本研究旨在檢證雙元自主性模型中自主能力與情境操弄對訊息區辨表現的範疇優勢性運作機制；並為了排除過去系列相關研究結果可能受到共同方法變異偏誤所造成的效度威脅，本研究採取訊息區辨表現作為非自陳式效標變項，重新檢證雙元自主性模型的各項主張觀點。 本文共包含兩個研究，研究一經由811位台灣北部與南部的高中職三年級學生，以班級作為單位進行團體施測，測量其個體化與關係雙元自主能力，並透過情境中強調不同適應訴求的操弄，探討雙元自主能力與情境操弄對訊息區辨表現的共同作用效果，以重複檢證雙元自主性模型中對（1）雙元自主能力可以共存，以及（2）不同自主能力各具有範疇優勢性的兩項主張觀點。研究一結果發現：個體化自主與關係自主兩種能力之間具有中度的正相關，再次支持雙元自主取向能力可以相互共存的主張觀點；但兩種自主能力彼此間仍具有可區辨的關聯效度，其中個體化自主能力主要作用於個人範疇的訊息區辨表現上，而關係自主能力主要作用於人際範疇訊息區辨表現上。另外也發現與區辨訊息範疇一致的情境操弄，相較於不一致的情境操弄或是不給予情境操弄，能強化範疇優勢性的作用效果。 為強化研究一的結果，研究二針對研究一的研究限制改善情境操弄的工具與訊息區辨作業，並以台灣北部大學生作為研究對象，其中61位雙元自主能力皆高的雙高組受試者，以及63位雙元自主能力皆低的雙低組受試者。分別邀請至實驗室進行個別的電腦施測，並透過情境脈絡中強調不同適應需求的操弄，再次探討雙元自主能力對訊息區辨表現的範疇優勢性運作機制，結果發現：首先，相對於雙低組，雙高組受試者在個人範疇與人際範疇的訊息區辨表現都比較好，重複檢證雙元自主能力對於訊息區辨的作用效果；其次，相較於不一致的情境操弄或是不給予情境操弄，與區辨訊息範疇一致的情境促發能提升個人範疇與人際範疇的訊息區辨表現。並且發現情境操弄的效果主要作用於發展出高度雙元自主能力的雙高組受試者，在雙低組受試者身上不同的情境操弄則沒有差異，不僅反映出雙元自主能力與情境操弄對訊息區辨表現的共同作用效果，並且重複地驗證雙元自主性模型中共存的理論觀點以及本研究對雙元自主性範疇優勢的運作機制推論。 本文並依據研究發現提出各項討論，論述雙元自主性模型與過去相關文獻與實徵發現的異同。像是（1）該模型採取適應能力的觀點重新詮釋自主性的多元發展取向，進行一系列的實徵研究並且獲得支持的研究結果；（2）採取情境與性格交互運作的系統觀點，說明雙元自主能力的共存與範疇優勢性動態機制；（3）透過非自陳式的訊息區辨表現杜絕共同方法變異的可能威脅，重複檢證該模型的各項理論觀點以及本研究的推論假設；（4）最後針對研究中各項不符合預期的結果提出合理解釋，並且說明未來值得繼續深入探討的相關議題。 / This article has two main goals about verifying the ideas of the Dual Autonomy Model (Yeh & Yang, 2006; Yeh, Bedford, & Yang, 2007; Yeh, Liu, Huang, & Yang, 2007). The first is testing the collective effect of dual autonomy and situational operation on message discernment to support the processing mechanism of the domain superiority hypothesis. The second is using the message discernments as performance criteria variable to prevent the common method variance bias and replicate the each hypotheses of dual autonomy. In study 1, 811 senior high school students from north and south of Taiwan as participants were asked to complete a group-survey in their classrooms. A medium correlation between individuating autonomy (IA) and relating autonomy (RA) replicates the coexistence hypothesis. It was also found a distinguishable criterion-validity confirms the domain superiority hypothesis that IA was greater associated with personal domain message discernment but RA was greater associated with interpersonal domain message discernment. This effect of domain superiority was enhanced only under the congruous situational operation condition, shows the collective effect of situation and autonomy capacity that verifies the processing mechanism of domain superiority. For strengthening the result of study 1, study 2 improves the situational operation materials and the message discernment tasks. 61 college students whose dual autonomy both are higher and 63 college students whose dual autonomy both are lower were recruited as participants for study 2 from school in north of Taiwan. They were invited to a small room separately and asked to complete all of the materials and tasks that were presented on computer. The participants with higher dual autonomy have better message discernments of both domains than the participants with lower dual autonomy, replicates the effect of dual autonomy on message discernments. The congruous situational operation produced greater message discriminations than incongruous or none situational operation. This situational effect was only significant on the participants with higher dual autonomy, shows the collective effect of situation and autonomy capacity, confirms the coexist of dual autonomy, and also verifies the processing mechanism of domain superiority. These results and limitations of these two studies, comparison with the past findings, and considerations for future research are discussed.

