No description available.

Road safety is integral to nearly every aspect of daily life all around the globe and it begins in early infancy. Children are exposed to the inherent risks associated with road traffic and it is the leading cause of death globally among children and young adults. Although effective prevention measures are available, it is all too common with either unrestrained or improperly restrained children on the global roads. Only children are omitted in the protection system of vehicles. Therefore, children require additional equipment to ride safely in cars. The purpose of this thesis was to address the dilemma of unrestrained and improperly restrained children. The objectives were to define the most important requirements for an integrated child restraint and based on these propose a design of such a system. The thesis reflected a concept development process and applied the three lenses of innovation, namely, desirability, feasibility, and viability. The prominent criterions in the product design specification includes arguments that so far have stagnated the value of an integrated child restraint. The arguments connect to cost, restricting comfort and space for other passengers, and restricting flexibility and weight of the total vehicle. The thesis proposed a design of an integrated child restraint for children between 4-12 years. Furthermore, it provides a glimpse of an integrated rearward facing child restraint for younger children to illustrate the importance of protecting all children in the standard vehicle design and in-vehicle restraint systems.

The current study replicated and extended previous research by examining empirically the direct and indirect influence of social pressure (to lose weight and diet), social body comparisons, internalization of the thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and cardiorespiratory fitness on self-reported dietary restraint in a diverse sample of middle school boys (n = 663); Mage was 12.49 years (SD = .99). With IRB approval, parental consent, and child assent, during annual FITNESSGRAM testing, participants completed questionnaires that measured the study’s constructs. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was determined by the boys’ performance on the PACER running test. The proposed model was examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). Because measures demonstrated univariate and multivariate normality, the maximum likelihood procedure within EQS to examine the measurement and structural models was used. Fit was determined using a two-index procedure. Participants were randomly split into exploratory (Sample A - 331) and confirmatory (Sample B - 332) samples. For Sample A, the measurement and structural models fit the data well. The structural model was confirmed in Sample B, with the same paths being significant and nonsignficant. For both Sample A and Sample B, 35% of the Dietary Restraint variance was explained. These findings support a multifactorial approach to understanding boys’ self-reported dietary restraint, and illuminate the negative influence of sociocultural weight pressures and salutary effects of CRF on early adolescents’ psychosocial well-being and dietary behaviors.

