This research report is in two sections. The first section comprises a reflexive and theoretical essay that provides the background and introduction to the biographical chapters. The significance and nature of this biography is given. Methods used to collect data are given, problems encountered are explained. Gaps in the biographical sections, results of yet inaccessible data, are noted. The second section is in the creative non-fiction biography genre. It focuses on three distinct periods of Helen Nontando (Noni) Jabavu’s life: 1961 - 1962 while she was an editor at The New Strand magazine in England; 1977 while she was a weekly columnist for the Daily Dispatch newspaper in South Africa; and the current period starting from her return in May 2002. Each chapter tells the story of her life, providing texture, colour and depth. The first two biographical chapters also delve into Noni’s writings, attempting to understand her from these.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1 a 171.pdf: 3672558 bytes, checksum: 220d4e6a37a29d4e4844eb13e2be1acf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-07 / The present paper has verified how journalism can be both the partner and the source of history through the reproduction and analysis of political and economical facts of Brazil in the pages of the daily newspapers. In this perspective the columns written by Janio de Freitas in the last 25 years (1983-2009), in Folha de S.Paulo, represent an interpretation and analysis of this history. This is, therefore, a qualitative research and it is anchored to the Cultural Studies. The corpus of this research consists of a clipping of 47 commentaries about Diretas Já , from January to April 1984, period in which the largest mobilizations of the society for the direct election of the president took place, and culminated in the vote and rejection by Congress of the Dante de Oliveira amendment. In the development of this paper the tools of the Content Analysis were used, from the created analytical categories Characters, Vote of the Dante de Oliveira amendment and The Diretas Já movement on the streets , to describe the textual content of the columns. So that a thorough analysis of the research corpus was possible, the CDA- Critical Discourse Analysis was used in nine of the 47 selected columns. The main criterion for the choice of these columns was the identification of those which already presented an explicit reference to The campaign for Diretas Já , the mobilization on the streets , the vote of the Dante de Oliveira amendment and to the Process of presidential succession in the title, or the ones which had their full content about one of the subjects. This study notices the hypothesis that the journalist is a historian of everyday life and that it is possible to do a reading of the history of the Diretas Já campaign through the columns of Janio de Freitas. By weaving together in his columns the scenery of that time, he reveals to history and to historians the political chess characters, political agreements, vote of the amendment and the campaign on the streets that involved the process. So, from his lenses, he offers elements to the construction of collective memory about this period of the Brazilian history.(AU) / O presente trabalho verificou como o jornalismo pode ser parceiro e fonte para a história por meio da reprodução e análise dos fatos político-econômicos brasileiros nas páginas dos jornais impressos diários. Nessa perspectiva, as colunas escritas nos últimos 25 anos (1983-2009) por Janio de Freitas, no jornal Folha de S.Paulo, significam interpretação e análise dessa história. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa qualitativa e está ancorada nos Estudos Culturais. O corpus desta pesquisa é composto de um recorte de 47 comentários sobre as Diretas Já , de janeiro até abril de 1984, período em que ocorreram as principais mobilizações da sociedade civil pela eleição direta para a Presidência da República e culminou com a votação e a rejeição da emenda Dante de Oliveira pelo Congresso Nacional. No desenvolvimento do trabalho foram utilizadas as ferramentas da Análise de Conteúdo a partir das categorias analíticas criadas Personagens, Votação da Emenda Dante de Oliveira e Movimento Diretas Já nas ruas , para descrever o conteúdo textual das colunas. Para que se pudesse efetuar uma análise aprofundada do corpus da pesquisa foi utilizado o referencial teórico da ACD Análise Crítica do Discurso em nove das 47 colunas selecionadas. O critério de escolha para essas colunas foi a identificação daquelas que no título já traziam uma referência explícita à Campanha pelas