newspapers, from which a qualitative text analysis will be used as a method and glimpses off a comparative method to see if there are similarities in other regions. The result indicates that a significant criterium for obtaining city rights was to break away from their county municipality and incorporate their own city regulations.

Mot bakgrund av den rådande bostadsbristen infördes 2006 presumtionshyra, ettkostnadsbaserat hyressystemet för nyproduktion. Systemet har utvecklats och diskuteratslivligt de kommande åren och 31 maj 2021 ska även en ny utredning offentliggöra gällandefri hyressättning och då även eventuell utfasning av presumtionssystemet. Syftet med studien är att genom en kartläggning av litteraturen undersöka hur inställningarnatill presumtionssystemet har förändrats sedan införandet av presumtionshyra 2006, vad detfinns för åsikter kring övergångsfasen från presumtionshyra till bruksvärdeshyra och varförman väljer en hyresreglering över en annat vid nyproduktion. Uppsatsen har genomförts som en kvalitativ litteraturstudie där tidigare arbeten, lagtexter ochutredningar används för att bygga en databas med material från samtliga källor. Resultat ochanalyser bygger på uttalanden från regering, Hyresgästföreningen och fastighetsföretagen. Uppsatsen finner att regeringen och fastighetsföretagen inställning till presumtionshyra blivitallt sämre då fri hyressättning ses som ett bättre alternativ. Hyresgästföreningen harfortfarande en positiv syn på systemet. Aktörerna är överen om att det förstapresumtionshyror som infasas till bruksvärdeshyra kommer genomförs utan större problemdock ser man risk för senare övergångar. Fastighetsföretag väljer hyressystem främst eftervilket system som ger högst hyra men andra faktorer som säkerheten med en förhandladhyran spelar även in. / In light of the current housing shortage, a presumptive rent was introduced in 2006, acost-based rental system for new production. The system has since been developed anddiscussed intensely in the following years, and on 31 May 2021, a new investigation will bepublished regarding market rent and the possible end of the presumption system. The purpose of this study is to examine through a literature review how approaches to thepresumption system have changed since its introduction in 2006, what opinions there areabout the transition phase from presumption rent to utility value rent and why one chooses arent regulation over another during new production. The thesis was carried out as a qualitative literature study where previous thesis, legal textsand investigations were used to build a database with material from all sources. Results andanalyzes are based on statements from the government, the Tenant union and the real estatecompanies. This thesis finds that the government and the real estate companies' approach to presumptiverent has become worse and worse as market rent is seen as a better alternative. The Tenantunion still has a positive view of the presumption system. The participant on the marketagrees that the first presumptive rents that will be phased in to utility value rent will beimplemented without major problems, however, there is a risk for later agreements. Realestate companies choose rental systems primarily according to which system provides thehighest rent, but other factors such as the security of a negotiated rent also play a role.

De senaste tio åren har konceptet coliving etablerats på den svenska bostadsmarknaden. På grund av bostadsbristen i storstadsregionerna i Sverige har behovet av nya innovativa boendeformer varit av betydelse. Detta gäller främst unga vuxna i Sverige mellan 20–35 år. Det nya konceptet coliving innebär ett gemensamt boende där hyresgästerna erbjuds både privata och gemensamma ytor. Utvecklingen av coliving grundar sig i andra kollektiva boendeformer, men denna typ av boende inkluderar en bredare målgrupp och mer tjänster samt service. Detta har medfört att coliving är en attraktiv och innovativ bostadsform som företag i Sverige valt att implementera i sina fastigheter. Syftet med arbetet, som är i samarbete med Stena Fastigheter, är att undersöka hur och varför företag i Stockholm väljer att implementera konceptet coliving i sina fastigheter. Författarna har även valt att fördjupa sig inom de olika regler och lagar som finns tillgängliga idag för att undersöka vilka hinder det finns i uppstartsfasen av coliving-projekt.  För att kunna uppfylla arbetets syfte har författarna haft semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från olika coliving-aktörer i Stockholm. Det har även utförts en litteraturstudie för att kunna få en fördjupad inblick av konceptet samt regleringen kring det. Idag råder en viss problematik kring regleringen av coliving, detta inkluderar Hyreslagen och Boverkets byggregler, som medför att det inte finns en tydlig struktur av konceptet och hur det ska utformas. I och med detta har företagen utformat sina coliving-enheter på olika sätt. Respondenterna nämner hur efterfrågan och en alternativ lösning till bostadsbristen för unga vuxna är två av drivkrafterna för att utveckla konceptet coliving. / For the past ten years, the concept of coliving has been established in the Swedish housing market. Due to the housing shortage in the metropolitan regions in Sweden, the need for new innovative forms of housing has been important. This mainly applies to young adults in Sweden between the ages of 20-35. The new concept of coliving means a shared accommodation where the tenants are offered both private and common areas. The development of coliving is based on other forms of collective housing, but this type of housing includes a broader target group and more services as well as services. This has meant that coliving is an attractive and innovative form of housing that companies in Sweden have chosen to implement in their properties. The purpose of this master’s thesis, which is in collaboration with Stena Fastigheter, is to investigate how and why companies in Stockholm choose to implement the concept of coliving in their properties. The authors have also chosen to delve into the various rules and laws available today to examine the obstacles that exist in the start-up phase of coliving projects.  In order to fulfill the purpose of the work, the authors have had semi-structured interviews with respondents from various coliving actors in Stockholm. A literature study has also been carried out in order to gain an in-depth insight into the concept and the regulations surrounding it. Today, there is a certain problem with the regulation of coliving, this includes Hyreslagen and Boverkets building regulations, which means that there is no clear structure of the concept and how it should be designed. As a result, companies have designed their coliving units in different ways. The respondents mention how demand and an alternative solution to the housing shortage for young adults are two of the driving forces for developing the concept.

