O trabalho trata das situações de incerteza na técnica processual civil, analisando causas, efeitos e, principalmente, meios adequados para o tratamento dessas situações. Defende a idéia de que os litigantes não podem ter seus direitos processuais cerceados pela falta de objetividade na técnica processual, circunstância na qual deverá ser privilegiada a eficácia dos atos das partes. Nos três primeiros capítulos, é estudada a função do processo perante o direito material (aspecto positivo da instrumentalidade do processo), seu formalismo e sua flexibilidade, acentuando-se a aplicação da instrumentalidade das formas e do dever de saneamento das irregularidades processuais (aspecto negativo da instrumentalidade do processo). No capítulo quarto, são identificadas as crises de certeza no direito processual, suas fontes e os melhores meios de se evitá-las. No capítulo quinto, é justificada, à luz do direito processual vigente, a necessidade de manutenção da eficácia dos atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza. Por fim, nos capítulos seis e sete, o trabalho trata da fungibilidade recursal e da incerteza relativa aos pressupostos formais da ação rescisória, propondo meios de se permitir que os atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza produzam todos os seus efeitos, ainda que a opção dos litigantes divirja daquela adotada pelo juiz. / The present dissertation deals with the uncertainty about Brazilian civil procedure techniques, analyzing causes, effects and, chiefly, adequate means of treatment of such issues. It argues that the litigants may not have their procedural rights suppressed by the lack of objectivity on procedural law, situation in which the efficacy of their acts must be privileged. In the first three chapters, it studies the function of the procedural Law considering the substantive Law (positive aspect of procedural instrumentality), its formalism and its flexibility, enhancing the applicability of the norm of instrumentality of the forms and the judges obligation of remedying procedural irregularities (negative aspect of procedural instrumentality). In chapter four, crises of uncertainty of procedural law are identified, its sources as well as the best ways to avoid them. In chapter five, the needs of maintaining the efficacy of the parties acts in situations of uncertainty are justified considering the current procedural Law. At last, in chapters six and seven, the study addresses the rule of commingling remedies and the matter of uncertainty related to the procedural requisites of the termination action, proposing that the procedural acts performed in zones of uncertainty will produce all their effects, even if the option made by the litigants be different from that made by the judge.

The complexity of sustainable building maintenance environment requires managers to define and implement appropriate quality benchmark system suitable for this function. Lean Six Sigma (LSS) is one of the most effective process improvement and optimization philosophy that maintenance organisations can implement in their environment. However, literature review has shown that 90% of failures in LSS implementations are due to lack of readiness to change, the unawareness of the required benchmark organisation capabilities, and improper control of priorities. The contribution of the current research approach is in developing a hybrid Knowledge-Based (KB)/GAP/AHP System, consisting of three stages (Planning, Designing and Implementation) and containing over 2500 KB rules. The KB System can assist the decision-makers in identifying the obstacles behind the organisation readiness to change into a benchmark LSS maintenance environment. Thus the KB System will be used to achieve benchmark standards by determining the gap existing between the current environment and the benchmark goal, and then suggest a detailed plan to overcome these hurdles in a prioritised and structured manner, thus achieving cost benefits. To ensure its consistency and reliability, the KB System was validated in three Oman-based maintenance organisations, and one published case study for a UK-based organisation. The results from the validation were positive with the System output suggesting list of top priorities and action plans for achieving benchmark LSS standards for these organisations. The research concludes that the developed KB System is a consistent and reliable methodology for assisting decision-makers in designing, planning, and implementing LSS for benchmark sustainable building maintenance.

