Lorsqu’il a fallu moderniser les instruments du droit international humanitaire le conflit armé non international n’était qu’un épiphénomène et son avènement a toujours été considéré comme un élément perturbateur d’une scène internationale profondément étatisé. Néanmoins l’importance croissante de ce type de conflit a permis de mettre en exergue le rôle sans cesse croissant d’un nouveau type d’acteurs à savoir les groupes armés non étatiques. Désormais, ils sont les acteurs majeurs de conflits largement majoritaires. Pour cette raison, nous pensons qu’il est temps de changer d’approche et de revoir les solutions proposées dans les instruments internationaux applicables. Pour toutes ces raisons et pour adapter le droit aux réalités des conflits actuels, une approche dépouillée de toute charge idéologique et péjorative doit primer par rapport à celle actuelle. De même, il est fondamentalement nécessaire de faire assumer à ces groupes les conséquences de leurs agissements en engageant leur responsabilité internationale. / When the instruments of international humanitarian law had to be modernized, the non-international armed conflict was an epiphenomenon and its advent has always been considered a disruptive element of a deeply internationalized international scene. Nevertheless, the growing importance of this type of conflict has highlighted the ever-increasing role of a new type of actors, namely non-State armed groups. From now on, they are the major actors of conflicts largely majority. For this reason, we believe that it is time to change the approach and review the solutions proposed in the applicable international instruments. For all these reasons and to adapt the law to the realities of current conflicts, an approach stripped of any ideological and pejorative burden must take precedence over the current one. Similarly, it is fundamentally necessary to make these groups bear the consequences of their actions by committing their international responsibility.

M. Lukasová: Ethical Aspect of Restriction of Free Movement in the Course of Providing Social and Health Care Abstract In the course of providing social and health care, the providers on occasions resort to measures which limit the person's freedom of movement with the aim to prevent a harm to their life or health. Depending on the circumstances it involves a more or less invasive intervention - sometimes it is immediate and includes use of force in the situation of conflict and aggression management, other times it is rather a long-term nursing practice, for instance focused on fall prevention. Restraining is connected with the risk of considerably negative effects on health of a patient/service user. Therefore some authors doubt whether the use of restrictive intervention is ethical and lawful, and it is seen as inhuman and degrading treatment. Nevertheless, the most widespread approach accepts restrictive interventions as a measure of last resort (ultima ratio) providing that the principles of necessity and subsidiarity are respected. In the Czech Republic the public and professional debate is not sufficient and the use of restrictive interventions is not subjected to the state inspection. The human rights monitoring of persons held in health and social care institutions reports cases of restrictions...

The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether the Security Council has opened a new avenue for law-making at the international level by adopting resolutions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter which create new norms of international law or modify international norms already in force (the normative resolutions). The normative resolutions analyzed in this study pertain to the areas of counterterrorism and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass-destruction. The new approach of the Security Council has been examined in light of the Third World Approaches in International law (TWAIL), as well as from the viewpoint of mainstream lawyers. Furthermore, 15 years of State practice relating to the implementation of these normative resolutions has been studied with a view to determining whether subsequent State practice confirms the exercise of a law-making function by the Security Council. Despite some incremental success in promoting international standards in the fight against terrorism, this thesis illustrates that the Security Council has not succeeded in introducing a new viable form of law-making. The Security Council’s authority to exercise such a function is now under serious doubt and its legitimacy questioned, as its normative resolutions were improperly initiated and adopted under the influence of a Permanent Member of the Security Council. Furthermore, the Security Council’s intervention in areas that are already highly regulated runs the risk of contributing to the fragmentation of international law—a phenomenon that undermines the coherence of international law. Currently, the Council’s normative resolutions are facing serious challenges at the implementation stage and several proceedings before national and regional courts have either directly challenged the normative resolutions, or questioned their enforceability. The Security Council is under continued pressure to further revise its practice or potentially face additional challenges before national, regional, and even international courts which may annul or quash relevant implementing measures. Thus, in light of relevant State practice, it is almost inconceivable that the Security Council would repeat its use of normative resolutions as a means of law-making in the future. Nevertheless, the increasing powers of the United Nations Security Council also stimulates an increasing demand to hold the United Nations accountable for the possible wrongful acts of its principal organ, particularly when its decisions harm individuals. It is argued that in the absence of a compulsory judicial mechanism at the international level, non-compliance with the Council’s decisions is the only viable way to challenge the Security Council wrongful acts. Yet, non-complying State or group of States should clearly identify their actions as countermeasures vis-a-vis ultra vires acts of Security Council and seek support from other like-minded States to avoid being declared recalcitrant, which may be followed by Security Council sanctions.