The concept Enviromental, Social and Governance (ESG) has become an issue of growing importance and relevance, with sustainability-related investments soaring in the recent decade. In Sweden, private equity represents a large portion of the capital markets. As a result, private equity is an intriguing case study in developing ESG investments. This thesis analyzes how different Nordic private equity companies work with ESG within the investing process. The fundamental causes of ESG's ascent and the momentum of the investing theme were found via a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with eight private equity associates and seven with traditional- and investment banks. According to the findings, the current incentive is driven by more significant knowledge of ESG-related risks and possibilities, altering personal beliefs and legislative expectations. Given the sector's possibility to influence change inside their investment firms via governance-, operational-, financial-, and ESG-methods, the respondents found a point of agreement in their confidence that ESG would have a substantial long-term influenceon the private equity industry. Even though the private equity industry is aware of sustainability, stakeholders have yet to agree on definitions and the most effective ways to incorporate it into investment operations. ESG is virtually entirely evaluated for typical private equity firms during the pre-investment process, often known as the screening phase. While specialized sustainability and impact partners are integrated across the investment process, their peers may learn from them since they have successfully done so. The disparity among stakeholders illustrates that private equity sustainability is still a work in progress, driven by the varied stakeholders' specific interests and aspirations. / Konceptet Enviromental, Social and Governance (ESG) har blivit en fråga av växande betydelse och relevans, med hållbarhets-relaterade investeringar som skjutit i höjden under det senaste decenniet. I Sverige utgör private equity en stor del av kapitalmarknaderna. Detta gör private equity till en spännande fallstudie av utvecklingen av ESG i investeringsprocesser. Detta examensarbete analyserar hur olika nordiska private equity-bolag arbetar med ESG inom investeringsprocessen. De grundläggande orsakerna till ESG:s uppgång och den snabba utvecklingen inom den här typen av investeringar hittades via en kvalitativ studie baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta private equity-bolag och sju med traditionella- och investeringsbanker. Enligt resultaten drivs det nuvarande incitamentet av mer betydande kunskap om ESGrelateraderisker och möjligheter, vilket förändrar personliga övertygelser och lagstiftande förväntningar. Med tanke på sektorns möjlighet att påverka förändringar inom sina företag via styrning-, operationella-, finansiella- och ESG-metoder, fann de intervjuade en gemensam syn till sitt förtroende att ESG kommer ha ett betydande långsiktigt inflytande på private equity-industrin. Även om private equity-branschen är medveten om hållbarhet, har intressenterna ännu inte kommit överens om definitioner och de mest effektiva sätten att införliva det i investeringsverksamheten. ESG utvärderas praktiskt taget helt för typiska private equity-företag under förinvesteringsprocessen, ofta känd som screeningsfasen. Även om specialiserade hållbarhets- och påverkanspartners är integrerade i investerings-processen, kan deras konkurrenter lära av dem, eftersom de har lyckats med det. Skillnaden mellan intressenter illustrerar att hållbarhet inom private equity fortfarande är ett pågående arbete, driven av de olika intressenternas specifika intressen och ambitioner.