Problème. L'administration de médicaments aux propriétés sédatives pour la gestion des symptômes comportementaux, aussi appelée contention chimique, est une intervention complexe dont les finalités de contrôle, de protection, de traitement et d'alternative à d'autres coercitions entrent en conflit et sèment le désaccord chez les acteurs en établissements de santé. Tous s'entendent toutefois sur la nécessité d'en mesurer l'usage et d'évaluer la conformité des pratiques des soignants aux normes de qualité applicable. Or, à l'heure actuelle, aucune définition opérationnelle de la contention chimique, aucun outil ni indicateur de qualité des soins valide ne permet d'évaluer l'usage des contentions chimiques. But. Cette étude métrologique a pour but de développer et de valider un outil d'évaluation réflexive de la qualité des soins en matière de contention chimique de la perspective de l'infirmière. Méthodologie. Quatre questions de recherche rassemblées en deux grandes phases de l'étude ont permis de poursuivre ce but, lors desquelles des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives ont été utilisées. La phase de développement de l'outil d'évaluation réflexive impliquait la conduite d'une revue réaliste pour rassembler, à l'intérieur d'un modèle théorique, un inventaire d'items potentiels. Cette méthode systématique de synthèse des connaissances suggère une étape préliminaire destinée à clarifier la nature et les contextes de déploiement de l'intervention d'intérêt, ici l'usage des contentions chimiques. Pour ce faire, un examen de la portée a été réalisé. Puis, une technique Delphi a permis la validation du contenu des items recensés, lesquels ont ensuite été intégrés dans une plateforme virtuelle d'évaluation réflexive qui permet de mesurer les perceptions des professionnelles en charge de la décision d'administrer la contention chimique, soit les infirmières. L'outil d'évaluation au format innovant, appelé E-value-action, a ensuite été pré-testé pour une appréciation de la validité apparente (face validity) auprès de futurs- utilisateurs d'un Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Québec, Canada, lesquels ont offert une rétroaction qualitative suite à une simulation d'évaluation. Résultats. L'examen de la portée basé sur 33 articles de provenance internationale a fait ressortir la nécessité d'élargir le concept à définir et à mesurer pour aborder la contention chimique comme une notion synonyme à la sédation des symptômes comportementaux. Ensuite, par le biais de la revue réaliste, 28 normes de pratique répertoriées dans 45 articles scientifiques ou textes de lignes directrices ont pu être insérées au modèle théorique puis libellés sous forme d'items à intégrer à l'outil d'évaluation. Ces normes, appuyées d'exemples concrets, reflètent la qualité des soins infirmiers en trois contextes principaux : les soins en santé mentale, les soins aigus à l'adulte et les soins de longue durée à la clientèle âgée. Au niveau de la validité de contenu, les items de l'outil ont présenté un degré d'accord sur la clarté des items de 90% et de 95% sur la pertinence, témoignant d'un consensus (>70%) chez le panel d'experts chercheurs, gestionnaires et cliniciens (n = 20) de différentes régions administratives du Québec, Canada. L'adéquation de la plateforme virtuelle d'évaluation et l'intérêt pour son implantation en contextes cliniques ressortent de l'analyse des données de la validité apparente auprès d'infirmières en soins directs (n = 7) d'un CIUSSS québécois. Discussion. L'usage de cet outil d'évaluation réflexive devrait favoriser l'intégration des normes de pratique en soins infirmiers en plus de promouvoir une culture de réduction des mesures de contrôle favorable à des soins plus sécuritaires, efficaces et centrés sur la personne. Une validation ultérieure à plus grande échelle et la traduction du contenu d'E-value-action avec validations transculturelles sont recommandées pour soutenir les nombreux états/provinces et pays anglophones qui possèdent, comme le Québec, une règlementation sur la réduction ou l'usage d'exception des mesures de contrôle dont la substance chimique. / Background. The administration of sedative agents for the management of behavioral symptoms, also called chemical restraint, is a complex intervention of which the various goals of control, protection, treatment and alternative to other coercion inspire vigorous debate among professionals within the health care field. There is general consensus, however, on the necessity to reduce the application and to evaluate professional practices against relevant quality standards. Despite this clear recommendation, there is currently no operational definition of chemical restraint, and there is no valid measurement tool or indicator available for the evaluation of chemical restraint interventions in healthcare. Aim. This metrological study aims to develop and validate an instrument to assess the quality of chemical restraint practices from the perspective of nurses. Methods. This goal has been pursued through the formulation of four research questions organized into two large phases of study, involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. The development phase was based on a realist review of existing quality standards in order to gather, within a theoretical model, an inventory of potential items. This systematic method of knowledge synthesis requires, as a preliminary step, the clarification of the nature and various contexts of the intervention of interest, in this case, chemical restraint. This was accomplished through a scoping review. Following this, the Delphi method enabled the content validation of the identified items, which were then integrated into a virtual reflexive assessment tool within which the perceptions of the nurses in charge of administering chemical restraints could be measured. In order to gain an appreciation of the face validity of this innovative assessment tool, called E-value- action, it was then pre-tested among future users at one of Quebec's Integrated University Health and Social Services Centers (CIUSSS), Canada. After completing this simulated evaluation, participants were invited to provide a qualitative description of their experience. Results. The scoping review, based on 33 internationally sourced articles, highlighted the necessity to expand the concept being defined and measured to include chemical restraint or behavioral sedation. The realist review method was then used to identify 28 quality standards, inventoried within 45 scientific articles or practical guidelines, which were then integrated into the theoretical model and itemized to facilitate their inclusion within the quality assessment tool. These items, supported by concrete examples, reflect nursing practices in three principal contexts: mental health care, acute care for adults and long- term elder care. As concerns the content validity, the items within the theoretical model presented an agreement of 90% for the clarity, and of 95% for the relevance, demonstrating a consensus (>70%) among the panel of expert researchers, managers and clinicians (n = 20) from different administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. The alignment between the virtual self-evaluation platform and the interest for its implementation within clinical contexts is palpable from the analysis of the face validity data gathered from direct care nurses (n = 7) in the Quebec CIUSSS. Discussion. The application of this reflexive self-evaluation tool should engender a deeper integration of nursing standards in addition to promoting a diminished utilization of coercive measures leading to care that is more secure, effective and patient-centered. A subsequent large-scale pilot testing of the E-value-action platform is recommended, including the translation and adaptation for cross-cultural analysis, in order to support the numerous English-speaking jurisdictions which, like Quebec, have developed regulations concerning the reduction or exceptional application of coercive measures such as pharmacological agents.

No description available.

No description available.

Univ., Diss.--Basel, 2002.

