This essay is based on a previous study we conducted during our last internship in the teacher trainee program. We have conducted a a literature study on alternative and possible usage of movies in classroom environments in upper secondary school. The goal has been to investigate how you can use film to acquire English as a second language, in Grade seven at a school located in the southern part of Sweden. Focus has been on improving students' oral skills, and working with ethical questions, which can be promoted by watching films in school. To do this we have chosen to include drama and role-playing as a part of processing the movies. The films this essay focuses on are Zootopia (2016) and Remember the Titans (2000). In our result and conclusion, we state that including drama together with films in the classroom is a motivating factor for the students and an excellent way to make all the students talk and practice their English oral skills. With the selected themes, racism and xenophobia which are treated in both movies, students are given the chance to discuss and reflect about equality and human rights.

The current study investigated whether there were age-related differences in episodic feeling-of-knowing (FOK) accuracy and whether accuracy was influenced by when the FOK judgments were made. Younger and older participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions that manipulated the timing of the FOK in relation to cued-recall and recognition. Age-related differences in FOK accuracy were not reliable either when the FOK was immediate or when it was delayed. Moreover, FOK accuracy was above chance for both age groups. Remember/Know (RK) judgments correlated reliably with FOKs for unrecalled words for both age groups and did not vary by FOK timing. Verbal ability, but not education, health, or perceptual speed, correlated with FOK accuracy. These results suggest that rather than a general age-related deficit in episodic FOK accuracy, the presence of age-related differences in resolution might be influenced by individual differences in such factors as verbal ability and frontal functioning.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1133764 bytes, checksum: 97cb00ace24927f692b211780e9bf51c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Memory is a multiple system made by codification subsystems, storage and recovery of information. The rating can be done through the type of stimulus processed - visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory or tactile. Inside the tactile memory is found the subcategory of haptic memory, responsible for the acquisition of information by the active manipulation of objects. The memory subsystems show significant drop with the healthy aging and with distinct effects in its components. It has been found few studies relating long term forgetting for the haptic memory in healthy old people. In this sense, this research had aimed to evaluate the forgetting rates of information processed by the haptic modality in different time spans for remember and recognition memories in a thirty six old people sample, both sex, no cognitive commitment and with reading and writing skills. For that purpose, it was used a specific wooden box for the presentation of the haptic stimuli. The procedure is made of two parts, one study phase (stimuli presentation) and the test phase (remember or recognition tasks), realized after intervals of one, ten or twenty minutes. The Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples showed significant differences between the remember and recognition memory and the time spans analyzed (H = 23,17; gl = 1; p < 0,05). Is was used as post hoc the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction, which presented significant differences between the ten minutes remember condition and ten minutes recognition condition (p < 0,083), although this differences weren't detected in the comparison of the remember and recognition tests for the interval of twenty minutes (p > 0,083). These data reveal that the type of test didn't influence in the recovery of the information after twenty minutes, indicating that the loss of the processed information by the haptic modality in old people starts to stabilize beyond this interval, independently from the evocation test. In general, results show few loss of information when it's processed haptically, suggesting that the evocation for longer time spans in this modality cannot be affected by aging. / A memória é um sistema múltiplo constituído por subsistemas de codificação, armazenamento e recuperação de informações. Sua classificação pode ser feita de acordo com o tipo de estímulo processado - visual, auditivo, gustativo, olfativo ou tátil. Dentro da memória tátil, encontra-se a submodalidade de memória háptica, referente a aquisição de informações pela manipulação ativa dos objetos. Os subsistemas da memória apresentam declínio significativo com o envelhecimento saudável, com efeitos diferenciados em seu componentes. Foram encontrados poucos estudos relacionando o esquecimento a longo prazo para a memória háptica em idosos saudáveis. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar as taxas de esquecimento da informação processada na modalidade háptica em diferentes intervalos de tempo para memórias de recordação e reconhecimento em uma amostra de 36 idosos, de ambos os sexos, sem comprometimento cognitivo e com capacidade de leitura e escrita. Para isso, foi utilizada uma caixa de madeira específica para apresentação de estímulos hápticos. O procedimento consistiu em duas fases, uma fase de estudo (apresentação dos estímulos) e outra de teste (tarefas de recordação ou reconhecimento), realizada após os intervalos de 1, 10 ou 20 minutos. O teste para amostras independentes Kruskal-Wallis mostrou diferenças significantes entre a memória de recordação e reconhecimento e os intervalos de tempo analisados (H = 23,17; gl = 1; p < 0,05). Utilizou-se como post hoc o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney com correção Bonferroni, o qual apresentou diferenças significantes entre a condição recordação após 10 minutos e reconhecimento após 10 minutos (p < 0,0083), porém essas diferenças não foram detectadas na comparação das tarefas de recordação e reconhecimento após o intervalo de 20 minutos (p > 0,0083). Esses dados revelam que o tipo de tarefa não influenciou na recuperação da informação após 20 minutos, indicando que a perda de informações processadas na modalidade háptica em idosos começa se estabilizar a partir deste intervalo, independente da tarefa de evocação. Em resumo, os resultados mostram que ocorre pouca perda da informação quando processada hapticamente, sugerindo que a evocação para intervalos de tempo mais longos nesta modalidade podem não ser afetados pelo envelhecimento.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how conservatism affects a person's perception of everyday details. It is hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between the participants' conservative ratings and the amount of details from the readings they recall that are also conservative. This will also mean that there will be a negative correlation between the participants scoring higher on the conservatism scale and the amount of liberal details they recall. A similar pattern is expected to be discovered pertaining to participants that identify as more liberal. How is this measured? The participants will be asked to rate the their political views on a scale of 1-6, 1 being extremely liberal, and 6 being extremely conservative. A transcript of a political debate will contain views that are both conservative and liberal. Each view will be backed up by details supporting each of a candidate's policies. The transcript will include minor grammatical errors including punctuation, spelling, and tenses, all of which the participant will be asked to correct. Following this will be a mathematical task which will include converting mixed numbers to improper fractions at the difficulty of a fifth grade level. A memory recall task will then be administered to the participants asking them to recall as many of the details from the debate as possible.