Diretas Já , Às mobilizações nas ruas , A votação da emenda Dante de Oliveira , Ao processo de sucessão presidencial ou as que tinham o seu conteúdo integral sobre um dos temas. Este estudo constata a hipótese de que o jornalista é um historiador do cotidiano e que é possível fazer uma leitura da história da Campanha das Diretas Já por meio das colunas de Janio de Freitas. Ao tecer em suas colunas o cenário da época, desnuda para a história e para os historiadores o xadrez político personagens, acordos políticos, votação da emenda e a campanha nas ruas que envolveu o processo. Dessa forma, a partir de suas lentes, oferece elementos para a construção da memória coletiva sobre esse período da história brasileira.(AU)

Syftet med vår studie har varit att undersöka hur reportrar, krönikörer och chefer inom sportjournalistiken förhåller sig till objektivitetsidealet i deras dagliga arbete. Vårt intresse har varit att ta reda på om dessa sju sportjournalister titulerar sig som reportrar, krönikörer eller både och. I fall då dessa personer titulerar sig som både reporter och krönikör har vårt syfte varit att ta reda på om skiftet mellan dessa roller går hand i hand med det objektiva arbete, som förväntas av dem som reportrar.   I denna studie har vi samlat in vårt material med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som är aktiva inom sportjournalistiken. Under våra två veckors insamlingsarbete har vi talat med sju sportjournalister och tre sportchefer på tre nationella svenska tidningar och en nationell nyhetsbyrå. Eftersom objektivitet inom sportjournalistiken i synnerhet är något som inte har undersökts i större utsträckning har vi tagit hjälp av teorier om journalistik i allmänhet för att svara på våra frågeställningar. Teorierna fokuserar på objektivitet, opartiskhet, kommersialisering och subjektivitet och genom dem har vi som avsikt att förklara skiftande roller inom sportjournalistiken.   Resultatet från vår forskning visar att varje individuell journalists förhållande till objektivitet varierar utifrån deras titulerade arbetsroll och deras arbetsplats rutiner och riktlinjer. Dock har vi ur våra intervjusvar identifierat gemensamma teman i deras åsikter, som på grund av digitaliseringens och kommersialiseringens influenser påverkar deras objektiva arbetsförmåga. De tydligaste teman eller faktorer som i denna forskning visat sig kunna avgöra graden av objektivitet i sportjournalistiken är: tidsbrist, kontroversiell grad, hejarklacksjournalistik, sociala medier och rewrites från lokaltidningar. Hur stor utsträckning dessa påverkar utformningen av de fyra tidningarnas journalistik beror i sin tur på deras ekonomiska förutsättningar och förtroenderelationer. / The purpose of our study has been to investigate how sport reporters, columnists and managers handle the journalistic ideal and term objectivity in their everyday work. Our interest has been to pinpoint whether our selected sports journalists entitle themselves as reporters, columnists or perhaps both. In the circumstances in which these persons entitle themselves as both sports reporters and columnists, our purpose is to figure out if it is possible for them to maintain the same level of objectivity, that is expected in their work as reporters.   In this study we have collected our material through the use of semi structured interviews with people whom are active in the field we know as sports journalism. During the two week interlude in which the material has been collected we have spoken to seven sport reporters and three heads of sports from tree national, Swedish newspapers and one national news agency. Since objectivity within sports journalism as a subject matter has not been explored thoroughly we have chosen to use common theories regarding journalists approach to objectivity. The theories focus in on objectivity, impartiality, commercialization and subjectivity in order to explain the shift of roles within sports journalism.   The result of our research shows that each individual journalist´s approach to objectivity tend to vary depending on their role and on their employers work procedures. However, they all have some tendencies in common, that caused by the media's digitalisation and commercialisation tend to restrict their objective ability. The most common themes or factors that have shown to determine the level of objectivity in our research are: lack of time, controversial degree, cheering journalism, social media and rewrites of local newspapers. To what extent these factors affect the journalistic formation in these four newspapers depend on their economic prerequisites and relationships of trust.