The purpose of this study is to expand and variegate the general history of psychiatric care in Sweden in the late nineteenth century. My objects of interest are the first two head doctors of Stockholm’s hospital and their handwritten annual reports to the directorate of the hospital from the year of 1862 to the year of 1889. During this time the psychiatric care in Sweden went through a number of changes. Laws against treating patients of the asylums with physical restraint and force were passed, and humanitarian and philanthropic movements were a big part of these changes. In Sweden, the psychiatric care was expanding at this time. The old asylums were condemned by humanitarian intellectuals for its horrible conditions, and the doctors called out for new modern asylums. The modern day general history of the expansion of asylums is often in some way linked to Michel Foucault’s theory of the psychiatric asylum as an institution of social control. One of the main undertakings in this essay is to test this theory in the context of a late nineteenth century asylum of Stockholm. Another ambition in this essay is to establish which other characteristic structures of the nineteenth century that appear to have influenced the psychiatric care. Testing Foucault’s theory of social control has in this study proven to call for the need of additional theories concerning both class and gender structures. To expose the nuances of the general history of the asylum I have been using a microhistorical approach, while still integrating with the macro-leveled general history and the control theory of Michel Foucault.Focus in this research is on the two first head doctors of Stockholm’s first real asylum. In this essay, I analyse their description of patient labour and the use of physical restraint/force methods as treatments. The results of my research show that the upholding of social control and moral standards was a big part of the head doctors profession during the second half of the nineteenth century in the Swedish asylum. The results also show that the patients were treated differently based on gender and which of the three different payment classes of the asylum that they belonged to.

L’utilisation des mesures d’isolement et de contentions en milieu psychiatrique intrahospitalier se produit fréquemment en réponse à des comportements agressifs et continue de soulever la controverse. À cet égard, de plus en plus d’études tendent à démontrer que le personnel soignant travaillant sur ces unités est influencé par plusieurs facteurs de nature différente, notamment la perception de l’agressivité, quand vient le temps de prendre une décision quant à l’utilisation (ou non) de ces mesures coercitives. Méthodologie : Plus de trois cents membres du personnel soignant travaillant en milieu psychiatrique intrahospitalier ont été recrutés dans huit établissements psychiatriques du Québec. Dans un premier temps, un questionnaire leur a été distribué afin de mettre en relief les différents facteurs (individuels et organisationnels) ayant un impact sur l’utilisation des mesures coercitives. Simultanément, l’analyse factorielle de la version française de deux échelles permettant de mesurer la perception de l’agressivité en milieu hospitalier (le MOAS et le POAS) a été faite. Résultats : Un modèle final multivarié a démontré que le type d’unité psychiatrique, l’expression de la colère et de l’agressivité parmi les membres de l’équipe de soins, la perception de la fréquence de gestes autoagressifs et la perception de mesures de sécurité insuffisantes dans le milieu de travail étaient des prédicteurs indépendants de l’utilisation de procédures d’isolement et de contentions. L’analyse factorielle a pour sa part mis en évidence une structure à 4 facteurs pour le MOAS et à 3 facteurs pour le POAS, conformément à ce que l’on retrouvait dans la littérature scientifique. Conclusion : Ces résultats soulignent l’importance des facteurs organisationnels par rapport aux facteurs individuels dans l’utilisation des mesures coercitives en psychiatrie et la nécessité d’évaluer les perceptions quant à l’agressivité et à la sécurité chez le personnel soignant. En comprenant mieux les phénomènes qui amènent leur utilisation, il sera possible de trouver des alternatives aux mesures d’isolement et de contentions et ainsi réduire le recours à ces dernières. / Psychiatric staff can have both positive and negative attitudes towards inpatient aggression. Different attitudes towards aggression can have a substantial influence on how such behaviour is dealt with on psychiatric wards. In this manner, seclusion and restraint are frequently used measures for managing violent behaviour. However, their use raises several concerns. Method: Over three hundred staff members were recruited from eight psychiatric hospitals in the province of Quebec. First of all, an examination was conducted from the staff perspective of the organizational and staff factors that may be associated with increased recourse to seclusion and restraint in psychiatric wards. Simultaneously, factorial analysis of the French version of two scales used to measure staff attitude towards institutional violence and aggression (MOAS and POAS) was completed. Results: The final multivariate model showed that the following factors independently predict to greater use of seclusion and restraint: the type of hospital ward; greater expression of anger and aggression among staff members; perceptions of the frequency of incidents of physical aggression against the self; and the perception of insufficient protection measures in the workplace. Factor analyses revealed a four factor structure for the MOAS and a three factor structure for the 12-item POAS, which is similar to what is found in recent scientific literature in North American and European countries. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of evaluating a variety of factors, including perceptions of safety and violence, when exploring the management of aggression and violence on psychiatric wards and the reasons seclusion and restraint measures are used. These findings represent the first stage of a research program of the multidisciplinary group to whom the author is associated, aimed at reducing recourse to seclusion and restraint in Quebec psychiatric services.

