Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objectives of this study were: to determine the presence of prorenin and the receptor of (pro)renin [(P)RR] in cumulus cells (CC) and oocytes; evaluate the role of prorenin in the resumption of oocyte meiosis, ovulation and on levels of plasma progesterone (P4). The mRNA expression of prorenin and (P) RR was evaluated in oocytes and cumulus cells of the bovine species. The mRNA of prorenin and (P)RR was detected in CC, in oocytes only mRNA expression of (P)RR was found. The role of prorenin in the resumption of meiosis was determined from 3 experiments using a co-culture of cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) and follicular halves. In the first experiment, three different concentrations of prorenin (10-10, 10-9, and 10-8M) were tested, which stimulated the resumption of meiosis similar to the positive control and angiotensin II (Ang II). In experiment 2, the co-culture was supplemented with prorenin (10-10M) and aliskiren (direct inhibitor of renin, 10-3M, 10-5M and 10-7M). The aliskiren blocked the resumption of meiosis-induced by prorenin in all concentrations tested. The aliskiren (10-5M and 10-7M) was also evaluated in isolation in a culture system of COCs without follicular halves and the rate of oocytes that resumed meiosis was not different of the positive control. The third experiment was conducted to evaluate the stimulation of meiosis resumption by prorenin independent of Ang II using the combination of prorenin (10-10M) and saralasin [nonspecific Ang II receptor antagonist - Sar (10-5M)], which obtained a rate of oocytes at metaphase I (MI) similar to the positive control and treatments of AngII and prorenin. The prorenin also resumed the oocyte meiosis in a culture system of COCs suplemmented with forskolin, wicth blocks the meiosis by intracellular cAMP accumulation. To evaluate the regulation of (P)RR mRNA in the theca and granulosa cells by LH, cows who achieved follicular diameter ≥12mm after synchronization were submitted to the ovariectomy 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after GnRH analogue treatment. There was a higher mRNA expression of (P)RR in the theca cells at hour 6; and at hour 3 in the granulosa cells. The effect of (P)RR in ovulation and plasma P4 during luteinization was observed cows that were synchronized and induced by GnRH analogue (IM) associated for intrafollicular aliskiren (10-5M) or PBS (0hour/0day) and the ovulation was evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours by ultrasound, wicth was not different of the control (PBS). The leves of plasma P4 was analysed at day 6 and 8 after GnRH and intrafollicular treatment only in the cows that ovulated. The intrafollicular (P)RR blocks decreased plasma P4 at day 6. It was concluded that the prorenin / (P)RR participates in the peri-ovulatory period: in the resumption of oocyte meiosis independently of AngII, in the ovulation by LH stimulation to (P)RR mRNA and in the P4 synthesis during luteinization. / Os objetivos deste estudo foram: determinar a presença de prorenina e receptor de (pro)renina [(P)RR] nas células do cumulus (CC) e em oócitos; avaliar o papel da prorenina na retomada da meiose oocitária; na ovulação e sobre os níveis de progesterona plasmática (P4). A expressão do RNAm de prorenina e (P)RR foi avaliada em oócitos e CC da espécie bovina. O RNAm de prorenina e (P)RR foi detectado nas células do cumulus; nos oócitos ocorreu apenas expressão de RNAm de (P)RR. O papel da prorenina na retomada da meiose foi determinado a partir de 3 experimentos utilizando um sistema de co-cultivo de complexo-cumulus oócito (COC) e metades foliculares. No primeiro experimento, foram testadas três concentrações de prorenina (10-10; 10-9; e 10-8M), as quais estimularam a retomada da meiose semelhante ao controle positivo e angiotensina II (Ang II). No experimento 2, o co-cultivo foi suplementado com prorenina (10-10M) e alisquireno (inibidor direto de renina; 10-3M, 10-5M e 10-7M). O alisquireno bloqueou a retomada da meiose induzida pela prorenina em todas concentrações testadas. O alisquireno (10-5M e 10-7M) também foi avaliado isoladamente em sistema de cultivo de COC sem metades foliculares e a taxa de oócitos que retomaram a meiose não diferiu do controle positivo. O