M. Lukasová: Ethical Aspect of Restriction of Free Movement in the Course of Providing Social and Health Care Abstract In the course of providing social and health care, the providers on occasions resort to measures which limit the person's freedom of movement with the aim to prevent a harm to their life or health. Depending on the circumstances it involves a more or less invasive intervention - sometimes it is immediate and includes use of force in the situation of conflict and aggression management, other times it is rather a long-term nursing practice, for instance focused on fall prevention. Restraining is connected with the risk of considerably negative effects on health of a patient/service user. Therefore some authors doubt whether the use of restrictive intervention is ethical and lawful, and it is seen as inhuman and degrading treatment. Nevertheless, the most widespread approach accepts restrictive interventions as a measure of last resort (ultima ratio) providing that the principles of necessity and subsidiarity are respected. In the Czech Republic the public and professional debate is not sufficient and the use of restrictive interventions is not subjected to the state inspection. The human rights monitoring of persons held in health and social care institutions reports cases of restrictions...

This study attempts to trace the efforts of the Mormon people to obtain redress from the national government for the losses of life and property which they had suffered and the hardships which they had endured while residing in the state of Missouri during the 1830's. The Mormon appeals to Congress and the President are considered and an evaluation is made of the Mormon view of the national government's responsibility for the protection of individual rights.The information for this study was obtained from the Church Historian's Office, the Brigham Young University Library, the University of Utah Library, the Utah State Historical Society, and the Salt Lake City Public Library. Although the major sources that were used were the records of the Mormon Church, particularly the Journal History of the Church and Joseph Smith's History of the Church, an effort was made to understand through studying government documents and the writings of historians of the times why the national government did not give redress to the Latter-day Saints in response to their appeals. Consideration is given to limitations which were placed on the federal government by the Constitution, by a lack of precedent for the use of national authority to enforce state law, by certain decisions of the Supreme Court, and by the attitudes of the times.

Human rights universality has been questioned due to the lack of accountability in both international human rights law and States’ domestic laws when companies violate human rights. In response, the European Commission has proposed a Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (CS3D), which imposes obligations on companies to identify, prevent, mitigate, and account for human rights impacts. The aim of this study is to examine whether the credibility of human rights universality, as defined by Jack Donnelly, is strengthened by the implications of the CS3D. The study also analyzes the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which the CS3D refers to when defining human rights impacts, and explores the legal implications of this on Swedish domestic law and international human rights law. This study uses a legal dogmatic and legal analysis method to interpret the implications of the CS3D. Throughout the study, a fictional Swedish company and its subsidiary in China are used as examples to illustrate the legal and international implications of the CS3D. The results of this study suggest that the implications of the CS3D contribute to strengthening the credibility of human rights universality, as it addresses the legal gap of accountability in both international human rights law and domestic laws of EU Member States. However, the CS3D could also be perceived as coercive on third States and their natural and legal persons, which may potentially undermine the credibility of human rights universality in the future.