Advances in building computer systems allowed the development of increasingly sophisticated software. In this context, software developers are faced with complex problems that can be difficult to resolve. One of the fundamental steps to build a software is to define its main features, that is, define the requirements that can be satisfied, which is not an easy task. Typically, requirements are classified as functional and non-functional. The non-functional requirements define system’s properties or how it should operate. They are also called quality requirements, since they are important to ensure that the system is feasible to use and meets the needs of users. Despite their importance, they are difficult to assess and be measured in order to generate evidence of its full service. One reason for this difficulty is the need to evaluate the software at run-time, which is a complex task that involves large volumes of data to be analyzed. This work aims to systematize and facilitate the monitoring of quality requirements from characteristics of architectural styles used in the software architecture design. In this sense, the research question that guided this study was “how to monitor and analyse quality requirements for a software system”. On that basis, it was proposed a process, called ArMoni, for monitoring quality requirements using architectural information, such as architectural styles. To assess the practical use of the proposed process, an evaluation experiment with students from the Computer Science course was performed. Students performed the monitoring of a real application called Falibras. This target system performs online text translation from Portuguese to the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). Through the experiment, it was observed that the students considered the proposed process feasible to direct monitoring decisions. On the other hand, students who did not have access to the proposed process and do not know the architecture of Falibras have related more difficult to analyze the system. Thus, we have realized that it is important for the software developer to have guidelines that assist him/her in understanding the relevant quality requirements for the software that is being monitored, such as a processes that address the monitoring of these requirements. Preliminary results indicate that the ArMoni process contributes to guide the monitoring and analysis of the system based on architectural information, such as the architectural styles and we have noticed that it benefits mainly less experienced developers. Thus, this work presents academic relevance in software engineering and can assist developers and software engineers to monitor quality requirements, such as reliability and efficiency, as well as to identify possible structural bottlenecks that could compromise the satisfaction of these requirements. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os avanços na construção de sistemas computacionais possibilitaram que sistemas cada vez mais sofisticados surgissem. Nesse contexto, os desenvolvedores de software deparam-se com problemas complexos que podem ser difíceis de solucionar. Um dos passos fundamentais ao construir um software é definir as principais características dele, isto é, definir os requisitos. Contudo, nem sempre é trivial definir quais são esses requisitos. Normalmente, os requisitos são classificados como funcionais e não-funcionais. Os requisitos não-funcionais definem propriedades do sistema ou como esse deve operar. Eles também são chamados de requisitos de qualidade, pois são importantes para garantir que o sistema seja viável para uso e atenda às necessidades dos usuários. Apesar da sua importância, eles são difíceis de serem avaliados e mensurados de forma a gerar evidências do seu pleno atendimento. Uma das razões para essa dificuldade é a necessidade de se avaliar o software em tempo de execução, o que é uma tarefa complexa que envolve grandes volumes de dados a serem analisados. O objetivo dessa dissertação é sistematizar e viabilizar a monitoração de requisitos de qualidade a partir de características dos estilos arquiteturais utilizados no projeto da arquitetura de software. Nesse sentido, a questão de pesquisa que direcionou esse estudo foi “como monitorar e analisar requisitos de qualidade em um sistema de software”. Com base nisso, foi proposto um processo de monitoração de requisitos de qualidade utilizando informações arquiteturais, tais como estilos arquiteturais, denominado ArMoni. Para avaliar a utilização prática do referido processo foi realizado um experimento avaliativo com alunos do curso de Ciência da Computação. Os alunos realizaram a monitoração de uma aplicação real denominada Falibras. Esse sistema realiza tradução online de textos em língua portuguesa para a Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS). Através do experimento, foi possível perceber que os alunos consideraram o processo proposto viável para direcionar as decisões de monitoração. Por outro lado, os alunos que não tiveram acesso ao processo proposto e não conheciam a arquitetura do Projeto Falibras sentiram mais dificuldades para analisar o sistema. Desse modo, é importante para o(a) desenvolvedor(a) de software ter recursos que o(a) auxiliem na compreensão dos requisitos de qualidade relevantes