Trata-se de estudo acerca da admissibilidade dos pactos de limitação da responsabilidade contratual no Direito Brasileiro e, em especial, nos contratos de transporte de carga. O primeiro capítulo trata da definição jurídica da cláusula de limitação de responsabilidade e de sua função econômica. O segundo capítulo aponta as diferentes manifestações de cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidades na prática contratual e as distingue de figuras próximas, tais quais a transação e as cláusulas de redução de garantias. O terceiro capítulo trata da admissibilidade a priori das cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade no Direito Brasileiro. Nesse terceiro capítulo, são enfrentadas as principais objeções à validade da cláusula de limitação de responsabilidade, tanto sob a perspectiva da dogmática jurídica quanto sob a perspectiva das consequências sociais produzidas pela cláusula. A conclusão do terceiro capítulo é que, a princípio, as cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade são admitidas no Direito Brasileiro. No quarto capítulo, são enfrentadas as questões dogmáticas específicas acerca da validade da cláusula de limitação. Identificam-se, nesse capítulo, os requisitos de validade da cláusula de limitação de responsabilidade no que diz respeito (i) aos atos que deram causa ao inadimplemento; (ii) aos tipos de obrigações violadas; e (iii) aos efeitos da cláusula sobre o equilíbrio contratual. São analisados, ainda, os requisitos de validade da cláusula nos contratos por adesão. O quinto capítulo trata da cláusula de limitação de responsabilidade no contrato de transporte de carga. No quinto capítulo se demonstrará que as limitações de responsabilidade do transportador previstas em leis e convenções internacionais acerca dos diferentes modais de transporte, em verdade, têm natureza contratual: consistem em cláusulas de limitação implícitas. As cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade, tanto implícitas, quanto explícitas, inseridas em conhecimentos de transporte estão sujeitas aos requisitos de validade das cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade em contratos por adesão. O quinto capítulo ainda enfrenta questões dogmáticas relativas à interpretação e eficácia das cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade. / The purpose of this thesis is to further understand the admissibility of agreements to limit contractual liability in Brazilian Law, especially in what concerns contracts for carriage of goods. The first chapter is focused on the legal definition on the liability limitation cause and the economic function thereof. In turn, the second chapter refers to the different kinds of liability limitation clauses in contractual praxis, distinguishing such clauses from similar legal concepts, such as settlement clauses and clauses to reduce warranties. The purpose of the third chapter is to discuss the a priori admissibility of liability limitation clauses in Brazilian law, with respect to the main objections to the validity thereof, both in relation to the jurists opinion on the matter and from the perspective of the social consequences brought forth by said clauses. The conclusion drawn in the third chapter is that liability limitation clauses are, in a first glance, valid under Brazilian law. The fourth chapter addresses the specific issues of the doctrine relative to the validity of limitation clauses, thereby identifying the validity requirements of the liability limitation clause in what concerns (i) the acts that gave rise to the nonperformance, (ii) the types of non-performed obligations, and (iii) the effects of the clause on contractual balance. In addition, the validity requirements of the clause are assessed in standard form contracts. The fifth chapter focuses on the liability limitation clauses within contracts for carriage of goods, whereby it will be demonstrated that the limitations of the carriers liability provided for by laws and international conventions on different transportation modes are in fact of a contractual nature, for they are implied limitation clauses. Both explicit and implied liability limitation clauses included in bills of lading are subject to the validity requirements of liability limitation clauses set forth in standard form contracts. The fifth chapter furthermore addresses some controversial issues related to the interpretation and effectiveness of liability limitation clauses in contracts for carriage of goods.

