Overexpression of Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - cytosolic (PEPCK, encoded by Pck-1 gene) has been found to be associated with the prevalence of hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. The Pck-1 enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step in endogenous glucose production. The aims of this study are to develop a Pck-1:eGFP reporter zebrafish and validate it as a potential tool for the screening of novel anti-diabetic compounds. 3.6 kb zebrafish Pck-1 promoter fragment was cloned and a Pck-1:eGFP expression vector was constructed. After DNA microinjection, we generated Pck-1:eGFP reporter zebrafish with strong eGFP expression in developing liver. Validation studies confirmed that Pck-1:eGFP zebrafish embryos responded to treatment of glucose, cAMP and dexamethasone, metformin and rosiglitazone similarly to that of humans. This novel Pck-1:eGFP reporter fish line can serve as a tool for the screening and development of novel anti-diabetic drugs that may have potential in the treatment of T2DM.

South Africa ratified the Stockholm Convention (SC), which became legally binding on 17 May 2004. This Convention targets 12 particularly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for virtual elimination. The Convention also requires parties to reduce the release of organochlorine pesticides and the intentionally- and unintentionally-produced POPs such as dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (referred to as dioxin-like chemicals). Dioxins are a heterogeneous mixture of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) congeners. These substances were never intentionally produced but are produced as by-products of industrial processes (such as metallurgical processes and bleaching of paper pulp). They can also be formed during natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires. The largest contributor to releases of PCDD/Fs in the environment is incomplete combustion from waste incinerators leading to the unintentional production of these compounds. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are used in transformers and capacitors, but can also be formed unintentionally during industrial and thermal processes. Dioxin-like chemicals (PCDD/Fs and/or PCBs) are classified as persistent because of the following characteristics: lipophilicity and hydrophobicity; resistance to photolytic, chemical and biological degradation and they are able to travel long distances. As South Africa is a semiarid region, POPs will be less prone to travel here because these substances favour colder regions with high soil organic matter. Fish, predatory birds, mammals (including humans) absorb high concentrations of POPs through the process of bio-concentration, leading to bio-accumulation of these substances in the fatty tissue. PCDD/Fs occur as unwanted trace contaminants in air, water, land, in residues and products (such as consumer goods e.g. paper and textiles). The distribution of these chemicals into various matrices is problematic since they cause damage to the environment and human health. These chemicals pose a threat to human health when found in high concentrations that may lead to acute hepatoxicity and dermal toxicity (chloracne). Long-term exposure to low concentrations of these substances might lead to chronic effects such as reproductive problems and carcinogenicity. Since ferrous and non-ferrous metal production is a source of dioxin-like chemicals, a platinum mine in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, was selected for this investigation. The aim of the study was to determine if there are dioxin-like chemicals associated with platinum mining and processing, and if the H4IIE reporter gene bio-assay could be used to semi-quantify and assess the potencies of the complex environmental and process samples by determining their Toxic Equivalency Quotients (TEQ). The implications of the sources to the formation of dioxin-like chemicals regarding the SC were investigated and recommendations were made to improve this study. Samples were collected from tailings dams, woodchips, a dumpsite and slag from the smelter at Union Section. Samples were extracted with the Soxhlet apparatus using hexane as solvent. The percentage total organic carbon (%TOC) was determined for each sample to normalise the data. The method used was the Walkley-Black method. In determining the TEQ of each sample, the H4IIE luc cell line was used. The cells of the H4IIE luc line are genetically modified rat hepatoma cells stably transfected with a luciferase firefly gene. The luciferase gene is activated by the presence of dioxin-like compounds and the concentration of the enzyme is measured as relative light units (RLUs). The amount of RLUs is directly proportional to the dioxin load in the extract. This method