This research examined if travelers are paying for travel on managed lanes (MLs) as they indicated that they would in a 2008 survey. The other objectives of this research included estimating travelers’ value of travel time savings (VTTS) and their value of travel time reliability (VOR), and examining the multiple survey designs used in a 2008 survey to identify which survey design better predicted ML traveler behavior. To achieve the objectives, an Internet-based follow-up stated preference (SP) survey of Houston’s Katy Freeway travelers was conducted in 2010. Three survey design methodologies—Db-efficient, random level generation, and adaptive random—were tested in this survey. A total of 3,325 responses were gathered from the survey, and of those, 869 responses were from those who likely also responded to the previous 2008 survey. Mixed logit models were developed for those 869 previous survey respondents to estimate and compare the VTTS to the 2008 survey estimates. It was found that the 2008 survey estimates of the VTTS were very close to the 2010 survey estimates. In addition, separate mixed logit models were developed from the responses obtained from the three different design strategies in the 2010 survey. The implied mean VTTS varied across the design-specific models. Only the Db-efficient design was able to estimate a VOR. Based on this and several other metrics, the Db-efficient design outperformed the other designs. A mixed logit model including all the responses from all three designs was also developed; the implied mean VTTS was estimated as 65 percent ($22/hr) of the mean hourly wage rate, and the implied mean VOR was estimated as 108 percent ($37/hr) of the mean hourly wage rate. Data on actual usage of the MLs were also collected. Based on actual usage, the average VTTS was calculated as $51/hr. However, the $51/hr travelers are paying likely also includes the value travelers place on travel time reliability of the MLs. The total (VTTS+VOR) amount estimated from the all-inclusive model from the survey was $59/hr, which is close to the value estimated from the actual usage. The Db-efficient design estimated this total as $50/hr. This research also shows that travelers have a difficulty in estimating the time they save while using a ML. They greatly overestimate the amount of time saved. It may well be that even though travelers are saving a small amount of time they value that time savings (and avoiding congestion) much higher – possibly similar to their amount of perceived travel time savings. The initial findings from this study, reported here, are consistent with the hypothesis that travelers are paying for their travel on MLs, much as they said that they would in our previous survey. This supports the use of data on intended behavior in policy analysis.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the export performance of Turkish manufacturing industries in the East-Asian countries between the years 1992-2002. SITC (Rev.3), three digit data were used in calculations and three methodologies were applied in order to discover promising sectors of the Turkish exports. Constant Market Share Analysis was used to explain the causes of the change in the market shares of the exports of Turkey from one period to another. Revealed comparative advantage indices were calculated to determine sectors in which Turkey had comparative advantage. Grubel-Lloyd Index was used to determine the rate of intraindustry trade. Results signal important changes in the export structure of Turkey.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de manga e de uva no mercado internacional no período de 1989 a 2005. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Constant Market Share (CMS) e o modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (VCR) para evidenciar os principais fatores responsáveis pela rápida expansão das exportações nacionais para esses dois produtos, além de realizar uma análise comparativa entre as duas culturas selecionadas. O primeiro modelo busca analisar as causas de variação da quantidade (ou valor) exportada de um produto pelo país em questão em relação ao tempo, gerando três dimensões explicativas para a variação das exportações: o efeito dimensão, o efeito distribuição e o efeito competitividade. O efeito dimensão mostra como o crescimento das exportações mundiais afetou o crescimento das exportações do país analisado. O efeito distribuição refere-se às exportações para países de maior ou menor dinamismo. Por resíduo, descontando-se os demais efeitos temos o termo competitividade.Para a geração dos resultados foi necessária a sub-divisão do período de análise em três grupos trienais: 1989/1990/1991, 1994/1995/1996 e 2003/2004/2005.O modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada parte do pressuposto de que o país em questão tende a se especializar nas exportações de produtos que ofereçam vantagens competitivas. Para tanto, o indicador deve apresentar um valor superior a 1 para os produtos competitivos, evidenciando que a participação do produto em questão na pauta do país analisado é superior à participação do país no mercado global geral. Diferentemente do CMS, os indicadores de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (VCR) nas exportações de um produto podem ser calculados com freqüência anual. O resultado do modelo de Constant Market Share para manga, referente ao primeiro sub-período de análise, mostra que o significativo aumento das exportações brasileiras de manga foi fortemente influenciado pelo crescimento do mercado mundial, seguido pelo efeito competitividade e destino das exportações. Para o segundo subperíodo, o efeito de maior significância foi a competitividade, seguido pelo efeito crescimento do mercado mundial e destino das exportações. Para a uva, o resultado referente ao primeiro sub-período de análise mostra que o significativo aumento das exportações brasileiras dessa fruta foi fortemente influenciado pelo efeito destino das exportações, seguido pelo efeito competitividade e crescimento do mercado mundial. Para o segundo sub-período, os resultados apontam a competitividade como principal fator responsável pelo aumento das exportações brasileiras, seguido pelo efeito crescimento do mercado mundial. O efeito destino das exportações apresentou valor negativo. Para o caso da manga, foram observados altos valores para o indicador de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada, especialmente para o período após 1993. Diferentemente dos resultados apresentados para a manga, as exportações de uva revelam vantagem comparativa apenas no final do período analisado (depois de 2002). / This paper has the main purpose of analyzing competitiveness of Brazilian exports of mangoes and grapes in the international market between 1989 and 2005. Constant Market Share and Revealed Comparative Advantage were used to obtain the main factors that could explain the fast growth of Brazilian exports of the chosen fruits, doing a comparative analysis between these fruits. The first model tries to analyze the reasons of variation in the quantity (or value) of a product exported by the current country related to the time, generating three dimensions: the effect dimension, the effect distribution and the effect competitiveness. The effect dimension shows how the growth of the world exports affected the growth of the current country\'s exports. The effect distribution relates to exports to countries of bigger or smaller dynamism. As a result, discounting the other effects we have the term competitiveness. To generate the results it was necessary to have the sub-division of the analyzed period into three triennial groups: 1989/1990/1991, 1994/1995/1996 and 2003/2004/2005.The Revealed Comparative Advantage model considers that a country tends to specialize itself in exporting products that offer competitive advantages. Thus, the indicator must submit a value higher than 1 for competitive products, showing that the product participation in a country is superior to the country participation in the global market. Different from Constant Market Share (CMS), Revealed Comparative Advantage indicators of exports can be calculated with annual frequency. The Constant Market Share model result for mangoes, referring to the first sub-period analysis shows that the significant increase in Brazilian exports of mangoes was strongly influenced by the growth of the world market, followed by the competitiveness effect, and the destination of exports. For the second sub-period, the most significant effect was the competitiveness, followed by the growth of the world market and the destination of exports. Considering grapes, the result referring to the first sub-period analysis shows that the significant increase in Brazilian grapes exports was strongly influenced by the effect \"exports destination\", followed by the effect competitiveness and the world market\'s growth. For the second sub-period, the results indicate competitiveness as the main factor responsible for the increase of the Brazilian exports, followed by the growth of the world market. The effect \"exports destination\" showed a negative value. For the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) model, the mango case results showed a high revealed comparative advantage, especially after 1993. The grapes´ results show a comparative advantage only at the end of the period, when, from 2002 on there was a trend of grape consolidation as a competitive product in the international market, though on a distant level from mangoes.