experimento 3 foi realizado para avaliar o estímulo da retomada da meiose pela prorenina independente da Ang II utilizando a associação de prorenina (10-10M) e saralasina [antagonista do receptor da Ang II - Sar (10-5M)], a qual obteve taxa de oócitos em metáfase I (MI) semelhante ao controle positivo e aos tratamentos AngII e prorenina. A prorenina também retomou a meiose oocitária em cultivo de COCs suplementado com forskolin, que bloqueia a meiose pelo acumulo de AMPc intracelular.Para avaliar a possível influência do pico de LH na expressão do RNAm de (P)RR nas células da teca e granulosa, vacas que apresentaram folículo ≥12mm de diâmetro após a sincronização farmacológica do ciclo estral foram ovariectomizadas 0, 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas após aplicação do análogo do GnRH. Houve maior expressão de RNAm de (P)RR nas células da teca na hora 6; e na hora 3 nas células da granulosa. O papel do (P)RR na ovulação e sobre a P4 plasmática durante a luteinização foi verificado em vacas sincronizadas farmacológicamente, induzidas pelo análogo de GnRH (IM) associado ao alisquireno (10-5M) ou PBS intrafolicular (hora 0/ dia 0) e foram avaliadas por ultrason 24, 48 e 72 horas quanto a ovulação, a qual não diferiu do controle (PBS). Os níveis de P4 plasmática foram analisados nos dias 6 e 8 após GnRH e tratamento intrafolicular apenas nas vacas que ovularam, nas quais o bloqueio de (P)RR reduziu P4 no dia 6. Concluiu-se que a prorenina/(P)RR participa do periodo peri-ovulatório: na retomada da meiose oocitária de forma independente da AngII, na ovulação pelo estímulo de LH sobre RNAm do (P)RR e na síntese de P4 durante a luteinização.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T18:42:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - George Bronzeado de Andrade.pdf: 80542669 bytes, checksum: 80ab3d3e9c31728b5799194b08290e5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T18:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - George Bronzeado de Andrade.pdf: 80542669 bytes, checksum: 80ab3d3e9c31728b5799194b08290e5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-08 / CAPES / The end of the 60s and early 70s is marked by the resumption of Sino-US relations under the sign of detente. At this moment in history, the United States Richard Nixon and Communist China of Mao Zedong resume interrupted a relationship for more than twenty years, marked by failure dating back to the victory of the Communist Revolution of Mao Zedong in 1949. Their reunion of two nations, who advocated socio-economic systems and differing ideologies, outside this period grassada the realistic pragmatism policies of Washington and Beijing. It's about this phenomenon that in many ways "shocked" the world, which seeks to undertake a multidimensional understanding of Sino-American resumption under the tripartite perspective of the study of history, analysis of official documents from the U. S. State Department and reading theory to explain the phenomenon of rapprochement, with emphasis on the approach of offensive realism Mearsheimer, who intuits to an American company in the Asian region towards maximizing power with the purpose of seeking regional hegemony. / O fim da década de 60 e início da década de 70 é marcada pelo reatamento das relações sino-americanas sob o signo da détente. Nesse momento da história, os Estados Unidos de Richard Nixon e a China Comunista de Mao Tsé-tung retomam um relacionamento interrompido há mais de vinte anos, marcado pela interrupção que remonta à vitória da Revolução Comunista de Mao Tsé-tung em 1949. O reencontro das duas nações, que defendiam sistemas sócio-econômicos e ideologias divergentes, fora nesse período grassada pelo pragmatismo realista das políticas d e Washington e Pequim. É sobre esse fenômeno que em muitos sentidos ―chocou‖ o mundo, que se busca empreender uma compreensão multidimensional do reatamento sino-americano sob a perspectiva tripartite do estudo da história, da análise dos documentos oficiais do Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos e da leitura teórica para explicar o fenômeno da reaproximação, com ênfase na abordagem do realismo ofensivo de Mearsheimer, que intui para empresa norte-americana na região asiática rumo à maximização de poder com fins de buscar a hegemonia regional.