Depuis la désinstitutionalisation dans les milieux psychiatriques, il a été souvent mentionné qu’une augmentation des admissions dans les milieux carcéraux et de psychiatrie légale était en cours afin de prendre soin des personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux graves (TMG). Parallèlement, plusieurs auteurs ont rapporté que les individus ayant des troubles mentaux sévères sont plus à risque de perpétrer des gestes antisociaux ou de violence. À l’égard de cette problématique, nous soutenons le modèle de la spécificité clinique. Celui-ci précise que des profils psychopathologiques particuliers augmentent le risque de violence, conduisent à différents types de fonctionnement social et articulent la demande de soins. L’environnement a, de plus, un effet modulateur au niveau du fonctionnement distinctif de l’individu. Une relation bidirectionnelle se construit entre la spécificité psychopathologique et l’environnement, plus particulièrement en ce qui a trait aux relations interpersonnelles, au milieu socioéconomique, au patron d’utilisation des services de psychiatrie et à l’interaction avec le système de justice qui déterminent subséquemment le type de prise en charge ou le statut légal du patient. Afin d’appuyer ce modèle, les profils des patients atteints de TMG en fonction des statuts légaux, du milieu de soins (psychiatrie générale et psychiatrie légale) et de l’utilisation des mesures d’isolement et de contentions ont été examinés. Les patients ont été évalués par des mesures sociodémographiques (indicateurs du fonctionnement social, des relations interpersonnelles et du milieu socioéconomique), psychodiagnostiques (SCID-I et II) et de la psychopathie. De même, le dossier criminel, les dossiers médicaux hospitaliers et administratifs (MED-ECHO et RAMQ) ont été observés. Les devis étaient rétrospectifs. Par ailleurs, au niveau de l’interaction entre les services de psychiatrie et l’individu atteint d’un TMG, nous avons exploré la perception subjective des intervenants en santé mentale quant à l’agressivité et la violence. Nous avons considéré l’impact de cette perception sur la manière d’offrir des soins, plus particulièrement en ce qui a trait aux mesures coercitives (mesures d’isolement avec ou sans contentions), lors des hospitalisations. Les cinq études ont appuyé l’idée d’une spécificité clinique tant sur le plan des profils cliniques des individus que sur la manière d’offrir les services, spécialement au niveau des mesures de contrôles. Les caractéristiques de la personne et de l’environnement semblent de ce fait jouer un rôle important dans le type de services que recevra un individu souffrant de TMG. Ces travaux ouvrent sur la possibilité de mieux déterminer l’étiologie et la gestion de la violence de même que la manière dont le système s’occupe des patients à risque de violence. / Since deinstitutionalization in psychiatry, it has often been mentioned that individuals who in the past would have been cared for in psychiatric hospitals are today ending up in forensic hospitals or, worse, in prison. Meanwhile, several authors have reported that individuals with severe mental illness are more likely to commit antisocial acts or violence. In respect of this issue, we support the clinical specificity model. It specifies that psychopathological profiles increase the risk of violence and lead to different types of social functioning. The environment has also a modulating effect on the functioning of the individual distinctiveness. A bidirectional relationship is built between the specific psychopathology and the environment, particularly with regard to interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic background, the pattern of psychiatric services use and the interaction with the justice system that subsequently determine the type of care or patient's legal status. To support this hypothesis, we examined the profiles of patients with severe mental illness based on legal status and care setting (general psychiatry and forensic psychiatry) and the use of seclusion and restraint. Patients were evaluated by sociodemographic measures (indicators of social functioning, interpersonal relationships and socioeconomic background) and measures of psychodiagnostic (SCID-I and II) and psychopathy. In addition, criminal records, official provincial government physician-billing and hospitalization files (MED-ECHO and Medicare) were observed. The designs were retrospectives. Moreover, in order to explore the subjective perception of aggression and violence of mental health workers, the level of interaction that occurs between psychiatric services and the individual suffering from severe mental illness, were evaluated. We considered the impact of this perception on how to provide care, particularly with respect to coercive measures (measures of seclusion with or without restraints) during hospitalization. The five studies have supported the clinical specificity of both the clinical profiles of individuals and the way to deliver services, especially coercion. The characteristics of the individual and the environment seem to play an important role in the type of service received by an individual with severe mental illness. This work opens the possibility in subsequent studies to better determine the etiology of aggression, how to manage violence and to identify the care offered on the issue.