In this series of essays, we study the influence of weight and group size in the sequential multi-battle contest with laboratory experiences (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3). We then develop an empirical method to model perceptual present and time inconsistency (Chapter 4). Chapter 2 examines how the weight and the ordered weights in battles affect the behavior in sequential multi-battle contests with an experiment. We find robustly that the weight of the current battle consistently influences contestants' efforts. Additionally, we discover the math-point-oriented behavior despite differences in history. In other words, the weight effect is expressed in two ways: influencing the effort of the current battle and transferring a contest to the next battle with a designated intensity. Chapter 3 explores the group size effect and how the contest success functions influence the group size effect in sequential multi-battle contests with an experiment. We capture the negative group size effect on the leaders' efforts, participation and dropout rates; contrarily, the positive effect on the non-leaders' efforts. Compared to the Tullock lottery, the all-pay auction intensifies the group size effect of the high effort in the initial battle. It also enlarges the observed group size effects of the effort gaps between the leaders and the non-leaders. Chapter 4 develops the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model into the general beta-delta model to parametrically detect and measure the inconsistency in revealed time preference. This method empirically classifies time preference into four categories, i.e., time consistent, present bias, future bias, and mixed inconsistent. Then we applied this method to the convex time budget data of seven experiments, including 3670 subjects. We discover empirical evidence supporting perceptual differences in the present-future threshold. Traditional present bias models may interpret the time preference imprecisely. / Doctor of Philosophy / Competition and Time are two essential aspects of life. Many decisions are made in a competitive environment. Some other decisions are made when time serves as a critical factor. We divide this dissertation into two parts. In the first part, we study strategic behavior in competitions. Specifically, we examine how (1) the importance of each round (weight), (2) the number of competitors, and (3) the ambiguity of the rule affect the result of a multi-round competition. In the second part, we study people's subjective understanding of time, generally the personal beliefs and preferences of the present and future. In part one (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3), first, we find people are very responsive about the importance of a round in a multi-round competition. When a round is more important, people make more effort in such round. People are also sensible about the competition's current status (leading, behind, or tied) rather than the history. Second, at the beginning of a competition, we find an increase in the participation rate when fewer competitors exist. Suppose there are more competitors; the leading position players compete more brutally; on the contrary, the non-leading players are discouraged more. Third, people spend more energy when the rule is less ambiguous in a multi-round competition. In part two (Chapter 4), We find a very diversified subjective belief in the word "present." The concept of "now" lasts longer than we conventionally thought. When the subjective "present'' is captured at the individual level, we find the immediate now is not necessarily the best way to represent the "average present'' for the population.

I denna uppsats skattas betalningsviljan hos besökarna på Peace & Love-festivalen år 2011. Med hjälp av enkätdata baserad på avslöjade och uttalade preferenser presenteras en regressionsanalys med olika oberoende variabler som karaktäriserar en festivalbesökare. Total budget är den beroende variabeln i regressionsanalysen och tolkas i uppsatsen som ekvivalent med besökarnas betalningsvilja. Analysen visar att män i genomsnitt spenderar 301 kronor mer än kvinnor, att turister i genomsnitt spenderar 1 124 kronor mer än en icke-turist samt att den genomsnittliga besökaren har en betalningsvilja på 4 183 kronor. Ett skattat konsumentöverskott har också värderats, vilket uppgick till 743 kronor per person och cirka 37 miljoner kronor totalt för de 50 000 festivalbesökarna. Uppsatsen tar inte hänsyn till de ekonomiska effekter som festivalen har på Borlänge som stad. / In this thesis the willingness to pay among the visitors of peace & love-festival year 2011 is valued. With survey data based on revealed