Région frontalière, exposée aux descentes ennemies autant qu’aux transgressions marines et aux invasions de sables, la Saintonge présente nombre de contraintes. Pourtant, au XVIe siècle, nombre d’indices témoignent d’une reconstruction réussie dans cette région enclavée. Durement éprouvée lors de la guerre de Cent Ans, la population a modifié son approche du littoral pour compenser l’absence de grand pôle urbain susceptible de mener à bien la reprise économique. L’économie saintongeaise développe dès lors des activités s’appuyant sur la dualité des campagnes côtières. Cette combinaison des ressources de l’estran et des terres offre aux habitants une forme de résilience efficace face aux risques alimentaires. Cette relative sécurité alimentaire facilite la reprise démographique dans les paroisses littorales. Le sel, le poisson, la récolte du varech, des coquillages ou de la salicorne permettent non seulement d’accroître les ressources locales, mais génèrent aussi d’autres activités comme la verrerie ou le tannage entre autres. Avec la céréaliculture, l’exploitation du bois ou le développement conséquent de l’élevage, la région dispose d’un panel conséquent de denrées commercialisables. La Saintonge intègre ainsi les sphères d’influence de La Rochelle et de Bordeaux. En tant que périphérie plus ou moins intégrée de ces deux pôles, les campagnes saintongeaises entrent dans leurs réseaux de relations commerciales avec les marchands fréquentant le golfe de Gascogne. Les deux villes-ports apportent également à la région les capitaux qui manquent. En effet, malgré la pluriactivité et la formation de communautés taisibles, la population saintongeaise ne parvient pas à générer les capitaux indispensables permettant à la région de poursuivre son développement économique. A la fin du Moyen Âge, la Saintonge offre donc le visage d’un territoire enclavé mais ouvert au commerce maritime par de petits ports, mais aussi d’une région riche avec des fortunes locales limitées. / Saintonge presents a certain number of constratints: it is a border zone and as thus exposed to enemy raids; it also suffers from the encroachments of the sea and the invasion of sand dunes. Nevertheless, in the 16th century, converging signs show that this region, however distant from the main economic centers, has experienced a successful reconstruction. Victims of the Hundred Year’s war, local people have modified their approach of the coast to compensate the lack of a major urban center that would have organized economic recovery. From then on, the Saintonge economy is grounded on the dual resources of the coastal zones. The inhabitants combine the resources of the seashore and the countryside to better resist food risks. This relative food safety is instrumental in the demographic recovery of the coastal parishes.Salt gathering, fishing harvesting kelp (varech), picking shells or salicorne not only increase local resources, they generate other activities such as glass-making or tanning among others. With the cultivation of cereals, the exploitation of wood or the significant developpement of breeding, the area has a substantial panel of marketable foodstuffs to offer. In this way, Saintonge integrates the spheres of influence of La Rochelle and Bordeaux. It takes part in the trade connections that they have established with the merchants from the bay of Biscay. Both harbour-cities also contribute financial capital, something Saintonge itself coul nod provide. The fact is, in spite of its range of activities and economic developpment. So that at the end of the Middle Ages, Saintonge offers several aspects: it is out of the way but it compensates for it with its small coastal harbours and it has become prosperous, with some significant fortunes emerging from the area.

Aujourd'hui, philosophes et hommes de sciences se trouvent d'accord pour affirmer que le mécanisme n'a plus cours. Or, il hante toujours les esprits. Donc, il est toujours important d'essayer de comprendre son projet. En menant une étude actuelle du mécanisme dans laquelle on estime que l'idée du mécanisme était donnée dès le départ, on peut se demander si le mécanisme est à la fois une théorie scientifique au sens fort du terme et une philosophie authentique ou bien s'il est l'une sans être l'autre ou encore s'il n'est ni l'une ni l'autre. D'un côté, il apparaît que le mécanisme classique est une théorie scientifique au sens strict, celle de la mécanique, mais, étendu aux systèmes ouverts, il est une théorie scientifique au sens distendu - sens entretenu par l'effet de parallélismes idéologiques - ; et de l'autre, il s'avère que le mécanisme est une philosophie sans un contenu original sans doute, mais très spécifique. Qu'on ne voie pas de contradiction entre l'affirmation suivant laquelle le mécanisme est une théorie scientifique et celle d'après laquelle le mécanisme est une philosophie. Avec le mécanisme, on est comme dans un clair-obscur où on a l'impression que les extrêmes se touchent. La philosophie mécaniciste, quant à elle, où serait-elle ? Dans ce clair-obscur et ailleurs ! / Philosophers and scientists these days agree to the view that mechanism has become a thing of the past. Yet, there remains a lingering doubt about it. That's why it is important to try and assess its scope. By way of investigating mechanism today, taking the notion for granted, one may wonder whether mechanism is both, strictly speaking, a theory and a genuine philosophy. It may also be the one thing and not the other, or neither one thing nor the other. On the one hand, it appears that classic mechanism is a scientific theory in its own right. Yet, once it is extended to open systems, it becomes a laxer form of scientific theory, the meaning of which subsides through a network of ideological parallels. On the other hand, it appears that mechanism is a philosophy of its own, though it does not obviously pioneer any new ground. There is no contradiction in terms between the facts that some may argue that mechanism is a scientific theory, while others may claim that it is a philosophy. With mechanism, one is sailing in troubled waters and may have the feeling opposites meet. As for the mechanist philosophy, where might it lay? Well, somewhere in those troubled waters and elsewhere !