No description available.

The present study set out to evaluate the relationship between list-method directed forgetting and one’s individual differences. Previous research has found personality and emotion as having an influence in how well participants were able to intentionally forget stimuli. Participants were split into a remember group and a forget group of 22 each and tasked to memorize a list of 10 words. They were then given a free recall test and the results for individual differences such as Need for Cognition, Mini-IPIP personality test, and Beck’s Depression Inventory were analyzed. Our first hypothesis presumes that participants in the forget group will have impaired recall of words. The second hypothesis predicts that individual differences have an effect with how many words participants recall. Results in this study indicated that while individual measures proved not significant between both groups, overall recall for the first list was lower than recall for the second list. There were also indications of an interaction between amount recalled from lists and whether they were in the remember group or in the forget group. Analyses showed that remember group had a recall mean similar in lists 1 and list 2, while the forget group had a higher recall mean in list 2 and a lower recall mean in the list 1, indicating that directed forgetting had taken place in the forget group.

No description available.

Résumé: L’objectif général de la thèse était de caractériser les déficits de reconnaissance mnésique dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et le trouble cognitif léger. La thèse comprend trois articles. Le premier article propose une recension des écrits portant sur les déficits cognitifs dans le trouble cognitif léger, alors que les deux articles suivants rapportent les résultats d’études expérimentales portant sur la reconnaissance. Le but de la première étude empirique était d’évaluer l’impact du type de matériel sur la reconnaissance à long terme et la reconnaissance à court terme dans la maladie d’Alzheimer en comparant l’atteinte pour des stimuli verbaux et musicaux. Nos analyses de groupe ont révélé que les atteintes des personnes avec maladie d’Alzheimer s’étendaient à toutes les épreuves et que les déficits étaient d’une ampleur comparable en reconnaissance musicale et verbale. Les analyses corrélationnelles appuient, bien que partiellement, une certaine spécificité d’atteintes par domaine, particulièrement en reconnaissance à long terme, mais suggèrent également que les deux domaines puissent partager certains mécanismes. L’objectif de la seconde étude était de caractériser les processus utilisés en reconnaissance dans le vieillissement normal et le trouble cognitif léger en fonction de la nouveauté et du type de matériel. L’étude évaluait la recollection et la familiarité à l’aide de la méthode remember/know. Les tâches étaient composées d’items connus et d’items nouveaux faisant partie du domaine verbal ou du domaine musical. Les résultats ont révélé que la recollection était atteinte dans le vieillissement normal et le trouble cognitif léger, mais uniquement pour la reconnaissance de stimuli connus, ce qui est compatible avec le fait que les deux groupes ont de la difficulté à encoder l’information de façon élaborée. D’autre part, la familiarité était compromise dans le vieillissement normal, sans impact additionnel du trouble cognitif léger, et seulement pour la reconnaissance de stimuli inconnus. Cette atteinte peut être associée aux difficultés des aînés dans les tâches d’amorçage perceptif impliquant des items inconnus. Les résultats découlant de ces études s’avèrent pertinents dans une perspective clinique, en plus de pouvoir contribuer à certaines questions d’ordre théorique. / Abstract: The main objective of this thesis was to characterize recognition memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. The thesis includes three articles. The first paper proposes a literature review on the cognitive deficits observed in mild cognitive impairment, whereas the following articles report results from experimental studies on memory recognition. The goal of the first empirical study was to assess the impact of the type of material on long-term recognition and short-term recognition in Alzheimer’s disease comparing deficits in the verbal and musical domains. Results indicated that musical long-term recognition and short-term recognition were impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, musical deficits were of the same magnitude as those found in the verbal domain. A positive correlation was however observed between musical and verbal short-term recognition, whereas it was not the case in long-term recognition. These data thus partially support the presence of domain-specific impairments, particularly in long-term recognition, but also suggest that musical and verbal memory could share some mechanisms. The goal of the second study was to evaluate the impact of the novelty and the type of material on recognition processes in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. The study assessed two processes that contribute to recognition memory: recollection and familiarity. These processes were measured using the remember/know procedure. Recognition tasks were composed of well-known stimuli and novel stimuli in the verbal domain and in the musical domain. Results revealed that recollection was impaired by normal aging and mild cognitive impairment, but only for the recognition of well-known items. This is compatible with the fact that both groups have difficulty encoding information in an elaborate manner. In turn, familiarity was impaired by normal aging, with no additional impact of mild cognitive impairment, and only for the recognition of novel items. This deficit could be associated with impaired perceptual priming effects for novel stimuli that are reported in normal aging. The results reported in this thesis are relevant from a clinical perspective, and could also contribute to theoretical issues.