and stated preferences a regression analysis is presented with different independent variables that characterizes a festival visitor. Total budget is the dependent variable in the regression analysis and is, in this thesis, to be regarded as equivalent to visitors’ willingness to pay. The analysis shows that men in general spend 301 SEK more than women, tourists in general spend 1 124 SEK more than non-tourists and that the average visitor has a willingness to pay valued to 4 183 SEK. A consumer surplus has also been valued, which amounted to 743 SEK per visitor and around 37 million SEK in total for all 50,000 visitors. This thesis does not take into account the economic effects the festival holds on the city of Borlänge.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 9 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação procura revelar quais os produtos de vestuário brasileiros cujas exportações têm maior potencial de crescimento com o fim do Acordo sobre Têxteis e Vestuário, através do Índice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (IVCR), no período de 2000 a 2003. O comércio internacional do setor têxtil passou um longo período regulado por quotas bilaterais, mas recentemente, em 2005, o Acordo Multifibras (AMF) e o Acordo sobre Têxteis e Vestuário (ATV), que regulavam o comércio deste setor, foram abolidos. O complexo têxtil brasileiro, evidenciando os capítulos 61 e 62 da Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), que englobam os produtos de vestuário, tem um papel importante na geração de empregos e na produção industrial brasileira, mas apresenta um baixo grau de competitividade internacional. De um total de 231 produtos, a seis dígitos da Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), apenas três mostravam-se competitivos e, mesmo assim, essa competitividade apresentava uma tendência de queda ao longo do período anal / This study sought to reveal which Brazilian clothing products are prone to show the highest growth potential with the phasing out of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) between 2000 and 2003. International trade on textile and clothing sector was subject to bilateral quotas for a long time, but recently the Multifibre Arrangement and the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) that regulate the trade on this sector were abolished. Brazilian textile sector, especially the chapters 61 and 62 of the Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), which encompasses the clothing products, has an important role to play in both employment and industrial production, but shows a low level of competitiveness. From a sample of 231 products at 06-digit level of the NCM, only three could be considered competitive and, even so, this competitiveness was declining throughout the period examined. Thus, the end of restrictions on international trade on textiles and clothing would no

Submitted by Secretaria Pós de Produção (tpp@vm.uff.br) on 2017-07-27T18:53:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 D2014 - Thiago Graça Ramos.pdf: 589803 bytes, checksum: d74ab5e26ec9908670c7d3320d45fe61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T18:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 D2014 - Thiago Graça Ramos.pdf: 589803 bytes, checksum: d74ab5e26ec9908670c7d3320d45fe61 (MD5) / Esse estudo visa construir um modelo para identificar a forma ideal de transporte de carga no Brasil, para pequenas e médias empresas que contratam este tipo de serviço. O trabalho utilizou as técnicas DEA, preferência declarada e logito ordinal para avaliar as pequenas e médias empresas que contratam transporte de carga no Brasil, verificando os aspectos importantes para a tomada de decisão na contratação deste serviço. Inicialmente, aplicou-se a ferramenta DEA para classificar as eficiências em alta, média e baixa, utilizandose o resultado de tal classificação como a variável dependente do modelo logito ordinal. As variáveis independentes deste modelo foram as utilidades oriundas da preferência declarada e do modelo de MaxDiff, que avaliou características não pertencentes ao modelo de preferência declarada. A análise dos dados indicou que a migração do modo rodoviário para o ferroviário seria melhor para as empresas, já que o primeiro acaba sendo utilizado pela falta de opção pelo segundo. Outro importante resultado do estudo foi a indicação de que as empresas com produtos de maior valor agregado são mais eficientes. Por fim, o modelo indicou que o modo de operação a ser buscado pelas empresas de transporte de carga deve incluir segurança e rapidez na entrega, propiciando facilidade de acesso ao consumidor. / This paper aims to identify efficient businesses in