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - George Bronzeado de Andrade.pdf: 1377446 bytes, checksum: 4b1d8f7072c83c9f9139b14bb695d86c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The end of the 60s and early 70s is marked by the resumption of Sino-US relations under the sign of detente. At this moment in history, the United States Richard Nixon and Communist China of Mao Zedong resume interrupted a relationship for more than twenty years, marked by failure dating back to the victory of the Communist Revolution of Mao Zedong in 1949. Their reunion of two nations, who advocated socio-economic systems and differing ideologies, outside this period grassada the realistic pragmatism policies of Washington and Beijing. It's about this phenomenon that in many ways "shocked" the world, which seeks to undertake a multidimensional understanding of Sino-American resumption under the tripartite perspective of the study of history, analysis of official documents from the U. S. State Department and reading theory to explain the phenomenon of rapprochement, with emphasis on the approach of offensive realism Mearsheimer, who intuits to an American company in the Asian region towards maximizing power with the purpose of seeking regional hegemony. / O fim da década de 60 e início da década de 70 é marcada pelo reatamento das relações sino-americanas sob o signo da détente. Nesse momento da história, os Estados Unidos de Richard Nixon e a China Comunista de Mao Tsé-tung retomam um relacionamento interrompido há mais de vinte anos, marcado pela interrupção que remonta à vitória da Revolução Comunista de Mao Tsé-tung em 1949. O reencontro das duas nações, que defendiam sistemas sócio-econômicos e ideologias divergentes, fora nesse período grassada pelo pragmatismo realista das políticas d e Washington e Pequim. É sobre esse fenômeno que em muitos sentidos ―chocou‖ o mundo, que se busca empreender uma compreensão multidimensional do reatamento sino-americano sob a perspectiva tripartite do estudo da história, da análise dos documentos oficiais do Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos e da leitura teórica para explicar o fenômeno da reaproximação, com ênfase na abordagem do realismo ofensivo de Mearsheimer, que intui para empresa norte-americana na região asiática rumo à maximização de poder com fins de buscar a hegemonia regional.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) on bovine oocyte meiotic resumption in an in vitro oocyte and follicular cells co-culture system. At first, an oil-free culture system able to maintain a stable osmolality of the medium without the negative interference of the oil was established. The maintenance of osmotic equilibrium confirms that fourwell plate with water in the central hole can be a feasible alternative to replace oil for scientific experimentation and embryo culture. The embryo development rate in the alternative system (near 30% blastocyst) was similar to that obtained in the conventional system (33% blastocyst). Afterwards, the role of FGF10 on bovine oocyte meiotic resumption was evaluated in a co-culture of oocytes and follicular cells in the presence of angiotensin II (10-11M AngII). All tested concentrations of FGF10 inhibited the resumption of meiosis induced by AngII (P ≤ 0.05). The highest germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) rate was observed when FGF10 was absent (45.3%). At concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000ng mL-1 