Résumé: L’objectif général de la thèse était de caractériser les déficits de reconnaissance mnésique dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et le trouble cognitif léger. La thèse comprend trois articles. Le premier article propose une recension des écrits portant sur les déficits cognitifs dans le trouble cognitif léger, alors que les deux articles suivants rapportent les résultats d’études expérimentales portant sur la reconnaissance. Le but de la première étude empirique était d’évaluer l’impact du type de matériel sur la reconnaissance à long terme et la reconnaissance à court terme dans la maladie d’Alzheimer en comparant l’atteinte pour des stimuli verbaux et musicaux. Nos analyses de groupe ont révélé que les atteintes des personnes avec maladie d’Alzheimer s’étendaient à toutes les épreuves et que les déficits étaient d’une ampleur comparable en reconnaissance musicale et verbale. Les analyses corrélationnelles appuient, bien que partiellement, une certaine spécificité d’atteintes par domaine, particulièrement en reconnaissance à long terme, mais suggèrent également que les deux domaines puissent partager certains mécanismes. L’objectif de la seconde étude était de caractériser les processus utilisés en reconnaissance dans le vieillissement normal et le trouble cognitif léger en fonction de la nouveauté et du type de matériel. L’étude évaluait la recollection et la familiarité à l’aide de la méthode remember/know. Les tâches étaient composées d’items connus et d’items nouveaux faisant partie du domaine verbal ou du domaine musical. Les résultats ont révélé que la recollection était atteinte dans le vieillissement normal et le trouble cognitif léger, mais uniquement pour la reconnaissance de stimuli connus, ce qui est compatible avec le fait que les deux groupes ont de la difficulté à encoder l’information de façon élaborée. D’autre part, la familiarité était compromise dans le vieillissement normal, sans impact additionnel du trouble cognitif léger, et seulement pour la reconnaissance de stimuli inconnus. Cette atteinte peut être associée aux difficultés des aînés dans les tâches d’amorçage perceptif impliquant des items inconnus. Les résultats découlant de ces études s’avèrent pertinents dans une perspective clinique, en plus de pouvoir contribuer à certaines questions d’ordre théorique. / Abstract: The main objective of this thesis was to characterize recognition memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. The thesis includes three articles. The first paper proposes a literature review on the cognitive deficits observed in mild cognitive impairment, whereas the following articles report results from experimental studies on memory recognition. The goal of the first empirical study was to assess the impact of the type of material on long-term recognition and short-term recognition in Alzheimer’s disease comparing deficits in the verbal and musical domains. Results indicated that musical long-term recognition and short-term recognition were impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, musical deficits were of the same magnitude as those found in the verbal domain. A positive correlation was however observed between musical and verbal short-term recognition, whereas it was not the case in long-term recognition. These data thus partially support the presence of domain-specific impairments, particularly in long-term recognition, but also suggest that musical and verbal memory could share some mechanisms. The goal of the second study was to evaluate the impact of the novelty and the type of material on recognition processes in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. The study assessed two processes that contribute to recognition memory: recollection and familiarity. These processes were measured using the remember/know procedure. Recognition tasks were composed of well-known stimuli and novel stimuli in the verbal domain and in the musical domain. Results revealed that recollection was impaired by normal aging and mild cognitive impairment, but only for the recognition of well-known items. This is compatible with the fact that both groups have difficulty encoding information in an elaborate manner. In turn, familiarity was impaired by normal aging, with no additional impact of mild cognitive impairment, and only for the recognition of novel items. This deficit could be associated with impaired perceptual priming effects for novel stimuli that are reported in normal aging. The results reported in this thesis are relevant from a clinical perspective, and could also contribute to theoretical issues.

