The ATLAS experiment pushes the leading edge of experimental particle physics. Increasingly complex hardware, however, brings increasingly complex problems which manifest themselves not only in the detector, but also within the software which drives the detector. The magnitude of the expected interaction rate, too, adds enormous stress to the detector system and the software trigger. In order to prepare the software for these challenges, various detector quantities are considered which may provide debugging handles and robustness against detector problems arising in the ATLAS calorimeter trigger. The effect of electronics noise suppression on these quantities is studied and a brief study of the software trigger performance is followed by recommendations for the implementation of robustness checks.

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Substantial anthropogenic change of the Earth’s climate is modifying patterns of rainfall, river flow, glacial melt and groundwater recharge rates across the planet, undermining many of the stationarity assumptions upon which water resources infrastructure has been historically managed. This hydrological uncertainty is creating a potentially vast range of possible futures that could threaten the dependability of vital regional water supplies. This, combined with increased urbanisation and rapidly growing regional populations, is putting pressures on finite water resources. One of the greatest international challenges facing decision makers in the water industry is the increasing influences of these “deep” climate change and population growth uncertainties affecting the long-term balance of supply and demand and necessitating the need for adaptive action. Water companies and utilities worldwide are now under pressure to modernise their management frameworks and approaches to decision making in order to identify more sustainable and cost-effective water management adaptations that are reliable in the face of uncertainty. The aim of this thesis is to compare and contrast a range of existing Decision Making Methods (DMMs) for possible application to Water Resources Management (WRM) problems, critically analyse on real-life case studies their suitability for handling uncertainties relating to climate change and population growth and then use the knowledge generated this way to develop a new, resilience-based WRM planning methodology. This involves a critical evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of a range of methods and metrics developed to improve on current engineering practice, to ultimately compile a list of suitable recommendations for a future framework for WRM adaptation planning under deep uncertainty. This thesis contributes to the growing vital research and literature in this area in several distinct ways. Firstly, it qualitatively reviews a range of DMMs for potential application to WRM adaptation problems using a set of developed criteria. Secondly, it quantitatively assesses two promising and contrasting DMMs on two suitable real-world case studies to compare highlighted aspects derived from the qualitative review and evaluate the adaptation outputs on a practical engineering level. Thirdly, it develops and reviews a range of new potential performance metrics that could be used to quantitatively define system resilience to help answer the water industries question of how best to build in more resilience in future water resource adaptation planning. This leads to the creation and testing of a novel resilience driven methodology for optimal water resource planning, combining optimal aspects derived from the quantitative case study work with the optimal metric derived from the resilience metric investigation. Ultimately, based on the results obtained, a list of suitable recommendations is compiled on how to improve the existing methodologies for future WRM planning under deep uncertainty. These recommendations include the incorporation of more complex simulation models into the planning process, utilisation of multi-objective optimisation algorithms, improved uncertainty characterisation and assessments, an explicit robustness examination and the incorporation of additional performance metrics to increase the clarity of the strategy assessment process.