Cette thèse a pour l'intention de définir et d'expliciter l'espace professionnel occupé par les journalistes specialisés en politique en Turquie. L'activité professionnelle journalistique des chroniqueurs existe depuis longtemps tandis que leur devenir des grandes figures de journalisme, s'est réalisé de plus en plus avec les années 1990. L'étude micro-sociologique de l'activité professionnelle des chroniqueurs politiques, a l'objectif de mettre en oeuvre l'énigme macro-sociologique qui réside au sein des relations d'interdépendance entre les médias et la politique en Turquie. Cette recherche est divisée en trois grandes parties : la première partie se concentre sur l'état de lieu du journalisme turc avec un regard socio-historique sur l'économie des médias et la structure de la propriété journalistique avec le but d'expliciter l'évolution du métier de chroniqueur dans le champ journalistique ; la deuxième partie prend en main la notion de génération et étudie les caractéristiques générationnels et sociologiques des chroniqueurs de tendance « gauche-séculaire » et « droit-conservateur » avec les données sur les origines sociales, styles de vie et le capital culturel ; la troisième partie étudie l'approche des chroniqueurs à l'égard des scandales politiques choisies selon la diachronie de la recherche, ainsi que de la démocratisation en transition et de la liberté d'opinion. Nous aurons recours, pour cette thèse, à l'étude des trente dernières années de l'histoire politique de la Turquie (1980-2014) et à un apport à la sociologie politique du journalisme en utilisant les concepts de base : génération, champ et engagement politique / This research aims to define and explain the professional activity of Turkish columnists, whose main specialities are politics. Even though they have existed in the journalistic field fora long time, they have become big reference figures since 1990's. This study with its micro-sociological approach, which is based on columnists, professional members of journalistic field, will reveal, in macro level, the puzzled relations of interdependence between media and politics in Turkey. This research is divided into three main parts. First part concentrates on the state of journalism in Turkey with asocio historical overview on media economy, structures of propriety in order to present our main aim: the evoluation of columnists' carrier within the field. The second part studies the concept of generation and focuses on the generational and sociological characteristics of columnists divided in to two ideological groups: "left-secularist" and "right-conservative" and aims to analyse their social origins, life styles and cultural capital. The third part examines the columnists' approaches regarding the political scandals, chosen according to the research's diachrony, the democratization process in transition and the liberty of opinion. In this thesis we aim to present our theoretical and empirical knowledge upon the last thirty years of socio-political history of Turkey and make a contribution to political sociology of journalism by using the basic concepts: generation, field theory and political engagement.

La chronique politique, qui se trouve au coeur de la question de l’influence de la presse sur l’opinion publique, rencontre un vide dans les écrits scientifiques, du moins au Québec. L’étude de la chronique est pourtant des plus pertinentes dans le contexte actuel où les plateformes Web viennent renforcer la présence de commentateurs de tous les sujets. À partir d’une analyse systématique de chroniques politiques parues entre 1991 et 2011, ainsi que d’entrevues semi-dirigées avec des chroniqueurs politiques chevronnés, la présente étude décrit ce genre jusqu’ici peu étudié. Ainsi, les caractéristiques tels le format et la disposition de la chronique sont d’une part mises en évidence, alors que la diversité de sujets traités par les chroniqueurs politiques, d’autre part, montre que le genre jouit d’une grande liberté et que les auteurs peuvent choisir à propos de quoi ils veulent écrire et la manière de le faire. La critique négative reste omniprésente dans les chroniques, mais dans une moins grande proportion que ce à quoi il aurait été possible de s’attendre, plusieurs étant plutôt neutres et de nature explicative. Finalement, les propos des chroniqueurs prouvent que cette fonction s’accompagne d’une reconnaissance et d’un certain vedettariat, autant parmi la population qu’auprès de leurs collègues. Le tout permet de distinguer la chronique de l’ensemble des autres genres et pratiques journalistiques. / The political column – which figures at the heart of the issue of the press’ influence of public opinion – is rarely studied in scholarly literature, especially in Quebec. Yet, the study of punditry is particularly relevant in the context where different Web platforms seem to strengthen the presence of commentaries of all flavours. This study aims to shed light on the recent evolution of political column by presenting a systematic content analysis of such articles published in Quebec newspapers from 1991 to 2011, combined with a series of semi-directed interviews with renowned political columnists. Emphasis is first put on several characteristics, such as formatting or layout of the articles, while the wide variety of issues addressed by political columnists show that the column genre enjoys real freedom as the authors themselves choose their topics and decide how to write about them. Moreover, the negative critique remains ubiquitous in political punditry, though in a smaller proportion that could be expected, as many authors are rather neutral and explanatory in their comments. Finally, the remarks of the interviewed columnists suggest that their status is accompanied by recognition and celebrity, as much from the readers as from their colleagues. The general conclusions lead us to better assess the distinctions between political columns and other journalistic genres.