Le droit international privé de l’Union européenne se réapproprie le problème de la qualification. Non content d’en altérer fondamentalement la configuration, il en réoriente laborieusement la résolution. Or, la qualité du système tout entier, sa stabilité à un instant t, de même que sa capacité à se développer, à s’ouvrir et à se déployer sur le monde extérieur, sont placées dans l’étroite dépendance de l’efficacité de la qualification ; efficacité qui se mesure à l’aune de l’analyse méthodologique de l’opération, comme de la cohérence des résultats auxquels elle conduit. Et si à ce titre le système déçoit aujourd’hui, il est néanmoins tout aussi possible que souhaitable de le refonder rationnellement. Qui peut le plus peut le moins… Exemple sera donc pris de la matière contractuelle, soumise à la règle la plus complexe qui soit, la plus sujette à polémiques aussi, afin d’ouvrir la voie à davantage de cohérence.La reconfiguration du problème de qualification, ayant sa source dans la rupture imposée par le droit de l’Union entre la législation matérielle et la législation conflictuelle, en accentue naturellement la complexité. Curieusement, la construction jurisprudentielle multiplie sans raison les difficultés, imposant deux nouvelles ruptures, entre l’interprétation de la catégorie érigée au fondement de la compétence et l’interprétation du facteur de rattachement d’une part, entre l’opération de qualification et l’opération de coordination des compétences concurrentes d’autre part. La refondation du système de qualification suppose ainsi la combinaison harmonieuse de ce que la jurisprudence a dispersé, qualification, rattachement et coordination concourant conjointement à la détermination de la compétence spéciale, la cohérence des résultats de la qualification déterminant le choix des orientations méthodologiques de l’opération. Dans cette perspective simplificatrice, parce que la complexité des réponses juridiques ne se conçoit que lorsqu’elle reflète adéquatement et efficacement la complexité des questions, il apparaît naturel de confier à l’opération de qualification les moyens de prévenir les difficultés que ne manque pas de susciter sa pratique purement analytique, cause naturelle d’un dépeçage des situations entraînant à son tour une dispersion excessive du contentieux. Appuyé au contraire sur une opération de qualification à visée préventive, et recourant à des catégories plus synthétiques aux contours flexibles, le système de détermination de la compétence spéciale en matière contractuelle gagnerait en simplicité, en efficacité, en adaptabilité, et il pourrait peut-être être envisagé, enfin, de donner une dimension mondiale à ce qui fonctionnerait à l’échelle régionale. / Formally disassociating the sources of material and conflict legislation, European Private International law alters the classical problem of characterisation, resolution of which cannot be borrowed from BARTIN or RABEL theories any longer. Yet, the quality of the whole system, its stability at a given moment, as well as its capacity to develop and to deploy on the outside world, are placed in the narrow dependence of the efficiency of the characterisation process. Analysing this efficiency calls for an examination of the theoretical and methodological implications, as well as of the consistency of the achieved results. On both grounds, the current system of characterisation is undoubtedly disappointing, and should be reconsidered rationally. In this perspective, attention will be focused on “matters relating to contract”, submitted to the more complex and criticized rule of the Brussels I regulation. The importation of a conflict of laws issue within a conflict of jurisdiction reasoning (De Bloos/Tessili) constitutes a terrible factor of complexity, interpretation of the conflict category belonging to the European legal order while the interpretation of the connecting factor is abandoned to the national legal order. As a consequence, the reasons behind the choice of a specific connecting factor simply cannot impact the characterisation process, as the exclusion of all claims formed by third parties from the scope of article 5-1° illustrates (Handte). Moreover, complexity and heterogeneity of situations seem to radically oppose the exercise of adjudicatory authority by a unique jurisdiction other than that of the defendant’s domicile. In such a context, conflicts of litigations are more than frequent and are not always dealt with in a consistent manner. Gubisch, for instance, coerces the very thing Shenavai and Leathertex prohibit, i.e. the exercise of adjudicatory authority by the first judge seized, be it the judge of a secondary obligation. Kalfelis drastically opposes consolidation of parallel proceedings in the event a litigation implies claims founded on different grounds. Observation can thus be made that the Brussels I system currently separates three intellectual