is rapid, cost and time-effective in determining the TEQ when compared to chemical analysis. The TEQ2o-valuesin the various samples, as determined with the H4IIE luc cell line, ranged from 0.007 ngTEQ/kg to 54.06 ngTEQ/kg. Thermal processes at the smelter, sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) to soil and tailings, and external sources such as anthropogenic activities contributed to high TEQ2o-values. Climatic conditions, wind, precipitation, and solubility of HOCs into surfactants lead to low TEQ20. The smelter at Union Section had a very high TEQ20of 44.62 ngTEQ/kg compared to Impala Platinum mine (5.15 ngTEQ/kg). This implies that workers at Union Section are possibly exposed to low and high concentrations of dioxin-like chemicals. Long-term exposure to these compounds could lead to bio-accumulation in the fatty tissue of the mine workers, leading to chronic effects such as reproductive problems and cancer. The air emission of the furnace at the smelter was 0.03 gTEQ/annum and the release of the PCDD/Fs into the slag was 0.60 gTEQ/annum. By effectively managing the smelter it is possible to reduce the TEQ. The TEQ of each sample increased due to normalising the data. The normalised TEQ20 ranged from 0.94 ng TEQ/kg to 42497.48 ngTEQ/kg. Dioxin-like chemicals are present on a platinum mine, but at varying quantities and the effects of these compounds might be detrimental to the environment and the workers at the platinum mine. Further analyses of the health impacts associated with the platinum mine are needed. The H4IIE reporter gene bio-assay could be used to effectively determine the TEQ of each sample. Although this investigation has identified the formation and presence of dioxin-like chemicals at certain stages of mining and processing, not all of the processes were investigated. Some of these processes have the potential to add, and even destroy, these chemicals, affecting potential human exposure and amounts released to the environment. This, however, requires further investigation. The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Water resources in South Africa are scarce, and should therefore be protected against pollutants, also from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This is emphasised by the Stockholm Convention on POPs, which aims at reducing and ultimately eliminating POPs. South Africa signed and ratified the treaty, and it became international law on 17 May 2004. POPS are highly stable, toxic, hydrophobic and lipophilic compounds, with the ability to accumulate in biological tissues. Previous research had shown that dioxin-like POPS are present in the aquatic environments of South Africa, with the highest concentrations of these substances measured in industrialised areas of South Africa. The present study aimed at investigating the extent of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzo-furan (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution in the Vaal Triangle, by targeting aquatic sediments and biota. Sediment samples were collected from the Blesbok Spruit, Taaibos Spruit, Leeu Spruit and Suikerbosrand River, and fish tissue samples were collected from Blesbok Spruit and Suikerbosrand River, to determine bio-accumulation. The samples were extracted with organic solvents, cleaned-up and fractionated. Raw extracts and fractions were analysed with the H4IIE-luc reporter gene bio-assay. This bio-assay is a rapid, sensitive and relatively cost-effective method, which measures the effects of dioxin-like compounds on rat hepatoma cells, transfected with firefly luciferase gene. Selected samples were analysed with gas chromatographylmass spectrometry (GCIMS) to confirm results. Only one site had quantifiable amounts of dioxin-like substances in the sediment, measured to be 52.35 ng/kg [Effective Concentration 50 (EC 50)]. This value exceeds many of the European and USA quality guidelines, proposed for sediments. No dioxin-like substances were found in fish tissues. The absence of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in aquatic sediments and fish tissues from the Vaal Triangle area might be due to the climatic conditions of the area, dilution effects in streams, and degradation of these compounds by UV-radiation and microbial organisms. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Water resources in South Africa are scarce, and should therefore be protected against pollutants, also from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This is emphasised by the Stockholm Convention on POPs, which aims at reducing and ultimately eliminating POPs. South Africa signed and ratified the treaty, and it became international law on 17 May 2004. POPS are highly stable, toxic, hydrophobic and lipophilic compounds, with the ability to accumulate in biological tissues. Previous research had shown that dioxin-like POPS are present in the aquatic environments of South Africa, with the highest concentrations of these substances measured in industrialised areas of South Africa. The present study aimed at investigating the extent of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzo-furan (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution in the Vaal Triangle, by targeting aquatic sediments and biota. Sediment samples were collected from the Blesbok Spruit, Taaibos Spruit, Leeu Spruit and Suikerbosrand River, and fish tissue samples were collected from Blesbok Spruit and Suikerbosrand River, to determine bio-accumulation. The samples were extracted with organic solvents, cleaned-up and fractionated. Raw extracts and fractions were analysed with the H4IIE-luc reporter gene bio-assay. This bio-assay is a rapid, sensitive and relatively cost-effective method, which measures the effects of dioxin-like compounds on rat hepatoma cells, transfected with firefly luciferase gene. Selected samples were analysed with gas chromatographylmass spectrometry (GCIMS) to confirm results. Only one site had quantifiable amounts of dioxin-like substances in the sediment, measured to be 52.35 ng/kg [Effective Concentration 50 (EC 50)]. This value exceeds many of the European and USA quality guidelines, proposed for sediments. No dioxin-like substances were found in fish tissues. The absence of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in aquatic sediments and fish tissues from the Vaal Triangle area might be due to the climatic conditions of the area, dilution effects in streams, and degradation of these compounds by UV-radiation and microbial organisms. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The thesis focuses on school media that are created by students and teachers at schools. The project's introduction briefly defines basic terms and main types of school media. Specifics of the single school media and their content are shortly described. Following chapters are devoted to history and development of school media in the few past years at our territory. The theory part lists the most frequent topics chosen for school media along with factors of motivation that influence media creation. Part of the thesis deals with selected school documents, specifically 'Educational Framework Program' where stress is put on possibilities to use school media during the lessons of media education at elementary and secondary grammar schools. Second part of the thesis focuses on a specific case study where results from the research are presented. In the research it selfone type of school media, school TV of Secondary Grammar School in Pribram, is deeply analysed. The goal of the research is to investigate the course of preparation, planning and realization of the school reporting. At tempt of the thesis is also to describe what kind of students are becoming school reporters and why, last but not least what is the technical equipment of the school and what is the response of the school media audience.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Placa 2-td.pdf: 823821 bytes, checksum: 2d7098ae3f22de5fb8860878394ad161 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-31 / The present paper proposes to highlight the importance of the investigative report and show the worth that must be observed in the commitment of a TV reporter s ethical professional performance, capable of changing the course of Brazil recent political history. The practical of the authentic journalism turns out to be converting. That is what happens with the performance of the reporter Caco Barcellos. He proposed himself to chase a single story for more than a year and, in the end, disclose the truth hidden during 30 years by the public authority. Such report triggered the reparation of a social injustice done against a brazilian young student. The strength of a report presented in a TV news is undeniable, mainly because of the penetration power of TV in all social layers as news media. Its importance rises significantly considering the fact that the report was presented in a series of three consecutive days on Jornal Nacional and because this program is the leader in audience in Rede Globo. The investment of this broadcasting station in a report like the one presented in this paper depends fundamentally by the presence of a reporter profoundly identified with the fight against social injustice. This is the profile of Caco Barcellos. He grew up in a poor outskirts of a big city and since very young, he revolted himself against the police attitude, that discriminate the common citizen and privileges the powerful ones. He transformed this accumulated angry into effective actions through revealing investigative report of social injustice committed every day. In moments when the space