De nombreuses études tendent à démontrer qu’au Québec et au Canada, les personnes immigrantes font face à divers obstacles pour accéder au marché de l’emploi québécois, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d’y exercer une profession réglementée par un ordre professionnel. En effet, avant de décerner un permis, les ordres doivent s’assurer de la compétence des candidats à la profession, conformément à la mission de protection du public qui leur a été déléguée par l’État. Pour ce faire, ils imposent diverses conditions d’admission aux professions, dont celle d’obtenir un diplôme reconnu. Pour ne pas restreindre indûment l’accès aux professions, la loi prévoit que les ordres ont l’obligation d’offrir aux personnes aux parcours atypiques – dont la quasi-totalité sont formées à l’étranger – la possibilité de démontrer l’équivalence de leurs qualifications. Lorsque les ordres estiment qu’il n’y a pas équivalence, des mesures de compensation – sous forme de formations d’appoint, de stages ou d’épreuves d’aptitude – sont prescrites aux candidats. Or, certaines conditions d’admission et procédures de reconnaissance sont aujourd’hui contestées, car considérées inadaptées ou discriminatoires à l’égard des personnes immigrantes. Il convenait donc d’examiner la compatibilité des normes d’admission et de reconnaissance des ordres professionnels québécois au droit à l’égalité, tel que garanti par la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne. La présente thèse conclut que les personnes formées à l’étranger sont victimes de discrimination systémique dans l’admission aux professions. Pour en arriver à cette conclusion, nous avons, dans un premier temps, brossé le portrait du cadre juridique entourant l’admission aux professions, puis identifié, par le biais d’une revue de la littérature, les difficultés que les conditions d’admission et les mécanismes de reconnaissance posent aux personnes formées à l’étranger. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons appliqué la méthode du droit classique pour mettre en exergue les exigences du droit à la non-discrimination en contexte d’admission aux professions et de reconnaissance des qualifications. L’analyse de la jurisprudence pertinente démontre d’ailleurs que les personnes formées à l’étranger disposent de chances raisonnables de faire valoir le caractère à première vue discriminatoire des normes, pratiques et décisions en la matière. Dans un troisième temps, l’enquête empirique de type qualitatif que nous avons menée, en complément de la méthode du droit classique, mène à la conclusion que les ordres professionnels comprennent mal le sens que prend la protection du public et ses exigences particulières dans le contexte propre des professions qu’ils réglementent. Non seulement ce constat permet-il de remettre en doute la légitimité de l’ensemble des normes, pratiques et décisions des ordres relatives au contrôle de l’admission, mais il confirme que, dans de nombreux cas, les normes d’admission et de reconnaissance, prisent isolément ou lorsque considérées dans leur ensemble, portent atteinte, de façon injustifiée, au droit à l’égalité des personnes formées à l’étranger. Dans un dernier temps, l’ensemble de nos recherches nous a permis de proposer différentes mesures d’ordre systémique à l’attention des ordres, à titre de principaux responsables du contrôle de l’admission, et aux autres acteurs impliqués dans le parcours d’admission et dont l’action concertée est requise pour remédier à la situation. / Multiple studies tend to demonstrate that in Québec, and elsewhere in Canada, immigrants must overcome many obstacles to work in the field in which they were trained. These difficulties are even greater when it comes to accessing a regulated profession. Obtaining a license from a professional regulatory body is contingent on the candidates meeting various requirements, for example having obtained a recognized diploma, which are made to ensure that candidates are sufficiently qualified to practice the profession in a manner deemed safe for the public. In order to not unduly restrict access to these professions, regulatory bodies are legally obliged to offer foreign-trained candidates the opportunity to show that their qualifications are equivalent to those of locally trained candidates. If the qualifications are not deemed equivalent, compensatory measures, such as a training program, an internship, or qualification exams, are imposed. However, certain admission requirements and procedures for recognition of qualifications are now being challenged, as they are considered inappropriate or discriminatory towards immigrants. As a result, it is timely to examine whether these admission and recognition standards respect the right to equality as guaranteed by the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (Québec Charter). In this thesis, I conclude that foreign-trained professionals are victims of systemic discrimination when it comes to accessing regulated professions. To arrive at this conclusion, I reviewed the legal framework regulating admission to these professions, and the academic and professional literature relating to the difficulties faced by foreign-trained professionals throughout the admission process. Then, using the traditional legal method, I set out the teachings and principles of anti-discrimination law, and in particular under the Québec Charter. The decisions rendered across Canada in cases brought forward by foreign-trained professionals seeking access to a regulated profession show that, despite some loopholes, immigrants have reasonable chances to prove they are the victims of prima facie discrimination. In addition to the traditional legal method, I conducted a qualitative empirical research that demonstrates that Québec’s professional regulatory bodies misunderstand the meaning of public safety, and what it requires in the specific context of each profession. These observations confirm that, in many cases, norms regarding admission to regulated professions and the recognition of qualifications, whether by themselves or considered as a whole, are not justified, and therefore infringe the provisions of the Québec Charter. I conclude this thesis by proposing various measures, some of which are systemic, that professional regulatory bodies and other actors implicated in the admission processes can put in place in order to ensure that foreign-trained professionals’ equality rights are respected.