operations; characterisation, location of the connecting factor, and coordination of concurring jurisdictions are insulated from each other. Yet, those three operations not only chronologically follow one another, but also functionally pursue the same objective, and characterisation could, and should be provided with the means to anticipate the following difficulties. In this perspective, it is suggested that the dispersive consequences of every conceivable characterisation should constitute the very cause of the definitive and centralising characterisation. In other words, the results’ consistency, as well as the cohesion of the heterogeneous components of the claim should dictate methodological choices. It appears, in turn, that departing from the dogmatic attachment to actor sequitur and prior tempore would enable a well functioning regional system to deploy rationally on worldwide scale.

L’information des opérateurs, professionnels ou non, est l’outil le plus important de la confiance dans l’économie numérique et les textes européens et nationaux se sont multipliés pour l’assurer de manière de plus en plus complète. L’étude s’attachera à inventorier selon les sources (droit commun, code de la consommation, législations spéciales) et classer les différentes obligations d’information en proposant diverses typologies selon leur nature, leur objet (la chose et le prix, la durée, les modalités) et leur rôle dans le processus contractuel (information précontractuelle, information sur la formalisation du contrat, la rétractation). Elle évoquera les difficultés liées à la combinaison des règles spéciales et des règles de droit commun (contradictions, variations, chevauchements). Dans le silence des textes spéciaux, elle traitera enfin des sanctions du non-respect de l’obligation d’information selon qu’il met en cause, ou non, la validité du consentement (nullité du contrat, inopposabilité). / Information for operators, professionals or not, is the main tool of confidence in the digital economy and the European and national texts have proliferated to reinforce this in a more and more comprehensive way. Based on its origins (common law, the Consumer Code, special laws), the study will seek to make an inventory and classify the different sources of information obligations by providing different typologies adapted to their nature or purpose (the object and its price, duration, terms) and their role in the contract process (pre-contractual information, information on the formalization of the contract, the withdrawal). It will discuss the difficulties associated with the combination of special rules and common law (contradictions, variations, overlapping). In the silence of specific texts, it will also cover the penalties for non compliance with the obligation of information depending on whether it questions or not the validity of the consent (void contract, unenforceable).

La vie privée est une notion jurisprudentielle, consacrée récemment par le législateur. Pourtant, elle n’est pas clairement définie. Elle s’inscrit dans un contexte éminemment variable. Par conséquent, son domaine et son régime juridique sont complexes à déterminer. Cependant, des notions telles que l’intimité, l’identité et la personnalité permettent de mieux cerner le concept de vie privée.L’évolution de la société et l’accroissement des nouvelles technologies ont des incidences sur la vie privée. Mise en péril, celle-ci doit être mieux protégée. Les juridictions françaises et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme tentent de répondre à cette nécessité.Si la vie privée fait l’objet d’un droit au respect, son contentieux ne se cantonne pas seulement à un aspect défensif. Elle participe à l’épanouissement personnel de l’individu.Néanmoins, la protection de la vie privée est relative dans la mesure où elle se heurte à des intérêts antagonistes, tels que l’intérêt général et divers intérêts particuliers.Cette étude apportera des réponses sur la manière dont la vie privée est appréhendée par le droit. / Privacy is a jurisprudential notion, recently established by the legislator. Nevertheless, it’s not yet clearly defined. Privacy lies within an utterly variable context. Consequently, its domain and legal system are difficult to determine. However, notions such as intimacy, identity and personality help apprehending the concept of privacy.The evolution of society and the spreading of new technologies have impacts on privacy. Jeopardized, it has to be better protected. French courts and European Court of Human Rights are attempting at this necessity.If privacy is subjected to a right of respect, its dispute isn’t limited to defense. Privacy also contributes to personal development.Yet, right of privacy is relative insofar as it draws antagonist interests, such as general interest and various particular interests.This study contributes to apprehending privacy with regard to the Law.