daily freight transport and to evaluate the main aspects to picking and hiring a cargo transportation service. To make this evaluation, some techniques will be used, such as Data Envelopment Analysis, ordinal logit and revealed preference. By using the DEA technique, the efficiency will be ranked between high, medium and low, and this ranking will be the dependent variable of the ordinal logit model, and the independent variables of this model are derived from the utilities from the revealed preference model and the maxdiff model that evaluated some features that were not declared on the preference model. Data analysis indicated that the migration from road to rail would be better for companies since the first ends up being used by a lack of options for the second. Another important result was the indication that firms with higher value-added products are more efficient. Finally, the model indicated that the mode of operation being sought by cargo shipping companies should include safety and speed in delivery, providing easy access to the consumer.

本文的主要目的係探究各國以污染密集度定義的出口貿易比較利益型態，在因素秉賦與環境政策隨著時間改變的前後十四年間是否有變動；環境因素稟賦是否可以解釋一國為何發展該種污染性質的出口產業型態；高污染性產業外移是否因為環境稟賦不同所造成。由於廣義環境因素稟賦的相關資料在收集與數量化上常遇到困難，所以過去有關環境因素稟賦對一國出口貿易產業型態影響的實證文獻非常少。針對上述所面對的的困難，本文嘗試以國際貿易理論中有關比較利益的模型，在加入環境因素稟賦等相關變數後，對一國以污染密集度定義的出口產業型態之發展有無影響？而環境因素稟賦隨著時間的演進，對該國以污染密集度定義的出口產業比較利益型態之影響程度為何？以檢定一國之出口產業比較利益型態的發展趨勢與環境因素稟賦之間的互動關係。茲將本文的研究步驟與結論分述如下： 　　（一）研究步驟 　　　　1.為了求得世界主要出口國家整體製造業以污染密集度定義產業性質之出口比較利益型態，乃運用Ralassa所提出的「A 'Stage Approach' to Comparative Advantage」的分析模型做為基本架構，將該分析模型內之第一階段迴歸估計式內以資本密集度定義的解釋變數，改為以污染密集度定義的解釋變數，以檢定上述各國的出口產業比較利益型態。另為分析各國出口產業比較利益的發展趨勢，乃以1976年、1987年、1990年等三個年度、十四年間的資料，分別求得各國該年度的出口產業比較利益型態為何種污染密集程度的產業。並將各主要出口國家按已開發國家、亞洲新興國家、中南美洲國家等三大分類，重新歸類其貿易型態與發展趨勢。 　　　　2.在上述模型架構下的第二階段迴歸估計式中，以第一階段所得的參數值為被解釋變數（即各國以污染密集度定義的產業型態參數估計值），再以各國廣義的環境因素稟賦為解釋變數（除了原有的物質資本、人力資本外，分別加入環保政策變數、自然資源因素稟賦、自然環境因素稟賦與廣義的環境因素稟賦等做為其他項的生產因素稟賦），檢定環保政策變數與該三類的因素稟賦對各國所發展的比較利益產業型態的關聯性。另外配合1976年、1987年、1990年等三年度的資料，觀察環境因素稟賦隨著時間的變遷，是否對該國的出口產業比較利益型態有不同程度的影響。 　　　　3.在有關產業外移的問題中，以經濟部投審會核准的國人赴海外投資之資料，以分區分業分年的統計結果分析台灣的高污染性質製造業是否有外移的趨勢。 　　（二）研究結論 　　　　1.各國的出口比較利益型態，除了中南美洲與少數國家外，OECD國家及亞洲各國整體製造業的出口比較利益型態，在最近十四年間的變化，並無明顯的改變。 　　　　2.環保法規政策變數對各國出口比較利益型態之影響並無實證統計上的顯著性，無法判定其對高污染密集度產業之出口比較利益會有何種影響。 　　　　3.在觀察未加入環保政策變數的第二階段迴歸分析中，首先該階段迴歸式內的解釋變數分成三類。在第一類自然資源因素稟賦中，只有石油礦產具有正相關與統計上顯著性的特性。而其他各種礦產，除了煤礦產具有負相關與統計上顯著性的特徵外，雖然不具有統計上的顯著性，但其迴歸係數仍為正相關。故基本上，該國如富有污染密集較高的礦產類生產因素，則對輸出該礦產所製造的產業，具有相對的比較利益。而第二類的自然環境因素稟賦，除了空氣污染程度的虛擬變數具有與本文假設的負相關特性及統計上的顯著性外，其他的自然因素稟賦包括降雨量、森林面積比例等並非是良好的解釋變數。第三類的廣義環境因素稟賦，除了教有程度一項在三個檢定年度不具有統計上的顯著性，且正負相關會隨著時間而改變外，其他各迴歸係數或有統計上不顯著的缺點，但其趨向與本文假設的相關方向呈現一致。原則土是可以解釋該國為何發展某種污染密集程度的產業，尤其是在都市化程度、每人國內生產毛額兩項。另從三個檢定年度的迴歸係數觀之，其間的變化雖然不大，但是某些環境因素稟賦對一國出口貿易比較利益型態的影響，卻與日俱增（例如：每人國內生產毛額、都市化程度、空氣污染程度）。 　　　　4.根據外國文獻所整理收集的資料顯示，產業外移受到許多因素影響，而環境因素稟賦所造成約比較利益型態差異或環境政策之鬆緊不同祇是其原因之一。本文以經濟部投審會的資料所做的分析顯示，在1988年後，國人投資於泰國、印尼、馬來西亞、菲律賓等四國的高污染密集產業有明顯增加的趨勢。而在1991年方有統計資料的大陸地區投資，也同時顯示投資於該產業的金額與比例有遞增的趨勢。故純由數據顯示，從短期的觀點而言，高污染密集的產業確實有外移的現象，但是否表示因為近年來環保法規採高標準的緣故，仍值得更長期的觀察。

Travel demand forecasting is essential for many decisions, such as infrastructure investments and policy measures. Traditionally travel demand modelling has considered trip frequency, mode, destination and route choice. This thesis considers two other choice dimensions, hypothesised to have implications for travel demand forecasting. The first part investigates how the increased possibilities to overcome space that ICT (information and communication technology) provides, can be integrated in travel demand forecasting models. We find that possibilities of modelling substitution effects are limited, irrespective of data source and modelling approach. Telecommuting explains, however, a very small part of variation in work trip frequency. It is therefore not urgent to include effects from telecommuting in travel demand forecasting. The results indicate that telecommuting is a privilege for certain groups of employees, and we therefore expect that negative attitudes from management, job suitability and lack of equipment are important obstacles. We find also that company benefits can be obtained from telecommuting. No evidences that telecommuting gives rise to urban sprawl is, however, found. Hence, there is ground for promoting telecommuting from a societal, individual and company perspective. The second part develops a departure time choice model in a mixed logit framework. This model explains how travellers trade-off travel time, travel time variability, monetary and scheduling costs, when choosing departure time. We explicitly account for correlation in unobserved heterogeneity over repeated SP choices, which was fundamental for accurate estimation of the substitution pattern. Temporal constraints at destination are found to mainly restrict late arrival. Constraints at origin mainly restrict early departure. Sensitivity to travel time uncertainty depends on trip type and intended arrival time. Given appropriate input data and a calibrated dynamic assignment model, the model can be applied to forecast peak-spreading effects in congested networks. Combined stated preference (SP) and revealed preference (RP) data is used, which has provided an opportunity to compare observed and stated behaviour. Such analysis has previously not been carried out and indicates that there are systematic differences in RP and SP data. / QC 20100825