para o software que está sendo monitorado, bem como processos que direcionem a monitoração desses requisitos. Os resultados preliminares apontam que o processo ArMoni contribui para guiar a monitoração e analisar os requisitos de qualidade a partir de informações arquiteturais, tais como os estilos arquiteturais que compõem o sistema e nota-se que ele beneficia principalmente desenvolvedores menos experientes. Assim, essa dissertação apresenta relevância acadêmica na área de engenharia de software e poderá auxiliar desenvolvedores(as) e engenheiros(as) de software a monitorar requisitos de qualidade, tais como confiabilidade e eficiência, além de identificar possíveis gargalos estruturais que podem comprometer a satisfação desses requisitos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4730.pdf: 5462519 bytes, checksum: cd2a52f2234bea99e7f5b85f60a90f50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-17 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Since its dawn, Behavior Analysis stood out in the search for ways of teaching complex repertoires to persons with intellectual retardation. Procedures built on stimulus equivalence have proved highly effective and economical, especially with regard to academic and symbolic skills. In Brazil, there is a tradition of successful research concerning the teaching of reading and spelling skills for children with learning disabilities. One of these computer presented procedures has recently been adapted for application to children with intellectual retardation, with excellent results, similar to those encountered by previous studies with other populations. However, to initiate the training in reading, based upon arbitrary MTS and CRMTS tasks, those children had to show a series of prerequisites skills, skills which commonly are to be found missing on people with higher levels of intellectual disabilities. It is urgent, then, to insert the teaching of those skills in the programs, so that more children can benefit from the reading instruction. The objectives of this study were: to identify which prerequisite skills are necessary for teaching reading based on a behavior network; to verify which strategies would be needed to teach such skills to students witch deficits in those repertoires, and finally, to build as a final product a comprehensive education program, to meet the difficulties of the largest possible number of students with intellectual disabilities. Four consecutive studies were designed, pursuing these goals. The first study investigated the possibility of building such a teaching program for prerequisites based on the strategies used by the regular reading program (CRMTS and MTS), and its results showed a relative success to the four participants. Study 2, attempting to expand the strategies to teach prerequisites skills, enrolled three other students in a new learning program, now using techniques such as Observing Response and Fading, and a new strategy, called Dragging-to-Sample. Its data showed higher rates of success, supporting the decision to introduce the new strategies, although flaws in the programming show a possible lack of control. Thus, Study 3 was implemented aiming to correct those flaws, in addition to program the teaching of new skills to the same three children from Study 2 and two other new students. Their positive results showed that the teaching programs successful taught the prerequisites for all but one student. Finally, Study 4 gathered all students who had finished the procedures from previous Studies, and its goal was to enroll them on the reading program, to thus verify the effectiveness and adequacy of the prerequisite programs built here. Their positive results indicated that the teaching programs actually taught the necessary prerequisites for students to enroll on a reading program. The data also clearly show the superiority of the last teaching program (Study 3) when compared to the first program (Study 1), corroborating both the prerequisite skills and support strategies chosen. The final product of the four studies was a prerequisite teaching program which could effectively help children with intellectual disabilities to achieve higher levels of reading comprehension. / A Análise do Comportamento, há muito, tem se destacado na busca por modos de ensinar repertórios complexos a pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Metodologias com base em equivalência de estímulos em particular têm se mostrado altamente eficazes e econômicas, especialmente com relação a conteúdos acadêmicos e habilidades simbólicas. No Brasil, uma tradição de pesquisas tem alcançado muito sucesso no ensino de leitura e escrita para crianças com fracasso escolar e dificuldades de aprendizagem. Um destes programas de ensino, computadorizado, foi recentemente adaptado para aplicação a crianças com deficiência intelectual, alcançando, também, altos resultados, similares aos verificados pelos estudos anteriores, com outras populações. Entretanto, para dar início ao treino em leitura, composto primariamente por tarefas de MTS e CRMTS arbitrário, fazia-se necessário que as crianças apresentassem uma série de pré-requisitos, comumente em falta no repertório de pessoas com níveis mais comprometidos de deficiência. A inclusão, nestes programas, de tarefas que ensinem tais habilidades