市場導向指的是一種辨識市場狀態和顧客需求的企業理論，可以藉由不同的市場情報蒐集來達成。由此，其中的「市場感知能力」和「市場連結能力」能夠幫助企業不斷地修正、改進、創新及再定義原本的市場觀點，並研究市場中所有角色之間的關係。本研究致力於如何以文字探勘、資料探勘及機會發掘等理論創造一個服務的資訊系統來提升這兩個能力。運用本系統可以協助企業在不同市場中找到潛在資源及合作夥伴以共創複合性產品。換句話說，以這種開放關係和不同公司的共創方式更能達到相互曝光、產品與服務互補的效果。而更好的市場導向可以幫助企業間創造出更好的複合式產品並達到利基市場的競爭優勢。 / Market orientation refers to the business philosophy that focuses on identifying and meeting the stated or hidden needs of customers through various approaches of intelligence gathering activities. To this end, two important capabilities, market sensing and market relating, are to enable business to formulate, examine, modify, renovate and redefine their market views and investigate among all players in the market. This study focuses on how to exploit information system as a service to facilitate the acts of the market sensing and market relating capabilities in terms of information technologies of the text mining technique and the chance discovery theory. In addition, this service would help various businesses seek new, necessary and related resources or fellow companies for each other to cooperate to form a complex service product from different markets. In other words, cooperating in the open relationship, different companies attain more possibility to mutually expose their features, product or service, which achieves a marketing for those companies in different markets as well, and better market orientation is also avail business to make better complex product or service for niche market to get competitive advantages.

Plus de soixante ans après sa signature, qui sont les personnes bénéficiaires de la qualité de réfugié au sens de l’article 1A de la Convention de Genève relative au statut de réfugié de 1951? En effet, si cette convention compte parmi les plus ratifiées au monde et n’a jamais été remise en cause, celle-ci fait pourtant l’objet de polémiques croissantes portant sur sa capacité à protéger les personnes contraintes de s’exiler. Elle s’applique par ailleurs dans un contexte politique de suspicion grandissante à l’égard des demandeurs d’asile. On peut donc se demander qui sont aujourdh’ui les personnes qui se voient reconnaître la qualité de réfugié ? A cette fin, l’étude s’appuie sur une analyse comparée des jurisprudences de plusieurs pays occidentaux : Australie – Belgique - Canada - Etats-Unis - France – Grande-Bretagne – Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle s’appuie aussi sur une analyse systémique de l’article 1A et ses interprétations jurisprudentielles à la lumière des évolutions du droit international des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire. Ainsi, l’analyse met en lumière plusieurs points. Plus que les motifs invoqués ou la nature des mauvais traitements craints, c’est sur le caractère individuel ou collectif des persécutions que se dessine une ligne de fracture entre les Etats occidentaux. En effet, ces derniers ont, de manière convergente, fait évoluer leur interprétation de la qualité de réfugié quand les requérants invoquent des persécutions individuelles. C’est ainsi que les individus craignant d’être persecutés en raison de l’expression de leurs opinions politiques ou religieuses dissidentes, ou du libre exercice de leurs droits fondamentaux, quel que soit leur genre ou leur orientation sexuelle, se voient aujourd’hui communément reconnaître la qualité de réfugié. Dans le cadre de ces persécutions individuelles, les Etats ont aussi développé de manière convergente une interprétation assouplie des agents de persécution, acceptant ainsi de protéger les personnes fuyant des mauvais traitements perpétrés par des agents étatiques et des personnes privées. En revanche, il existe encore de nombreuses divergences entre les Etats lorsque les individus revendiquent fuir des persécutions collectives. S’appuyant sur la reconnaissance d’une interprétation plus ou moins individualiste de la qualité de réfugié, les personnes craignant d’être persécutées en raison de leur race, de leur nationalité ou de leur appartenance à un groupe religieux ne doivent pas satisfaire aux mêmes exigences pour se voir reconnaître la qualité de réfugié. Et dans le contexte actuel où de plus en plus de personnes fuient des persécutions collectives perpétrées dans un Etat en situation de conflit armé, ces divergences sont d’autant plus importantes. / Sixty years after its signatory, who can be qualify as a refugee under the 1951 Refugee Convention relating to the Status of Refugee ? If it is one of the most ratified treaty of the world, it’s relevance have nevertheless recently been questioned and some commentators don’t hesitate to speak of an outdated Convention. Moreover, it applies in a political context of clear suspicion against asylum-seekers. So, we can wonder who can nowadays qualify as a refugee among the million of persons fleeing their home ? To answer to this question, the study focuses on judicial review of many industrialized countries, such as Australia – Belgium – Canada – United States – France – Great-Britain and New Zealand. A systemic interpretation of Article 1A and its judicial interpretation in the light of both international human right law and international humanitarian law also helps to conduce the study. First, the analyse reveals that it is not on the motives of persecution neither the nature of the treatment feared that we can observe similarities or differences between the countries. It is on individual or collective persecutions. When asylum seekers look for international protection based on individual persecutions, States have commonly adopted a dynamic interpretation of article 1A . Persons who have a well-founded fear of being persecuted because they have freely express their dissent political or religious opinion, their sexual orientation, or because they refuse to conform to the roles and identities attributing to their gender, can be recognised as refugees in all the countries of the study. In the context of individual persecutions, States have also commonly developed an evolutive interpretation of the persecution agents. They protect all the persons who risk to be persecuted by state agents or non-state agents. On the contrary, there are many continuing and growing divergences between States when persons flee collective persecutions because of their race, their nationality of their belonging to a religious group. They keep on developing a different interpretation of the individualist definition of the refugee. And while more and more person ask for international protection because they flee collective persecutions during an armed conflict, these divergences are even more important.

This thesis is a biographical study of Erika Theron (1907-1990), an Afrikaner woman who played a significant role in many aspects of public life in South Africa in a critical time in the country‘s history. The study seeks to give recognition to her achievements, which have received scant attention in a historiography with a masculine bias. At the same time it examines her changing role from collaborator to critic of the apartheid system. Certain defining features of Theron‘s life have been highlighted. First, Theron grew up in a staunchly Afrikaner nationalist, service-oriented family which encouraged loyalty to her own people and civic responsibility. Second, she was unusual among Afrikaner women of her generation, in that she was highly educated, independent and ready to assume leadership roles. She became a pioneer in a number of fields, attaining high professional rank and holding important public offices – frequently as the first woman to do so in the country. The thesis focuses on five areas of Theron‘s public life. After returning from post-graduate studies abroad, she worked with Hendrik Verwoerd in the campaign to uplift poor whites, particularly the rehabilitation and re-integration of the Afrikaner poor. She thereafter commenced a long career as a social work academic, which included a number of milestones for her new discipline, for the profession of social work and for the advancement of women in academia. From the 1950s she served on the town council of Stellenbosch, including terms as deputy mayor and mayor. She played an important role in historic conservation but was also instrumental in the rigorous institution of apartheid structures in the town during the early days of National Party rule. In the early 1970s she served as chairman of the Commission of Enquiry into Coloured Affairs which influenced her personal views on the country‘s race policies. She became a public critic of many aspects of the apartheid system and vocal advocate for coloured rights. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (History)

Dissertation / This study explores the role of the principal in the management of parent involvement in secondary schools in Northern Province. A literature study investigated existing theories and models of parent involvement; parent involvement in the South African context and the provision of education in South Africa in historical perspective. It also investigated the managerial role of the principal in parent involvement. A qualitative investigation in three secondary schools in Northern Province was done. Data were gathered by means of participant observation in-depth interviews with principals and focus-group interviews with teachers and three parents on the school governing bodies. Analysed data revealed the following findings: principals lack knowledge on parent involvement and schools lack policies and organisational structures dealing with parent involvement as well as home-school relations. As a result of these findings, there is a need to equip principals with ways in which they can involve parents in their schools. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