FGF10, the rates of GVBD were 30.2, 29.6 and 27%, respectively. In a second experiment, oocytes were co-cultured with follicular hemisections to test if FGF10 (100ng mL-1) acts directly on COCs or through follicular cells to inhibit AngII (10-11M)-induced meiotic resumption. The AngII-induced GVBD (62.6%) was inhibited when FGF10 was added to in vitro co-culture system (37.8%; P ≤ 0.05). However, FGF10 did not affect meiotic resumption of COCs cultured without AngII in the presence or absence of follicular cells. The third experiment tested if FGF10 inhibits progesterone-induced meiotic resumption. The addition of FGF10 did not affect the meiotic resumption rate induced by progesterone (41.1% and 41.7% GVBD with and without FGF10, respectively; P ≥ 0.05). However, indomethacin (10μM) blocked (20.1% GVBD; P ≤ 0.05) progesterone positive effect suggesting that this steroid, like AngII, acts through cyclooxygenases pathway to induce meiotic resumption. Results show that FGF10 interacts with follicular cells to inhibit AngII but not progesterone-induced meiotic resumption of bovine oocytes. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo averiguar o papel do fator de crescimento fibroblástico 10 (FGF10) no reinício da meiose de oócitos bovinos, utilizando um modelo in vitro de co-cultivo de oócitos e células foliculares. Em um primeiro estudo, foi estabelecido um sistema de cultivo capaz de manter a osmolalidade dos meios constante na ausência de óleo. A adição de água entre os poços de placas de cultivo foi eficiente na prevenção da evaporação dos meios sendo uma alternativa na experimentação científica e produção in vitro de embriões. Com este sistema, se obteve uma taxa média de 30% de desenvolvimento embrionário, resultado similar ao obtido no sistema convencional (33% blastocistos). Após o estabelecimento do sistema, avaliou-se a participação do FGF10 no reinício da meiose de oócitos bovinos e sua interação com a maturação nuclear induzida por angiotensina II (AngII; 10-11M) e progesterona (100ng mL-1). Todas as concentrações de FGF10 testadas foram eficientes na inibição do reinício da meiose induzido por AngII (P ≤ 0,05). As maiores taxas de rompimento de vesícula germinativa (RVG) foram observadas na ausência de FGF10 (45,3%). Nas concentrações de 10, 100, e 1000ng mL-1 de FGF10, as taxas de RVG foram 30,2, 29,6 e 27%, respectivamente. Após o estabelecimento da dose ideal, foi verificado que a adição de FGF10 (100ng mL-1) ao cultivo de complexos cumulus-oócitos acarretou em diminuição na taxa de reinício da meiose somente na presença de células foliculares e AngII (37,8% e 62,6% de RVG com e sem FGF10, respectivamente; P ≤ 0,05). A partir dos resultados dos experimentos anteriores, o terceiro experimento foi delineado para testar se o FGF10 é capaz de inibir o reinício da divisão meiótica induzido por progesterona. A adição de FGF10 não afetou a taxa de reinício da meiose induzida pela progesterona (41,1% e 41,7% de RVG com e sem FGF10, respectivamente; P ≥ 0,05). Entretanto, a adição de indometacina (10μM) bloqueou (20,1% de RVG; P ≤ 0,05) o efeito positivo da progesterona. Este bloqueio demonstra que a progesterona, assim como já foi demonstrado para AngII, utiliza a via das ciclooxigenases para induzir o reinício da meiose e este evento parece não ser regulado pelo FGF10. Os resultados demonstram que o FGF10 interage com as células foliculares para inibir o reinício da meiose estimulado pela AngII mas não pela progesterona.