Today, it is common to work with or within projects in most industries. One such business area is the IT and software industry. In this industry you work almost exclusively with projects. However, the industry is very risk-affected and a high number of projects are not completed. This is due to several different risk factors, such as inadequate communication, incompetence or lack of motivation. This study has researched the risks that project managers in the IT and software industry are experiencing and how the project managers proceed to manage these risks. The study was conducted through a qualitative interview study with a total of 8 project managers in this industry. The risks that they experience are prevalent risks related to the structure of the communication in the project, incompetence of the project managers, unmotivated project members and unclear objectives in the project. The handling of the communication risks meant that the project manager often worked out a strategy for communication with involved parties. The respondents did not reveal any specific method for managing risks associated with incompetence. Unmotivated project members were often handled by adaptation to the unmotivated party or through discussions with the specific person. Risks associated with unclear objectives were often handled by adaptation to the affected party or through overtime and more frequent communication within the project and with the customer. / Idag är det vanligt att arbeta med projekt inom de flesta branscher.  Ett sådant verksamhetsområde är IT- och mjukvarubranschen. I denna bransch är projektarbeten centrala i arbetet. Dock är den branschen väldigt riskdrabbad och en hög grad av projekten slutförs ej. Detta beror på flera olika riskfaktorer, exempelvis bristfällig kommunikation, okunskap eller motivation. Denna studie har studerat vilka risker som projektledare inom IT- och mjukvarubranschen upplever är förekommande och hur projektledarna går tillväga i syfte att hantera dessa risker. Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med totalt 8 projektledare som är verksamma inom denna bransch. De risker som de upplever är förekommande är framförallt risker relaterade till formgivningen av kommunikationen i projektet, okunskap hos projektledare, omotiverade projektmedlemmar och otydliga målsättningar i projektet. Hanteringen av kommunikationsriskerna innebar att projektledaren ofta arbetade fram en strategi för kommunikation tillsammans med berörda parter. Någon specifik metod för hantering av risker som är kopplade till okunskap framgick inte av respondenterna. Omotiverade projektmedlemmar hanterades ofta genom anpassning till den omotiverade parten eller genom samtal med berörd part. Risker som var kopplade till otydliga målsättningar hanterades ofta genom anpassning till berörd part eller genom fler arbetade timmar och mer frekvent kommunikation inom projektet eller med kunden.

A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) visa à reorganização do modelo de atenção à saúde no Brasil, desde 1994. Constitui-se como a porta prioritária de acesso do usuário ao sistema, tendo como norte os princípios organizacionais e doutrinários do Sistema Único de Saúde. O Ministério da Saúde determina uma equipe multiprofissional, na qual cada trabalhador executa um conjunto de ações em separado, porém constantemente, buscando articulá-las às ações dos demais agentes. Os profissionais dessas equipes são cotidianamente desafiados em sua rotina de trabalho, pois este novo modelo de atenção, trouxe mudanças nas condições de trabalho, como novas formas de contrato de trabalho, consideradas algumas vezes, precárias, na qual deixam os enfermeiros expostos aos riscos psicossociais. Entende-se por riscos psicossociais no trabalho, aqueles relacionados à concepção, organização e gestão do trabalho, os quais, quando presentes, podem gerar prejuízo físico, mental ou social aos trabalhadores. Este estudo objetivou analisar as condições de trabalho dos enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família, identificando riscos psicossociais, relacionados ao seu trabalho, e estratégias utilizadas para minimizar os riscos presentes. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa dos dados, na modalidade temática. Participaram do estudo os enfermeiros de 18 unidades de ESFs. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas para identificar as condições de trabalho dos enfermeiros, no que diz respeito às modalidades dos contratos de trabalho, aos órgãos responsáveis pelas contratações, às jornadas de trabalho diárias e semanais e aos benefícios assegurados pela instituição, bem como os riscos presentes no seu trabalho. A análise do material foi executada por meio do agrupamento e classificação das unidades temáticas em três temas centrais: \"As condições de trabalho dos Enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família\"; \"Riscos psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho dos Enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família\" e \"Estratégias de gerenciamento de riscos psicossociais\". Os riscos psicossociais foram agrupados em sete categorias: Capacitação profissional; Relacionamento interpessoal; Interface: trabalho e família; Violência psicológica; Ambiente e equipamento de trabalho; Recursos humanos; Carga e esquema de trabalho. As estratégias utilizadas para o controle destes riscos são predominantemente individuais, já que inexistem ações da instituição neste sentido. As principais estratégias individuais encontradas foram: prática de atividade física, apoio espiritual, terapia com psicólogo e meditação. Com base nos riscos encontrados foi elaborado um folheto explicativo com o intuito de nortear enfermeiros e gestores no gerenciamento destes riscos. Dentro da perspectiva de que este é um problema do trabalhador da saúde coletiva no Brasil, emergem deste estudo sugestões e considerações que podem nortear as discussões para a estruturação de novas equipes de Saúde da Família, tais como: qualificação profissional, recursos humanos e materiais em quantidade e qualidade, condições de trabalho justas, suporte emocional e social aos enfermeiros / The Family Health Strategy aims to reorganization the health care model in Brazil since 1994. It is the prime access entrance for the health system user, substantiated in the principles of the Unified Health System, organizational and doctrinal. The Ministry of Health determines a multiprofessional team, being that each worker performs his own set of actions, seeking however, constantly, to articulate those actions with the other agents. The professionals of these teams, in yours daily routine, are constantly challenged by their work, because this new attention´s model had brought changes in work conditions, like new forms of work contracts, while these sometimes are considered precarious, in which the nurses are exposed to psychosocial risks. Occupational psychosocial risks are comprehended by those which are related to work´s conception, organization and management, that when is present, may bring physical, mental or social harms to the workers. This study proposes to analyze the nurses´s work conditions in the Family Health Strategy, identifying psychosocial risks associated with their work and what would be strategies used to minimize present risks. This is an exploratory type study, with qualitative data approach and thematic class. The nurses from 18 units of the FHSs participated in the study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews to identify the nurses´s work conditions, according to the kind of employment contracts, contracting company agencies, daily and weekly workdays, the benefits insured by the institution as well as the risks present in its work. The material analysis was made through grouping and by classification of thematic units, into three central themes: \"The Nurses´s work conditions in the Family Health Strategy\"; \"Psychosocial risks related to the Nurse\'s work in the Family Health Strategy\" and \"Psychosocial risk management strategies\". Psychosocial risks were grouped into 7 categories: Professional qualification; Interpersonal relationship; Interface: family/work; Psychological violence; Workplace and work equipment; Human resources; Workload and work plan. The strategies used to control these risks are often individual, once that in this proposition, there are no institution actions. The main individual strategies were: physical activity practice, spiritual help, therapies with psychologist and meditation. Based on the risks involved, an explanatory brochure was prepared with the purpose of guiding nurses and service managers in the implementation of strategies for the management of these risks. Comprising that is a problem of the collective health workers in Brazil, from this study some suggestions/considerations had appears, that may lead the discussions for the structuration of the new Family Health teams, such as: professional qualification, quantity and quality of the human and material resources, fair work conditions and nurses´s emotional and social support