was short for the size of the report he wanted to broadcast, Caco published books and gained prizes but also faced lawsuits, moved by policemen who intended to destroy Caco s professional life, a reporter who dared to work seriously and find the documents that proved the abuses practiced against innocents, brutally murdered. The result is a exemplary professional performance, with a work method worthy to be followed, reflecting in the series of reports that dismantled the fake created by the Army and that can be considered a true journalism lesson. / Destacar a importância da reportagem investigativa, e mostrar o valor que deve ser observado no empenho da atuação profissional ética de um repórter de televisão, capaz de mudar o rumo da história política recente do Brasil, é o que se propõe o presente trabalho. A prática do jornalismo autêntico demonstra ser transformadora. É o que acontece com a atuação do repórter Caco Barcellos. Ele se propôs a perseguir uma história por mais de um ano e, ao final, mostrar uma verdade escondida durante 30 anos pelo poder público. Com tal reportagem, possibilitou a reparação de uma injustiça social cometida contra uma jovem estudante brasileira. A força da reportagem apresentada num telejornal é incontestável, em razão do potencial que representa a televisão na penetração em todas as camadas da sociedade como veículo de informação. Sendo a reportagem apresentada em série de três dias consecutivos pelo Jornal Nacional, eleva seu peso significativamente, devido à liderança de audiência do telejornal da Rede Globo. O investimento da emissora numa reportagem como a apresentada neste trabalho depende fundamentalmente da presença de um repórter profundamente identificado com a luta contra a injustiça social. E é este o perfil de Caco Barcellos. Ele cresceu na periferia pobre de uma metrópole, e desde muito cedo se revoltou contra a ação policial que discrimina o cidadão comum e privilegia os poderosos. Conseguiu transformar a raiva acumulada em ações efetivas através da reportagem investigativa reveladora da injustiça social cometida diariamente. Quando o espaço era pequeno para o tamanho do que tinha para reportar, Caco lançou livros, ganhou prêmios e enfrentou processos judiciais, movidos por policiais interessados em destruir a vida profissional do repórter que ousou trabalhar sério e encontrar os documentos que provavam os desmandos praticados contra inocentes, friamente assassinados. O resultado é uma atuação exemplar, com um método de trabalho digno de ser seguido, refletindo-se na série de reportagens que desmontou uma farsa montada pelo exército, e que pode ser considerada como uma verdadeira aula de jornalismo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-19T13:08:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 205.pdf: 1189300 bytes, checksum: c37aa0ffee9705ba62589fa1555f712c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Recife, PE, Brasil / A infecção pelo vírus da dengue é um problema de saúde pública global que põe em risco cerca de 2,5 bilhões de pessoas no mundo, com uma incidência de 50-100 milhões de casos resultando em cerca de 24.000 mortes por ano. Os mecanismos envolvidos na resposta imune inata atuam imediatamente após o contato do hospedeiro com os antígenos virais, levando à secreção de interferon do tipo I (IFN-I), a principal citocina envolvida na resposta antiviral. Entender como o sistema IFN-I é inibido em células infectadas pelo vírus dengue pode fornecer valiosas informações sobre a patogênese da doença. Propomos neste estudo analisar a inibição da via de sinalização do IFN-I por diferentes cepas isoladas no estado de Pernambuco, assim como o desenvolvimento de um vírus recombinante da dengue expressando a proteína Gaussia luciferase, para estudos futuros de replicação e imunopatogênese. A fim de estudar a via de sinalização do IFN-I, foram selecionadas cepas dos quatro sorotipos de dengue para crescimento, concentração e titulação viral. Foi utilizada a linhagem celular BHK-21-ISRE-Luc-Hygro que expressa o gene firefly luciferase fusionado a um promotor induzido pelo IFN-I (ISRE - Interferon Stimulated Response Element). Observamos que todos os sorotipos em estudo foram capazes de inibir, em diferentes proporções, a resposta ou sinalização do IFN-I. Com o intuito de auxiliar as pesquisas em dengue, desenvolvemos um vírus repórter de dengue expressando o gene repórter da Gaussia luciferase. Células transfectadas com o transcrito in vitro de um dos clones resultou em imunofluorescência positiva, porém não houve recuperação de partículas infectivas. Outros clones deverão ser testados para recuperação de vírus recombinante repórter. Juntos, os dados da caracterização das cepas em estudo e a recuperação de partículas infectivas da construção realizada neste trabalho deverão contribuir para as pesquisas em imunopatogênese, replicação viral e desenvolvimento de antivirais contra o dengue