The main objective of this research paper is to analyze the international effects the Syrian Conflict has had to the global community. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has declared this conflict to be the worst humanitarian crisis of our time. Millions of Syrians have fled their home country to avoid unjust persecution and are looking to not only neighboring countries, but the European Union for assistance in resettlement. Since the outbreak of the conflict in Syria in 2011, more than 220,000 people have been massacred, leaving fifty percent of the population in unrest due to home displacement. According to Amnesty International, apart from the twelve million Syrians who are in dire need of humanitarian assistance inside the country, there are about four million refugees fleeing to countries such as Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. These five countries are unable to maintain the capacity of refugees that are desperate to pour in from Syria. Further gulf countries such as Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia have refused to offer any resettlement venues for these migrants. Therefore, a plethora of European Union countries have received many asylum applications over the course of four years. Germany and Sweden have pledged resettlement locations for these refugees however relying on these two countries is not enough. This paper provides a historical background of the civil war in Syria, along with what the United Nations has done thus far to end the conflict. It will also analyze similar refugee situations in other countries in the region and compare it that in Syria. Finally, it will provide possible solutions of how the Refugee Agency, Human Rights Council, and Security Council can operate as a whole to distinguish this horrifying hostility in the region.

<p>This dissertation investigates the traumatic legacies of colonialism, imperialism and authoritarianism in Southeast Asia, the diasporic conditions of Southeast Asian refugees in North America after 1975, and the relationship among literature, ethics, and reconciliation more broadly. Focusing primarily on contemporary novels that intervene in the cultural memory of the Cambodian genocide, the War in Viet Nam, and the World War II Japanese Occupation of Malaysia, my dissertation conceptualizes an intimate politics of reconciliation that routes the study of justice foremost through questions of affect, epistemology and ethics. An intimate politics of reconciliation, I argue, encapsulates a constellation of intimate memorial acts—ritual, testimony, collaboration, gifting, and narrative reconstruction—that operate within and against macro-political and juridical modalities of justice. My research highlights productive scenes of convergence between discourses of post-genocide reconciliation and alternative spiritual cosmologies, between refugee collaborative writing and theories of gifting, and between theories of forgetting and social and psychic reparation. In arguing that Southeast Asian diasporic genealogies paradoxically foreground the necessity of both remembering and forgetting in the collective work of reconciliation, this dissertation engages with and challenges two key theoretical paradigms in Asian American Studies—a politics of social justice premised upon a discourse of “subjectlessness” and a psychoanalytic paradigm of productive melancholia theory.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>This paper studies the structural issues concerning possible human rights violations found in the Dublin Regulation; An EU regulation aiming to allocate a responsible member state to a third-country-nationals asylum application. It is one of the criticized legal documents within the scholarly field of human rights. Hence, this study aims to study the details of the regulation to find out the elements of the regulation that are prone to human rights violations. Asking the question: What are some details of the Dublin Regulation that could potentially result in human rights violation of the third-country nationals seeking international protection within the territory of member states? Hence, exploring the gap found between the regulation and human rights of the asylum seekers. This was done by a normative legal analysis study of the law, studying the text of the regulation, relevant human rights law, and jurisprudence from two courts of law: ECHR and ECJ. The findings of the study highlights, first, the regulation upholds only the superficial elements of human rights law. Second, the regulation assumes that every member state is a safe country. Third, there is an imbalance of responsibility on either of the two or more member states involved. These are the details of the regulation highlighted in this study that is potentially the result of possible human rights violations and the criticism of the topic. </p>