This thesis covers years of field work in Malawi, Africa by the author as a Research Agronomist (Tree Nuts) for the Government of Malawi. The thesis is an action research type with core and thesis projects which are closely linked. The client group are large estate managers who control the tree nut industries in Malawi. The political, economic and historical perspectives are different from those commonly faced by Australian agronomists and the isolated location of the work make this a unique study. The thesis includes sections on plantation or estate agriculture, farming systems approaches to research and problem solving, systems concepts in agricultural settings and action research concepts. These provide a framework for the study within the constraints of the government research system and industry expectations. The body of the thesis is a review paper presented to estate managers and co-researchers after one year's work. Relevant outcomes of the study are presented. The discussion draws together the outcomes through reflection on the process and methods used. Advantages and disadvantages are considered and risks, such as the dangers to the researcher of this type of study, are highlighted. / Master of Science (Hons)

<p>Arbetsmiljön är en av de viktigaste bestämningsfaktorerna för vår hälsa. Fysiskt ansträngande arbete så som tunga lyft, monotona rörelser samt exponeringar för olika kemiska ämnen kan leda till ökad risk för ohälsa. Brandmän har jämfört med många andra yrkesgrupper annorlunda förutsättningar i sitt arbete, förutom att bekämpa bränder rycker de ut även ut vid exempelvis vid bil- och kemikalieolyckor samt vid djurräddning. I deras arbetsmiljö blir de utsätta för bland annat psykiska, fysiska och kemiska hälsorisker exempelvis genom bränder, bil- och kemikalieolyckor, som kan leda till olika former av cancer och andra fysiska skador/sjukdomar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur brandmän upplever de hälsorisker som kan förekomma i deras arbetsmiljö. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med brandmän på brandstationer i Västerås och Kolbäck. De intervjuade brandmännen har en positiv syn på sin arbetsmiljö och har inte upplevt några hälsoproblem under deras tid som brandmän. De intervjuade anser att deras hälsa kommer att bli bättre och bättre i samband med den fysiska träning de bedriver för att klara arbetet de utför. Det finns en liten medvetenhet om de hälsorisker som kan förekomma och brandmännen försöker i den mån det är möjligt att följa de säkerhetsrutiner som finns.</p> / <p>Work environment is one of the key determinants of our health. Physically strenuous work such as heavy lifting, repetitive movements, and exposures to various chemicals can lead to increased risk of illness. Firefighters have compared to many other professions other prerequisites in their work. Except for fighting fires they also go out, in example for car- and chemical accidents as well as for animal rescue. They are in their work environment exposed, among other things, to mental, physical and chemical risks by, for example fires, car- and chemical accidents, which can lead to various forms of cancer and other physical injuries/diseases The aim of this study was to examine how firefighters perceive the health risks that may occur in their work. Qualitative interviews with firefighters at fire stations in Västerås and Kolbäck has been used as method for this study. The interviewed firefighters have a positive sight on their work environment and have not experienced any health problems during their time as firefighters. They believe that their health will be better and better related to the physical training they undertake in order to cope with the work they perform. There is small awareness of the health risks that may occur and the firefighters are trying as far as possible to comply with the existing security measures.</p>