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a worldwide pathogen associated with important losses to livestock production. Most of these losses come from reproductive disorders and from the ability of the virus to produce persistent infections following in utero infection of the fetus. A number of reverse genetics methodologies have been used for BVDV in order to better understand the biology of the virus, which allowed the elucidation of a number of biological features including virus replication, host-virus interaction, immune response, and the pathogenesis of fetal infection. The present study describes the construction, characterization and manipulation of an infectious clone out of a non-cytophatic Brazilian BVDV strain IBSP4-ncp. The cDNA recombinant clone was constructed by yeast homologous recombination with a low-copy vector, from three genomic fragments comprising the open reading frame (ORF). The two untranslated regions (5' and 3' UTR) were replaced by the respective UTRs of the reference strain NADL. The constructed vector was transcribed in vitro and the resulting RNA was transfected on MDBK cells to rescue infectious virus. The rescued viruses (IC-pBSC_IBSP4-ncp#2 and #3) were maintained for ten passages in tissue culture and characterized in vitro, showing replication dynamics, focus size and morphology similar to those of the parental IBSP-4. Genomic analysis revealed five point mutations in the gene coding for Npro protein, resulting in amino acid changes. These mutations probably reflect an adaptation of the virus to the heterologous UTRs. The infectious clone IC-pBSC_IBSP4-ncp#2 was further used for the construction of a recombinant virus expressing the Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) reporter gene. The reporter gene was inserted between the Npro and Core genes, being flanked by an upstream linker and a downstream sequence of the Foot and Mouth Disease virus protease (FMDV2Apro) for accurate protein processing. The recombinant vector was in vitro transcribed and the RNA was transfected on MDBK cells. Recombinant infectious viruses were rescued (IC-pBSC_IBSP4-ncpGluc#3 and #4) and characterized in vitro, showing replication dynamics, focus size and morphology similar to those of the parental IBSP-4 clone. The Gluc reporter gene was accurately expressed and processed by the recombinant virus during 15 passages in tissue culture. These studies revealed that the infectious clone constructed herein can be easily manipulated and is able to carry in its genome heterologous genes up to 555 base pairs in length in a stable fashion and without interference with its replication efficiency. Thus, the constructed clone may be very useful for genetic manipulation towards studying different aspects of the BVDV biology and its interactions with the host, and for the development of vaccine strains with attenuated phenotype and/or with antigenic markers. / O vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) é um patógeno de bovinos distribuído mundialmente, associado com importantes perdas econômicas. As maiores perdas devem-se aos problemas reprodutivos causados pela infecção, e pela capacidade do vírus de causar persistência após infecção fetal no terço inicial da gestação. Para entender melhor a biologia desse vírus, sistemas de genética reversa foram desenvolvidos e tem permitido a elucidação de vários aspectos da replicação viral, interação vírus hospedeiro, resposta imune e patogenia da infecção fetal. O presente estudo relata a construção, caracterização e manipulação de um clone infeccioso, a partir da cepa brasileira não-citopática IBSP4-ncp. O clone de DNA recombinante foi construído pela técnica de recombinação homóloga em levedura, utilizando um vetor de baixo número de cópias, construído a partir de três fragmentos genômicos, que compreendiam a fase aberta de leitura (open reading frame, ORF) do vírus. As duas regiões não traduzidas (5 e 3 UTR) foram substituídas pelas respectivas UTRs da cepa de referência NADL. O vetor construído foi transcrito in vitro e o RNA obtido foi transfectado em células MDBK para recuperação de vírus infecciosos. Os vírus recuperados (CI-pBSC_IBSP4-ncp#2 e #3) foram mantidos por 10 passagens em cultivo celular e caracterizados in vitro, apresentando dinâmica de replicação, tamanho e morfologia de focos similares ao vírus parental IBSP-4. A análise do genoma por sequenciamento revelou cinco mutações pontuais no gene Npro, com trocas de aminoácidos, provavelmente refletindo uma adaptação do vírus às UTRs heterólogas. O clone infeccioso construído CIpBSC_ IBSP4-ncp#2, foi então utilizado para a construção de um vírus recombinante expressando o gene repórter Gaussia luciferase (Gluc). O gene repórter foi