para que mais crianças possam se beneficiar da instrução de leitura se faz, portanto, imperativa. Os objetivos deste estudo foram, então: identificar quais seriam as habilidades de pré-requisito necessárias para o ensino de leitura com base em uma rede de relações comportamentais; verificar que estratégias seriam necessárias para ensinar tais habilidades a alunos que apresentassem déficits nestes repertórios; e finalmente, construir como produto final um programa de ensino amplo, capaz de atender às dificuldades do maior número possível de alunos com tal perfil. Quatro estudos consecutivos foram delineados, perseguindo tais metas. O primeiro estudo verificou a possibilidade de construir tal programa de ensino de pré-requisitos a partir das estratégias empregadas pelo programa de leitura regular (basicamente MTS e CRMTS), e seus resultados mostraram sucesso relativo para seus quatro alunos. O Estudo 2, na tentativa de expandir as estratégias empregadas para o ensino de pré-requisitos, expôs outros três alunos a um novo programa de ensino, agora utilizando técnicas consagradas na Literatura como Fading e Resposta de observação, além de uma nova estratégia construída, o Dragging-to-Sample. Seus dados mostraram maiores índices de sucesso, corroborando a decisão de introduzir as novas estratégias; porém uma falha na programação deixou um possível controle espúrio se desenvolver. Assim, o Estudo 3 foi implementado, com o objetivo de corrigir as falhas encontradas no estudo anterior, além de programar o ensino de novas habilidades, para as três crianças provenientes do Estudo 2 e outros dois alunos novos. Seus resultados mostraram alto sucesso do programa de ensino de pré-requisitos, para todos menos um aluno. O Estudo 4, por fim, teve por participantes os alunos que terminassem os estudos anteriores, e seu objetivo era aplicar o programa de leitura a eles, verificando, assim, a eficácia e suficiência dos programas de pré-requisito aqui construídos. Seus resultados positivos indicaram que os programas de ensino de fato ensinaram os pré-requisitos necessários para que os alunos pudessem realizar um programa de leitura. Os dados ainda mostram claramente a superioridade do último programa de ensino (Estudo 3) com relação ao primeiro (Estudo 1), e corroboram para a escolha tanto das habilidades de pré-requisito quanto das estratégias de apoio inseridas. O produto final dos quatro estudos foi um programa de ensino de pré-requisitos eficaz para guiar as crianças com deficiência intelectual a alcançar níveis mais elevados de compreensão da leitura.

O trabalho trata das situações de incerteza na técnica processual civil, analisando causas, efeitos e, principalmente, meios adequados para o tratamento dessas situações. Defende a idéia de que os litigantes não podem ter seus direitos processuais cerceados pela falta de objetividade na técnica processual, circunstância na qual deverá ser privilegiada a eficácia dos atos das partes. Nos três primeiros capítulos, é estudada a função do processo perante o direito material (aspecto positivo da instrumentalidade do processo), seu formalismo e sua flexibilidade, acentuando-se a aplicação da instrumentalidade das formas e do dever de saneamento das irregularidades processuais (aspecto negativo da instrumentalidade do processo). No capítulo quarto, são identificadas as crises de certeza no direito processual, suas fontes e os melhores meios de se evitá-las. No capítulo quinto, é justificada, à luz do direito processual vigente, a necessidade de manutenção da eficácia dos atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza. Por fim, nos capítulos seis e sete, o trabalho trata da fungibilidade recursal e da incerteza relativa aos pressupostos formais da ação rescisória, propondo meios de se permitir que os atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza produzam todos os seus efeitos, ainda que a opção dos litigantes divirja daquela adotada pelo juiz. / The present dissertation deals with the uncertainty about Brazilian civil procedure techniques, analyzing causes, effects and, chiefly, adequate means of treatment of such issues. It argues that the litigants may not have their procedural rights suppressed by the lack of objectivity on procedural law, situation in which the efficacy of their acts must be privileged. In the first three chapters, it studies the function of the procedural Law considering the substantive Law (positive aspect of procedural instrumentality), its formalism and its flexibility, enhancing the applicability of the norm of instrumentality of the forms and the judges obligation of remedying procedural irregularities (negative aspect of procedural instrumentality). In chapter four, crises of uncertainty of procedural law are identified, its sources as well as the best ways to avoid them. In chapter five, the needs of maintaining the efficacy of the parties acts in situations of uncertainty are justified considering the current procedural Law. At last, in chapters six and seven, the study addresses the rule of commingling remedies and the matter of uncertainty related to the procedural requisites of the termination action, proposing that the procedural acts performed in zones of uncertainty will produce all their effects, even if the option made by the litigants be different from that made by the judge.