<p>Date: 12-June-2008</p><p>Authors: Muhammad Saeed – 760721</p><p>Västerås – Sweden</p><p>Mehmood Ziauddin – 830730</p><p>Västerås – Sweden</p><p>Title: A Structured Approach for Evaluating Risk Impacts in IT Projects</p><p>Introduction: Risk is an integral part of any project and it’s more appropriate to say for IT because it is changing with a very fast pace. Different surveys, reports and researches show astonishing statistics about the risks in IT projects. Through proper risk assessment techniques most of the uncertainties can be reduced while initiating, implementing and improving IT projects. Different authors talk about different risks and different strategies to respond to them. It becomes difficult at times to keep in check all the risks. Often risk management is over hyped, and often it’s totally neglected. Their needs to be a balanced approached in risk management.</p><p>Problem: How a structured approach will be beneficial for an organization in assessing risk impacts on IT Projects?</p><p>Purpose: The aim of this report is to develop and analyze a structured approach which will permit an organization in identifying & categorizing risks and measuring their impact on IT Projects.</p><p>Method: Exploratory research approach is used and data collection is done using secondary sources. Our thesis is qualitative research based. Qualitative research is the one which is not relying on statistical data as compared to quantitative research.</p><p>Besides our text books and study material, the main source of information was internet databases and university library from where we read different articles, thesis and books. Majority of the material studied was collected from Mälardalen University Library’s online databases like, Elin@Mälardalen, Compendex, Emerald and Ebrary. We also consulted some books which we got by inter-library loan from Mälardalen University.</p><p>Conclusion: With the help of Remenyi’s approach for categorizing risks and Applegate’s approach of measuring risk impact, we have managed to develop a structured approach and reached a conclusion that proper identification and categorizing of risks can be very beneficial for an organization in numerous ways. This systematic way assists top management, project managers, IT & non IT Personnel is taking preemptive measures for managing risks. The benefits it brings is that it gives an equal understanding within the organization and this structured approach gives an in-depth and clear understanding of the risks associated with IT projects.</p>

<p>Passagerarna behöver mera tid än säkerhetsinformation eftersom passagerarna har så bråttom att komma ombord, boka bord och handla tax-free. Därmed missar passagerarna viktig säkerhetsinformation som alltid ges vid avgång via fartygets högtalarsystem. Det finns klar och tydlig säkerhetsinformation ombord. Det viktiga är sättet att ge information än att ge mera information. Idag informeras passagerarna via videoskärmar, utrymningskartor på hyttdörrar, via högtalarsystemet ombord, säkerhetsbroschyrer i hytter och information, välutbildad besättning och det är väl skyltat ombord. Att överinformera om riskerna ombord kan skapa en oro bland passagerarna. Passagerarna är oftast ute på nöjeskryssningar och vill inte bli påminda om tidigare fartygskatastrofer eller om risker.</p><p>Det är upp till varje passagerare att söka säkerhetsinformation och hur passagerarna tar till sig säkerhetsinformationen beror till viss del på deras attityd och intresse att ta till sig säkerhetsinformationen. Det finns säkerhetsinformation att tillgå ombord och detta ger passageraren ett väsentligt bättre utgångsläge att klara sig om det bli aktuellt att utrymma fartyget.</p><p>Det är svårt att få information om säkerheten innan avgång, eftersom passageraren hänvisas till rederiernas hemsida. Rederierna skyltar inte med säkerhetsinformation på startsidan, utan passageraren måste själv leta sig vidare till denna information.</p><p>Rederierna har en god säkerhetskultur och med detta menas, safety first och ständig förbättring.</p><p> </p>