Le Cahier 46 de Marcel Proust est un cahier particulièrement important dans la genèse du roman proustien. Écrit principalement dans les années 1914 et 1915, il est un cahier de transition entre le roman d’avant-guerre et le roman tel qu’il sera publié après la guerre. Cette étude du Cahier 46 [volume I] qui s’appuie sur une transcription diplomatique intégrale du Cahier [volume II] est à la fois génétique et littéraire. Elle entend montrer que ce cahier est au cœur des bouleversements du roman, le lieu de naissance de cette prolifération interne qui a fait d’un roman en trois volumes un roman fleuve, le lieu aussi où l’on assiste à la métamorphose d’Albertine. Non seulement elle occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans l’œuvre mais surtout elle change de nature. D’une fille dont le héros « s’amourache » [Cahier 13, folio 28 r°], elle devient un personnage au destin tragique, nœud d’une histoire sans cesse réécrite qui permet de relier les grands thèmes du roman - la mort, la culpabilité, Gomorrhe et l’homosexualité - et de relire les relations du héros avec les personnages de la mère et de la grand-mère. L’analyse génétique du Cahier 46, écrit dans ce moment de crise, permet de poser quelques grands principes et de proposer une analyse précise de la pratique du brouillon de Proust ainsi que de mettre en évidence la réorganisation du roman à partir de l’année 1913 qui signe l’apparition d’Albertine. Ces éléments conduisent à une interprétation littéraire de cette métamorphose du roman sous la pression du personnage : le passage d’un roman des filles à un roman d’Albertine. / The Cahier 46 of Marcel Proust is one of the key exercise books to understand the growth of A la recherche du temps perdu. Proust wrote this exercise book mainly between 1914 and 1915. As such, it makes the transition from the novel as it had been planned by Proust before the First World War to the novel as it has been actually published after the war. Our study is based on a complete transcription of this exercise book [volume II] and proposes a literary criticism of it [volume I]. More precisely, the aim of the thesis is to show this exercise book is one of the focal points of the deep framework changes in A la recherche du temps perdu during the war: the former three volumes of the novel become a large novel mainly because of the metamorphosis of Albertine’s character. Within Cahier 46, Albertine’s character takes a twofold feature. Firstly, this character becomes one of the main characters of the novel. Secondly, the role of Albertine dramatically changes. Cahier 46 makes it possible to understand how the story which was still before 1914 only the one of a boy who falls in love with a girl becomes the one of a tragic story of love, continuously written and rewritten by Proust: a story about death, suspicion, culpability, Gomorrah and homosexuality. First, this study presents general principles and precise analyses about how Proust wrote, that is to say Proust’s practice of manuscripts. It then shows how the introduction of Albertine’s character results in deep changes in the framework of the novel after 1913. Finally, all these elements allow us to focus on a literary interpretation of these metamorphoses.