The product development process for the automotive industry is normally complicated, lengthy, expensive, and risky. Hence, a study on a new concept for Low Volume Automotive Manufacturing (LVAM), used for niche car models manufacturing, is proposed to overcome this issue. The development of a hybrid Knowledge Based (KB) System, which is a blend of KB System, Gauging Absences of Pre-requisites (GAP), and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed for LVAM research. The hybrid KB/GAP/AHP System identifies all potential elements of LVAM issues throughout the development of this system. The KB System used in the LVAM analyses the gap between the existing and the benchmark organisations for an effective implementation. The novelty and differences in the current research approach emphasises the use of Knowledge Based (KB) System in the planning and designing stages by suggesting recommendations of LVAM implementation, through: a) developing the conceptual LVAM model; b) designing the KBLVAM System structure based on the conceptual LVAM model; and c) embedding Gauging Absences of Pre-requisites (GAP) analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach in the hybrid KBLVAM System. The KBLVAM Model explores five major perspectives in two stages. Planning Stage (Stage 1) consists of Manufacturer Environment Perspective (Level 0), LVAM Manufacturer Business Perspective (Level 1), and LVAM Manufacturer Resource Perspective (Level 2). Design Stage (Stage 2) consists of LVAM Manufacturer Capability ¿ Car Body Part Manufacturing Perspective (Level 3), LVAM Manufacturer Capability ¿ Competitive Priorities Perspective (Level 4), and LVAM Manufacturer Capability ¿ Lean Process Optimisation Perspective (Level 5). Each of these perspectives consists of modules and sub-modules that represent specific subjects in the LVAM development. Based on the conceptual LVAM model, all perspectives were transformed into the KBLVAM System structure, which is embedded with the GAP and AHP techniques, hence, key areas of potential improvement are recommended for each activity for LVAM implementation. In order to be able to address the real situation of LVAM environment, the research verification was conducted for two automotive manufacturers in Malaysia. Some published case studies were also used to check several modules for their validity and reliability. This research concludes that the developed KBLVAM System provides valuable decision making information and knowledge to assist LVAM practitioners to plan, design and implement LVAM in terms of business organisation, manufacturing aspects and practices. / Universiti Malaysia Pahang and Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia

The complexity of sustainable building maintenance environment requires managers to define and implement appropriate quality benchmark system suitable for this function. Lean Six Sigma (LSS) is one of the most effective process improvement and optimization philosophy that maintenance organisations can implement in their environment. However, literature review has shown that 90% of failures in LSS implementations are due to lack of readiness to change, the unawareness of the required benchmark organisation capabilities, and improper control of priorities. The contribution of the current research approach is in developing a hybrid Knowledge-Based (KB)/GAP/AHP System, consisting of three stages (Planning, Designing and Implementation) and containing over 2500 KB rules. The KB System can assist the decision-makers in identifying the obstacles behind the organisation readiness to change into a benchmark LSS maintenance environment. Thus the KB System will be used to achieve benchmark standards by determining the gap existing between the current environment and the benchmark goal, and then suggest a detailed plan to overcome these hurdles in a prioritised and structured manner, thus achieving cost benefits. To ensure its consistency and reliability, the KB System was validated in three Oman-based maintenance organisations, and one published case study for a UK-based organisation. The results from the validation were positive with the System output suggesting list of top priorities and action plans for achieving benchmark LSS standards for these organisations. The research concludes that the developed KB System is a consistent and reliable methodology for assisting decision-makers in designing, planning, and implementing LSS for benchmark sustainable building maintenance.