La discipline, élément essentiel de la vie pénitentiaire, fut longtemps ignorée du droit. L’analyse comparée des systèmes anglo-gallois, espagnol et français en la matière permet cependant de constater la normativisation de la discipline pénitentiaire et un accroissement des garanties processuelles accordées au détenu, qui accède au statut de justiciable. Ce mouvement traduit une certaine recherche d’équité dans la procédure disciplinaire, qui est à mettre en relation avec le renforcement progressif des droits de l’homme en milieu fermé. Le droit européen des droits de l’homme, bien que timoré sous certains aspects processuels, n’est pas étranger à cette évolution et permet de dégager une idéologie pénitentiaire fixant des standards communs aux différents droits internes. L’examen des systèmes disciplinaires observés révèle néanmoins les difficultés auxquelles est confrontée l’entrée du droit dans le monde pénitentiaire. Le droit est en outre loin d’être le seul instrument de gestion employé en détention. La conjonction de ces divers facteurs incite à proposer un modèle disciplinaire global reflétant cette recherche d’équité dans le système disciplinaire pénitentiaire. / Discipline is a key part of prison life which has long been ignored by the law. The comparative analysis of the English, Welsh, Spanish and French systems on this topic highlights however the prison discipline’s normativization and the increase of all the procedural safeguards for prisoners-litigants. This process reflects the search for a greater equity in prison adjudication, which could be connected to the progressive strengthening of Human Rights’ in prison. Although the European law on Human Rights is still timorous on some procedural aspects, it is part of this evolution, and it develops a global prison ideology by setting common standards for the different national laws in Europe. Nevertheless, the review of the different disciplinary systems enlightens the difficulties faced by the emergence of the rule of law in prison. Besides, the law is far from being the only mean for prison management. These factors’ convergence encourages to propose a new global disciplinary model, reflecting the search of a higher level of equity in the prison disciplinary system.

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo ser guía en el análisis e interpretación de las causas de los Costos de No Calidad para los futuros proyectos del sector construcción, tomando como fuente de información el proyecto de viviendas multifamiliares: “Nuevo Alcázar Condominio”, ubicada en el distrito del Rímac en la ciudad de Lima. La tesis se desarrolló de acuerdo a la información de la Primera Etapa comprendida por los Edificios 17, 18 y 19; las principales fuentes de información fueron los registros de las No Conformidades en el proceso de ejecución de la obra, la data del programa S10 que nos fue de ayuda para obtener los costos reales acumulados, la data del programa PLANOK, del cual se obtuvo el registro de observaciones de los propietarios desde la puesta en servicio del proyecto, el reporte operativo de costos acumulado a Agosto 2015, el registro de adicionales y control de cambios durante la ejecución del proyecto, estas herramientas fueron piezas claves para el análisis de esta investigación. Para el caso estudiado, se concluyó del objetivo general que los costos de no calidad influyen en el margen de utilidad cuando se realiza un presupuesto sincerado, de los objetivos específicos se concluye que la calidad se debe desarrollar desde el diseño del proyecto y no solo durante la etapa de ejecución, ya que los errores o incompatibilizaciones en los planos generan adicionales de obra y se analizaron que las partidas de control que representaron una mayor ganancia fueron las que obtuvieron mayores observaciones en la puesta en servicio del proyecto. The objective of this investigation is to be a guide in the analysis and interpretation of the causes of non-quality costs for future projects in the construction sector, using as information the project: “Nuevo Alcázar Condominio", located in the district of Rimac in Lima. The investigation was developed according to information of the first phase comprised of Buildings 17, 18 and 19; the main sources of information were records of nonconformity in the process of execution of the project, the data of the S10 program that was helpful to us for actual costs accumulated, dates from PLANOK program, which recording observations of the owners was obtained from the commissioning of the project, operating costs accumulated report in August 2015, additional registration and change control during project implementation, these were important tools for the analysis of this research. For the case study, it was concluded from general object that the costs of not quality affect the profit margin when the budget is exact, the specific objectives that quality is important from the design of the project and not only in the implementation phase, so that the fault on drawings generate additional work and we analyzed the control items accounted for a larger gain were the major observations obtained in the service of the project.