La reprise des contrats de travail est indéniablement déterminée par le transfert d'entreprise. C'est en effet en raison d'une telle opération que le législateur français prévoit, à l'article L1224-1 c.trav., que tous les contrats de travail en cours au jour du transfert sont automatiquement repris par le cessionnaire. Cependant, ce lien est aujourd'hui oublié sous un enchevêtrement de dispositifs alternatifs ou spécifiques, prévoyant une reprise des contrats de travail en dehors de tout transfert d'entreprise. Ces développements s'expliquent notamment par l'échec du droit européen à harmoniser la législation des États membres sur le sujet. Le droit européen, ne souhaitant pas instaurer une protection uniforme, a fait le choix de n'apporter qu'une définition lacunaire des notions qui constituent pourtant l'essence du transfert d'entreprise. En somme, chaque État est donc libre d'interpréter à sa convenance les dispositions des directives successives, avec, pour seule régulation, l'œil avisé de la Cour de Justice de l'Union Européenne. Cette cacophonie juridique est une opportunité certaine. En effet, au vu de la diversité d'appréhension du sujet par différents droits internes (principalement allemand, anglais et espagnol), une étude comparative permet de mettre à jour les avantages et les carences de notre droit français. Pour ce faire, il conviendra de partir du seul consensus européen sur la question : la perte d'un marché ne constitue pas un transfert d'entreprise. De la redéfinition de l'entreprise à la protection des droits de l'employeur et des salariés, la présente étude propose une simplification du droit du transfert d'entreprise. / The taking over of the employment contracts is undeniably determined by the business transfer. It is indeed because of such a circumstance that the article L1224-1 of the French Labour Code provides for the French legislation, to take over automatically all the work contracts in progress on the day of the transfer by the transferee. However, this link is nowadays forgotten under a confusion of alternative or specific provisions, providing for the taking over of the employment contracts outside any business transfer. Those developments can be explained by the failure of the European law to standardise the legislation of the Member-States on that particular point. The European law does not want to establish an identical protection and has made the choice to bring an incomplete definition of the notions that make however the gist of business transfer. All in all, each state is free to interpret to its convenience the dispositions of successive directives, under the sole control of the European Court of Justice. This legal cacophony is an opportunity. Indeed, since the topic is so variedly dealt with by different national laws (mainly German, English and Spanish), a comparative study enables to reveal the pros and cons of our French law. The starting point of our reflexion will be the only European consensus on this issue: the loss of a market shall by no means entail a business transfer. From the redefinition of the notion of business to the protection of the rights of both employers and employees, this present study advocates for a simplification of business transfer law.

Renewal of the Mill Grounds in Tasovice project presents a strategy of a feasible approach to the buildings with a historical value in baroque landscapes of the South Moravia. In three steps the project consequently restores the life and re-joins torn socio-cultural interconnections in a municipality affected by destiny of the Sudetenland landscapes. The strategy derives from local singularities and cultural heritage. In the first phase a mini-brewery and confectionery come into existence. This reflects already existing phenomenons in the municipality. The second phase brings restaurant with variable cultural space, emphasizing local patriotism. In the third phase, the Mill Grounds are extended by services, such as accomodation, events and workshops, info centre, and open itself to the tourism. Presented project preserves current constructions and structures as much as possible and lets excell the structures with a historical value. The original historical constructions are handled in traditional materials (brick, stone, wood), new structures are in glas and corten metal.

Actuellement en France et aux Etats-Unis, seules 30 à 35 % des premières inséminations artificielles chez la vache Holstein aboutissent à un vêlage. Les échecs de gestation ont lieu le plus souvent au cours du développement embryonnaire (Non-Fécondation-Mortalité Embryonnaire Précoce (NF-MEP) entre 0 et 16 jours, Mortalité Embryonnaire Tardive (MET) entre 16 et 45 jours après insémination). Ces échecs précoces de gestation expliquent en grande partie les différences de fertilité observées en France entre la race Holstein et les autres races plus fertiles. Les facteurs de risque de l'interruption de la gestation sont multiples : liés à l'animal, à l'environnement et à la conduite de l'élevage. Trois facteurs cependant ont évolué au cours du temps pour les vaches Holstein : le potentiel génétique, les anomalies de reprise de la cyclicité après vêlage, le déficit énergétique en début de lactation. Notre objectif a été d'identifier l'influence de ces trois facteurs sur les échecs précoces de gestation après première insémination postpartum chez la vache de race Holstein. Le potentiel génétique a été associé à l'incidence de NF-MEP et de MET. Les phases lutéales prolongées sembleraient être à l'origine d'une augmentation d'incidence de MET. Le déficit énergétique a eu un effet sur la NF-MEP et sur la MET. L'effet du déficit énergétique postpartum sur la qualité des ovocytes au moment de la mise à la reproduction reste hypothétique. Notre travail sur les échecs précoces de gestation a permis de contribuer à fournir des outils d'amélioration de conduite d'élevage aux professionnels. / Currently, in France and the United States of America, only 30-35 % of first artificial inseminations in Holstein cows result in a calving. Pregnancy failure mainly occurs during embryonic development (fertilization failure - early embryonic mortality (FF-EEM) between D0 and D16 or late embryonic mortality (LEM) between D16 and D45 after insemination). Early pregnancy failure explains the majority of the differences in fertility between the Holstein breed and the other breeds in France, which are more fertile. There are numerous risk factors which cause pregnancy failure: animal, environmental and farm management factors. There are however, three factors which have been modified over time in Holstein cows: genetic merit, abnormal patterns of resumption of cyclicity and negative postpartum energy balance (NEB). Our objective was to identify the relationships between these three factors and early pregnancy failure after first postpartum insemination in Holstein dairy cows. Genetic merit was related to the incidence of FF-EEM and LEM. Prolonged luteal phases seemed to increase the incidence of LEM. The NEB was associated with FF-EEM and LEM. The impact of NEB on oocyte quality during the breeding period remains unclear. Our early pregnancy failure studies have helped to provide some tools to improve farm management.