<p>Wegener´s granulomatosis (WG) is an unusual, serious, systemic vasculitis with specific clinical findings. The studies in this thesis aim at broadening our understanding of the aetiology and outcome of WG.</p><p>Patients with WG were identified in the In-patient Register 1975-2001. During this time the incidence increased three-fold, and neither ANCA-related increased awareness, nor diagnostic drift, seem to fully explain this trend, but it is still unclear if a true rise in incidence exists. </p><p>Anti- neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have been presented as highly specific for vasculitis. In a series of consecutive cANCA/PR3-ANCA positive patients, we investigated the positive predictive value for ANCA, and the outcome of patients with a positive cANCA/PR3-ANCA but not vasculitis. These patients have a low future risk of developing vasculitis, possibly indicating that ANCA, in this setting, reflects neutrophil activating properties not specific to vasculitis.</p><p>By linkage of the WG-cohort, and randomly selected population controls, to the Multi-generation register, we identified all first-degree relatives and spouses of patients and controls, totally encompassing some 2,000 patients and 70,000 relatives. Familial aggregation of WG was the exception, with absolute risks of < 1 per 1000.However, relative risks in first-grade relatives amounted to 1.56 (95% CI 0.35-6.90) such that a moderate familial aggregation cannot be excluded.</p><p>In the WG-cohort, cancer occurrence and risk was compared to that of the general population. Patients with WG have an overall doubled risk of cancer, with particularly increased risks of bladder-cancer, haematopoietic cancers including lymphomas and squamous skin-cancer. In a case-control study nested within the WG-cohort, treatment with cyclophosphamide was compared among bladder-cancer patients and matched cancer-free controls. Absolute risk of bladder cancer as high as 10% some years after diagnosis were found, and this risk can partly be attributed to cyclophosphamide-treatment, with a dose-response relationship.</p>

The authors’ outline of the evolution of the banking sector development assesses governmental approaches to bank regulation and supervision and is a basic regulatory frame-work, needed to reduce bank failures; it characterises steps of the evolution of the banking sector and trends of its development. The discussion focuses on: 1. Initial forming and restructuring of the banks, changes in the commercial banking sector and the reorganising of the banking systems; 2. Change of the role of the national bank and the mode of its intervention; 3. Dynamics of the banking system development in Georgia and the risks of banking activities. The main findings suggest that 1. The Georgian banks overcame the crisis of the 90’s because of having portfolios of assets in foreign currencies and performing of the national banks function in the “lender of last resort”; 2. Regulatory and supervisory practices in Georgia develop from strict regulations to a deregulation that is most effective in promoting good performance and stability in the banking sector; 3. Alongside with the increase of banking concentration and openness the banking competition and financial risks boost too; that could be managed by further development of institutional reforms in the banking sector. There is an assess of the development and weakness of the banking sector. / Entwicklung des Bankensektors in Georgien

Passagerarna behöver mera tid än säkerhetsinformation eftersom passagerarna har så bråttom att komma ombord, boka bord och handla tax-free. Därmed missar passagerarna viktig säkerhetsinformation som alltid ges vid avgång via fartygets högtalarsystem. Det finns klar och tydlig säkerhetsinformation ombord. Det viktiga är sättet att ge information än att ge mera information. Idag informeras passagerarna via videoskärmar, utrymningskartor på hyttdörrar, via högtalarsystemet ombord, säkerhetsbroschyrer i hytter och information, välutbildad besättning och det är väl skyltat ombord. Att överinformera om riskerna ombord kan skapa en oro bland passagerarna. Passagerarna är oftast ute på nöjeskryssningar och vill inte bli påminda om tidigare fartygskatastrofer eller om risker. Det är upp till varje passagerare att söka säkerhetsinformation och hur passagerarna tar till sig säkerhetsinformationen beror till viss del på deras attityd och intresse att ta till sig säkerhetsinformationen. Det finns säkerhetsinformation att tillgå ombord och detta ger passageraren ett väsentligt bättre utgångsläge att klara sig om det bli aktuellt att utrymma fartyget. Det är svårt att få information om säkerheten innan avgång, eftersom passageraren hänvisas till rederiernas hemsida. Rederierna skyltar inte med säkerhetsinformation på startsidan, utan passageraren måste själv leta sig vidare till denna information. Rederierna har en god säkerhetskultur och med detta menas, safety first och ständig förbättring.