inserido entre os genes Npro e Core do vírus. Para o processamento da proteína repórter, uma sequência ligante foi adicionada anteriormente ao gene, e a sequência da protease do vírus da Febre Aftosa (FMDV2Apro) foi inserida após o gene. O vetor recombinante construído foi transcrito in vitro e o RNA obtido foi transfectado em células MDBK. Vírus recombinantes infecciosos foram recuperados (CI-pBSC_IBSP4-ncpGluc#3 e #4) e caracterizados in vitro, apresentando dinâmica de replicação, tamanho e morfologia de focos similares ao vírus obtido do clone infecioso. O gene repórter Gluc foi corretamente expresso e processado pelo vírus recombinante durante 15 passagens em cultivo celular. Com os resultados obtidos nestes estudos, conclui-se que o clone infeccioso construído pode ser facilmente manipulado e é capaz de carrear em seu genoma, e expressar de forma estável, genes heterólogos com até 555 pares de base, que parecem não interferir com sua capacidade replicativa. Dessa forma, o clone obtido pode ser muito útil para manipulação genética visando estudar diferentes aspectos da biologia do BVDV e de suas interações com o hospedeiro, assim como para a produção de cepas vacinais com fenótipo atenuado e/ou com marcadores antigênicos.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar em que medida o telejornal Repórter Brasil Noite, exibido na emissora pública TV Brasil, pratica um jornalismo que contribui com o direito à informação, discutido a partir da reflexão teórica sobre a construção da cidadania e a sua interface com o jornalismo. As conceituações clássicas da cidadania foram analisadas, fazendo um paralelo com o desenvolvimento histórico do jornalismo. Percebemos que os valores atribuídos à prática do jornalismo ao longo da sua história determinaram a sua interface com o Estado e com as demandas de direitos referentes a essa prática, num movimento que culminou no direito à informação, que pode ser considerado como direito civil, político e social. O jornalismo é compreendido como uma forma de conhecimento gerada por meio de procedimentos da prática profissional alimentado pelos acontecimentos cotidianos. No entanto, por sua configuração comercial predominante, os veículos de comunicação, reproduzem a ideologia de produtividade nas redações, o que impede a reflexão necessária na prática jornalística, e atuam deliberadamente defendendo seus interesses econômicos. Em tese, o veículo público pode dar condições para a prática do jornalismo livre das determinações econômicas inerentes aos meios privados. Para tanto, um veículo público de comunicação deve ter como base um modelo de gestão e financiamento que permita sua autonomia com relação aos governos e ao mercado. A pesquisa empírica consistiu na coleta de dados de uma amostragem de seis edições do telejornal em semana artificial, submetida a uma análise quantitativa e, numa etapa posterior, a uma análise qualitativa de uma matéria selecionada de cada um dessas seis edições. Constatamos, por fim, que a TV Brasil encontra dificuldades para produzir um jornalismo que contribua plenamente para o direito à informação. / This dissertation aims to analyze to what extent the newscast Repórter Brasil Noite, broadcasted by public television TV Brasil, practices a journalism that contributes to the right of information, concept discussed from theoretical reflexion over the citizenship development and its interface with journalism. The classic concepts of citizenship were analyzed, drawing a parallel with the journalism history. We noticed that the values attributed to journalism practice along its history had defined its interface with the state and with demands of rights regarding this activity, in a movement that culminated in the right of information, which might be considered as a civil, political and social right. Journalism is understood as a form of knowledge generated through procedures of the professional practice fed by quotidian events. However, due to the predominant commercial settings, media vehicles reproduce the ideology of productivity in the newsrooms, what restrains the reflexion needed in journalistic activity, and act deliberately defending their economic interests. Presumably, the public media vehicle might create conditions for the journalism activity free from economic determinations inherent to the commercial vehicles. Therefore, a public vehicle must be based on a management and financing model that allows its autonomy from governments and market influences. The empirical research consisted in data collection from a sample of six editions of the newscast in an artificial week submitted to a quantitative analysis and, in a posterior stage, to a qualitative analysis of one report selected from each edition. We noticed that TV Brasil experiences difficulties to fully contribute for the right of information.