Abstract This thesis examines how co-present participants manage intervening courses of action in social interaction. It is comprised of a summary and three original papers, which focus on 1) activity suspensions, in which participants temporarily suspend an ongoing activity in favour of an emergent, intervening course of action, and 2) activity resumptions, in which participants resume the suspended activity once the intervention has been dealt with. Using video-recorded, everyday interactions in English and Finnish as data and conversation analysis as the method, this study explores the complex relations between linguistic form, sequence organisation and body behaviour, and how these may work together to constitute activity suspensions and resumptions in interaction. The thesis identifies recurrent multimodal practices that participants use and orient to when they negotiate transitions into, and out of, intervening courses of action in two different environments, namely in conversational (story)tellings and in ‘multiactivity’ situations (in which participants become involved in more than one activity at the same time). Importantly, the study shows how the body provides a powerful resource for projecting and negotiating these transitions subtly and flexibly, thus enabling participants to maintain a smooth flow of interaction and activities and to avoid overt interactional conflicts in the face of discontinuities and abrupt changes in unfolding interaction. The study provides new information on the construction of activity suspensions and resumptions in interaction by describing them holistically, as linguistic, prosodic and embodied accomplishments. It also sheds new light on some of the practices involved in how participants coordinate their activities and involvements in situations in which multiple relevancies may be at stake. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessani tarkastelen vuorovaikutuksen keinoja, joiden avulla osallistujat käsittelevät keskeytyksiä sosiaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa. Tutkimus koostuu yhteenveto-osuudesta ja kolmesta artikkelista, jotka tarkastelevat kahta siirtymäkohtaa: 1) keskeyttävien toimintajaksojen aloitusta, eli meneillään olevan toimintalinjan keskeytymistä toisen vuoksi, ja 2) keskeytyneeseen toimintaan paluuta sen jälkeen kun kilpaileva toimintalinja on saatettu päätökseen. Aineisto koostuu videoiduista englannin- ja suomenkielisistä arkikeskusteluista, joita tutkin keskustelunanalyyttista menetelmää käyttäen. Kuvaan työssäni kielellisen muodon, toimintajaksojen ja kehonkäytänteiden välisiä kompleksisia suhteita ja yhteispeliä keskeytymisen ja paluun rakentumisessa. Aineistossa esiintyy systemaattisia, multimodaalisia käytänteitä, joiden avulla osallistujat neuvottelevat ja merkitsevät meneillään olevan ja keskeyttävän toimintalinjan välisiä siirtymiä kahdessa eri kontekstissa: kerrontavuoroissa ja monitoimintatilanteissa, eli tilanteissa, joissa on meneillään useampi yhtäaikainen toimintajakso. Yksi keskeisimmistä havainnoistani on, että kehon resurssit ovat tärkeässä roolissa näissä siirtymissä, sillä ne mahdollistavat osallistujien välisen neuvottelun hienovaraisin keinoin ja tulevaa siirtymää ennakoiden ja pitävät näin yllä sujuvaa vuorovaikutuksen kulkua myös disjunktiivisten ja ennakoimattomien toimintalinjojen lomassa. Tutkimukseni tuottaa uutta tietoa keskeyttävistä toimintajaksoista ja paluukäytänteistä holistisella lähestymistavallaan eli tarkastelemalla niitä kielellisesti, prosodisesti ja kehollisesti rakentuvina kokonaisuuksina. Lisäksi se tarjoaa uuden näkökulman osallistujien neuvottelukäytänteisiin tilanteissa, joissa nämä koordinoivat toimintaansa ja osallistujuuttaan useamman meneillään olevan toimintalinjan kesken.