La thèse porte sur des modèles économiques en présence d’externalités. En suivant Laffont (1988), nous donnons la définition suivante d’externalité.“Effet indirect” signifie que l’effet est créé par un agent économique différent de celui qui est affecté, et que l’effet n’est pas produit par l’intermédiaire du système de prix. Par conséquence, le système des prix ne joue que le rôle d’égaler à l’équilibre l’offre globale et la demande globale. La définition ci-dessus montre que la présence d’effets externes nécessite une nouvelle description des caractéristiques des agents, c’est-à-dire des préférences individuelles, des ensembles de consommation et des ensembles de production des producteurs. La thèse se compose de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre étudie les restrictions de testabilité d’un modèle spécifique avec des externalités et des biens publics. Dans le deuxième chapitre et le troisième chapitre, nous considérons un modèle d’équilibre général avec des externalités au niveau des préférences individuelles et des ensembles de production des producteurs. Dans le deuxième chapitre nous traitons l’existence d’un équilibre concurrentiel en utilisant un approche différentiable, et dans le troisième chapitre nous donnons un résultat de régularité. Dans le Chapitre 2, nous considérons un modèle d’économie de propriété privée avec des externalités de consommation et de production. En utilisant une approche différentiable, nous prouvons que l’ensemble des équilibres concurrentiels avec des consommations et des prix strictement positifs est non vide et compact. Dans le Chapitre 3, nous considérons des économies de propriété privée avec externalités de consommation et de production. Nous étudions des conditions suffisantes pour la régularité générique de ces économies. / We study the testability implications of public versus private consumption in col-lective models of group consumption. The distinguishing feature of our approach is that we start from a revealed preference characterization of collectively rational behavior. Remarkably, we find that assumptions regarding the public or private nature of specific goods do have testability implications, even if one only observes the aggregate group consumption. In fact, these testability implications apply as soon as the analysis includes three goods and four observations. This stands in sharp contrast with existing results that start from a differential characterization of collectively rational behavior. In our opinion, our revealed preference approach obtains stronger testability conclusions because it focuses on a global characterization of collective rationality, whereas the differential approach starts from a local characterization.We consider a general model of private ownership economies with consumption and production externalities. Each firm is characterized by a technology described by a transformation function. Each household is characterized by a utility function, the shares on firms’ profit and an initial endowment of commodities. Describing equlib-ria in terms of first order conditions and market clearing conditions, and using a homotopy approach based on the seminal work by Smale (1974), under differentiability and boundary conditions, we prove the non-emptiness and the compactness of the set of competitive equilibria with consumptions and prices strictly positive.We consider a general equilibrium model of private ownership economy with con-sumption and production externalities. Each firm is owned by the households and it is characterized by a technology described by a transformation function. Each household is characterized by a utility function, the shares on the firms profits and an endowment of commodities. The choices of all agents (households and firms) affect utility functions and production technologies. Showing by an example that basic assumptions are not enough to guarantee a regularity result in the space of initial endowments, we provide sufficient conditions for the regularity in the space of endowments and perturbations of the transformation functions.