Syftet med vår studie har varit att undersöka hur reportrar, krönikörer och chefer inom sportjournalistiken förhåller sig till objektivitetsidealet i deras dagliga arbete. Vårt intresse har varit att ta reda på om dessa sju sportjournalister titulerar sig som reportrar, krönikörer eller både och. I fall då dessa personer titulerar sig som både reporter och krönikör har vårt syfte varit att ta reda på om skiftet mellan dessa roller går hand i hand med det objektiva arbete, som förväntas av dem som reportrar.   I denna studie har vi samlat in vårt material med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som är aktiva inom sportjournalistiken. Under våra två veckors insamlingsarbete har vi talat med sju sportjournalister och tre sportchefer på tre nationella svenska tidningar och en nationell nyhetsbyrå. Eftersom objektivitet inom sportjournalistiken i synnerhet är något som inte har undersökts i större utsträckning har vi tagit hjälp av teorier om journalistik i allmänhet för att svara på våra frågeställningar. Teorierna fokuserar på objektivitet, opartiskhet, kommersialisering och subjektivitet och genom dem har vi som avsikt att förklara skiftande roller inom sportjournalistiken.   Resultatet från vår forskning visar att varje individuell journalists förhållande till objektivitet varierar utifrån deras titulerade arbetsroll och deras arbetsplats rutiner och riktlinjer. Dock har vi ur våra intervjusvar identifierat gemensamma teman i deras åsikter, som på grund av digitaliseringens och kommersialiseringens influenser påverkar deras objektiva arbetsförmåga. De tydligaste teman eller faktorer som i denna forskning visat sig kunna avgöra graden av objektivitet i sportjournalistiken är: tidsbrist, kontroversiell grad, hejarklacksjournalistik, sociala medier och rewrites från lokaltidningar. Hur stor utsträckning dessa påverkar utformningen av de fyra tidningarnas journalistik beror i sin tur på deras ekonomiska förutsättningar och förtroenderelationer. / The purpose of our study has been to investigate how sport reporters, columnists and managers handle the journalistic ideal and term objectivity in their everyday work. Our interest has been to pinpoint whether our selected sports journalists entitle themselves as reporters, columnists or perhaps both. In the circumstances in which these persons entitle themselves as both sports reporters and columnists, our purpose is to figure out if it is possible for them to maintain the same level of objectivity, that is expected in their work as reporters.   In this study we have collected our material through the use of semi structured interviews with people whom are active in the field we know as sports journalism. During the two week interlude in which the material has been collected we have spoken to seven sport reporters and three heads of sports from tree national, Swedish newspapers and one national news agency. Since objectivity within sports journalism as a subject matter has not been explored thoroughly we have chosen to use common theories regarding journalists approach to objectivity. The theories focus in on objectivity, impartiality, commercialization and subjectivity in order to explain the shift of roles within sports journalism.   The result of our research shows that each individual journalist´s approach to objectivity tend to vary depending on their role and on their employers work procedures. However, they all have some tendencies in common, that caused by the media's digitalisation and commercialisation tend to restrict their objective ability. The most common themes or factors that have shown to determine the level of objectivity in our research are: lack of time, controversial degree, cheering journalism, social media and rewrites of local newspapers. To what extent these factors affect the journalistic formation in these four newspapers depend on their economic prerequisites and relationships of trust.