La chronique politique, qui se trouve au coeur de la question de l’influence de la presse sur l’opinion publique, rencontre un vide dans les écrits scientifiques, du moins au Québec. L’étude de la chronique est pourtant des plus pertinentes dans le contexte actuel où les plateformes Web viennent renforcer la présence de commentateurs de tous les sujets. À partir d’une analyse systématique de chroniques politiques parues entre 1991 et 2011, ainsi que d’entrevues semi-dirigées avec des chroniqueurs politiques chevronnés, la présente étude décrit ce genre jusqu’ici peu étudié. Ainsi, les caractéristiques tels le format et la disposition de la chronique sont d’une part mises en évidence, alors que la diversité de sujets traités par les chroniqueurs politiques, d’autre part, montre que le genre jouit d’une grande liberté et que les auteurs peuvent choisir à propos de quoi ils veulent écrire et la manière de le faire. La critique négative reste omniprésente dans les chroniques, mais dans une moins grande proportion que ce à quoi il aurait été possible de s’attendre, plusieurs étant plutôt neutres et de nature explicative. Finalement, les propos des chroniqueurs prouvent que cette fonction s’accompagne d’une reconnaissance et d’un certain vedettariat, autant parmi la population qu’auprès de leurs collègues. Le tout permet de distinguer la chronique de l’ensemble des autres genres et pratiques journalistiques. / The political column – which figures at the heart of the issue of the press’ influence of public opinion – is rarely studied in scholarly literature, especially in Quebec. Yet, the study of punditry is particularly relevant in the context where different Web platforms seem to strengthen the presence of commentaries of all flavours. This study aims to shed light on the recent evolution of political column by presenting a systematic content analysis of such articles published in Quebec newspapers from 1991 to 2011, combined with a series of semi-directed interviews with renowned political columnists. Emphasis is first put on several characteristics, such as formatting or layout of the articles, while the wide variety of issues addressed by political columnists show that the column genre enjoys real freedom as the authors themselves choose their topics and decide how to write about them. Moreover, the negative critique remains ubiquitous in political punditry, though in a smaller proportion that could be expected, as many authors are rather neutral and explanatory in their comments. Finally, the remarks of the interviewed columnists suggest that their status is accompanied by recognition and celebrity, as much from the readers as from their colleagues. The general conclusions lead us to better assess the distinctions between political columns and other journalistic genres.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The perspectives of unique suffragists and clubwomen in Indiana, like Grace Julian Clarke, reflect the typically overlooked narrative of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Far from a bystander, Clarke engaged in political wars at the state level long before having the right to vote. She demonstrated this ability early on when she acted as a campaign manager during the 1915 Indiana Federation of Clubs presidential election. By its end, club women around the state knew who Clarke was, trusted her word, and looked to her for critical information. As World War I encroached and threatened the nationwide fight for suffrage, Clarke again remained loyal to suffrage by using war-related activities to promote and expand awareness of women’s work and abilities in Indiana. Clarke strategically used these activities as a tool to advocate for enfranchisement by pressing leaders on her belief that women had earned their rightful place as equal partners. Although she stayed active in the suffrage movement throughout the war, it became clear toward its end that her assets as a political leader were demanded at a higher level. As such, she turned her attention toward international affairs (particularly the League of Nations) and away from suffrage. Though the United States never joined the League of Nations, Clarke’s advocacy of the covenant was critical in her formation as a true political influencer. By the time the covenant was being disputed at the national level, Clarke was corresponding with national leaders to coordinate speaking events around the state. She became more exclusive in these speaking engagements, as there were very few women who actually understood the covenant well enough to speak on its behalf. Clarke was unique in her ability to speak out for her own values, in large part due to the influence of her father, former Congressman George W. Julian. Her story demonstrates that women’s political influence did not begin nor end with the 19th amendment. Rather, women’s political influence evolved over time, and is still evolving today.