The dependency of maintenance as a manufacturing logistic function has made the considerations of maintenance decisions complex in nature. The importance of maintenance has escalated significantly by the increasing of automation in manufacturing processes. This condition switches the traditional maintenance perspective of “fire-fighter” into the business competitive driver. As a consequence, maintenance needs to consider other related aspects of decision making to achieve competitive advantage. This research aims to develop a hybrid Knowledge-Based (KB) System/GAP/AHP methodology to support the integration of maintenance decision with business and manufacturing perspectives. It constructs over 2000 KB rules on Strategic Stage (business and manufacturing aspects) and Maintenance Operations Stage (maintenance aspects). Each aspect contains KB rules attached with GAP analysis to assess the gap between current and prerequisite condition. AHP analysis is then deployed to compare those aspects structurally in a pair-wise manner to identify the critical ones to be rectified. This hybrid KB system is useful in reviewing the existing maintenance system performance and provides reasonable recommendations to improve maintenance performance with respect to business and manufacturing perspectives. Eventually, it indicates the roadmap from the current state to the benchmark goals for the maintenance system. This novel methodology of KBS/GAP/AHP to support maintenance decision is developed for a particular application in the automotive environment. The validation is conducted in two automotive companies in Indonesia and one published case study in an automotive company. The result confirms that the developed KB system can provide the valid, reasonable and consistent result to propose structured recommendation for maintenance improvement priority.

No / A conceptual design approach is an important stage for the development of a hybrid Knowledge-Based System (KBS) for Low Volume Automotive Manufacturing (LVAM). The development of a hybrid KBS, which is a blend of KBS and Gauging Absences of Pre-requisites (GAP), is proposed for LVAM research. The hybrid KB/GAP system identifies all potential elements of LVAM issues throughout the development of this system. The KBS used in the system design stage of the LVAM system analyses the gap between the existing and the benchmark organisations for an effective implementation through the GAP analysis technique. The proposed KBLVAM model at the design stage explores three major components, namely LVAM car body parts manufacturing perspective, LVAM competitive priorities perspective and LVAM lean environment perspective. Initial results reveal that the KBLVAM system has identified, for each perspective modules and sub-modules, the Problem Categories (PC) in a prioritised manner. / The financial support by the Malaysian Government, Universiti Malaysia Pahang and University of Bradford for this research is grateful acknowledged.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jairo Jose Genova.pdf: 531982 bytes, checksum: 321d2958a5855bafa6268c8c393ea5d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-06 / We developed an ultima ratio Criminal Law, with sanctions more suitable to human dignity. In the procedural field, the hierarchical relationship of the State to those whom commit a transgression begins to give a consensus to the scope of the law, especially between the offender and the victim of a crime of minor seriousness: this consent will determine that Criminal Law then performs the special role of social pacifier. This tendency follows from the constitutional principles of the Criminal Law, especially ancillary, offense, proportionality, insignificance which aims to give protection to the larger judicial system and the use of alternative punishment instead of deprivation freedom. We have now have a legal concept but to reduce anything potentially prejudicial, it is needed to establish some flexibility of this concept: letting those who apply the Law the incumbency of rating, in each factual case, the greater or lesser seriousness of the offense of the case. We propose the choice of positive requisites (availability of the legal assets, favored features of inheritance/ancestral law, punishment in perspective and reparation to the injured party). Also to consider some crimes of lesser seriousness with a maximum punishment over two years, assets of negative requisite (Human Rights) in order to exclude from this list crimes with a maximum penalty less than two years / Evoluímos para o Direito Penal de ultima ratio, com sanções mais adequadas à dignidade humana. No campo processual, a relação hierarquizada do Estado para com o autor da infração está cedendo lugar para o consenso no âmbito penal, em especial entre autor e vítima dos crimes de menor gravidade, consenso esse determinante para que o Direito Penal cumpra seu papel de pacificação social. Essa tendência decorre da fundamentação do Direito Penal nos princípios constitucionais, em especial os da subsidiariedade, da ofensividade, da proporcionalidade e da insignificância e visa, precipuamente, à proteção dos bens jurídicos mais relevantes e à aplicação de penas alternativas à privação da liberdade. Temos um conceito legal e rígido de menor potencialidade lesiva, mas é preciso criar mecanismos para flexibilizar o conceito, deixando aos aplicadores do Direito a incumbência de aferir, em cada caso concreto, a maior ou menor gravidade do fato. Propomos a adoção de requisitos positivos (disponibilidade do bem jurídico, formas privilegiadas dos crimes patrimoniais, pena em perspectiva e a reparação do dano) para considerar de menor potencialidade lesiva alguns crimes com pena máxima superior a dois anos, bem de requisito negativo (a dignidade humana) para excluir desse rol crimes com pena máxima inferior a dois anos