Les systèmes RFID sont de plus en plus utilisés dans des applications critiques fonctionnant dans des environnements perturbés (ferroviaire, aéronautique, chaînes de production ou agroalimentaire) ou dans des applications où la sécurité est essentielle (identification, lutte contre la contrefaçon). Pourtant, ces systèmes faibles coûts, initialement conçus pour des applications de masse non critiques, sont peu robustes par nature. Pour les applications critiques, les défaillances des puces RFID peuvent avoir des conséquences catastrophiques ou créer des failles de sécurité importantes. Ces défaillances peuvent avoir des origines nombreuses : par exemple, des origines matérielles dues au vieillissement naturel des circuits intégrés ou à des attaques (optiques, électromagnétiques, en tension). Il est donc d'usage dans les applications critiques d'accroître la robustesse des systèmes RFID par la mise en œuvre de redondance matérielle. Cependant cette redondance accroît le coût du déploiement des systèmes RFID ainsi que la complexité des protocoles et middleware associés. L'amélioration de la robustesse des tags permet de grandement limiter cette redondance. L'objectif de la thèse est d'accroitre la robustesse des tags UHF passifs en proposant et validant de nouvelles architectures numériques de puces RFID robustes à la fois aux défaillances et aux attaques matérielles. Les approches de durcissement des circuits intégrés étudient généralement leur robustesse par simulation et ce de manière indépendante à la validation de leur conception. La méthode la plus courante afin de valider la robustesse d'un circuit repose sur l'injection de fautes par simulation. Pour les puces RFID, ce type d'approche par simulation est problématique car les performances des puces dépendent de nombreux paramètres difficilement modélisables globalement. En effet, le fonctionnement d'un tag dépend de son environnement électromagnétique, du nombre de tags présents dans le système, des protocoles mis en œuvre. Aussi, nous avons développé une méthodologie basée sur le prototypage permettant d'éviter des simulations complexes et chronophages. La puce RFID prototype est alors implantée dans un FPGA. Ainsi, dès la phase de conception, cette puce peut être validée fonctionnellement dans un environnement réel. De plus, en utilisant différentes techniques d'instrumentation permettant l'injection de fautes dans les circuits numériques sur FPGA, il est alors possible d'analyser l'effet sur l'ensemble du système des fautes injectées dans le tag. Dans cette thèse, dans un premier temps, le prototype fonctionnel d'un tag RFID a été développé. Dans un second temps, ce prototype a été instrumenté pour pouvoir réaliser des injections de fautes en ligne ou hors ligne. Ensuite, le comportement du système RFID en présence de fautes dans ce tag RFID a été évalué. L'analyse des effets de ces fautes sur le système a permis de proposer, de mettre en œuvre et de valider de nouvelles architectures numériques de tags RFID robustes. Ce nouvel environnement de prototypage et d'injection de fautes a également permis de démontrer les effets de nouvelles attaques contre les systèmes RFID reposant sur l'insertion de tags fautifs ou malveillants dans les systèmes. Enfin, cette approche a permis d'évaluer les méthodes de détection des tags fautifs. / RFID tags are more and more used for critical applications within harsh environments (aeronautics, railways) or for secure applications such as identification, countermeasure against counterfeiting. However, such low cost systems, initially designed for non-critical applications with a high volume, are not robust by themselves. For critical applications, a malfunction of RFID chip may have serious consequences or induce a severe security breach for hackers. Dysfunctions can have many origins: for instance, hardware issues can be due to aging effects or can also be due to hackers attack such as optical or electromagnetic fault injection. It is thus a common practice for critical applications to increase the robustness of RFID system. The main purpose of this PhD Thesis is to increase UHF tags robustness by proposing new digital architectures of RFID chips which would be resilient against both hardware attacks and natural defects.Usual design techniques for robustness IC improvement consist in evaluating the design robustness by simulation and to do this independently of the design validation. The main technique for robustness evaluation is the simulation based faults injection. Within the RFID context such an approach only based on simulation has several drawbacks. In fact, simulations often are inaccurate because the system behavior relies on several parameters such as the global electromagnetic environment, the number of tags present in the reader field, the RFID protocol parameters.The purposes of this PhD are to develop a design method dedicated to RFID system based on hardware prototyping in order to avoid time consuming simulations and then to evaluate the design within a real environment.The hardware prototyping based on FPGA allows the design to be validated in a real environment. Moreover, using instrumentation techniques for fault injection within FPGA , it will be then possible to analyze the effects of faulty tags on the global system in terms of safety and security and then to propose countermeasures.In this thesis an FPGA based emulation platform called RFIM has been developed. This platform is compliant to EPC C1 Gen2 RFID standard. The RFID tag emulator has been validated functionally in a real environment. The RFIM platform uses the instrumentation technique for injecting faults in the digital tag circuit. Through fault injection campaigns RFIM platform can analyze the effect on the entire system of the faults injected into the tag, and ten validate new robust digital architectures.The RFIM platform has been used to demonstrate the effects of further attacks against RFID systems based on the insertion of faulty or malicious tag that contains a hardware Trojan. Finally, RFIM platform helps to develop countermeasures against the fault effects. These countermeasures have been implemented and tested in a real RFID environment with several tags and reader.

Our society is heavily dependent on commodities, as water and electricity, supplied to final users by engineered systems, which are known as critical infrastructures. In such context, the understanding of how such systems handle damaging events is an important aspect and is a current concern of researchers, public agents, and society. How much of performance a system loses due to damages is related to its vulnerability, and the ability to absorb and recover successfully from damages is its resilience. In this study, approaches to assess the vulnerability and resilience of power distribution systems by evaluating dynamic features, as the processes of failure and repair, and system reconfiguration for vulnerability, and the effects of extreme weather scenarios for resilience together with the processes of failure of repair are presented. Such approaches were applied on systems previously presented in the literature, and also on a Brazilian power distribution system. A Monte Carlo simulation was applied to evaluate this systems, models for time-to-failure and time-to-repair under different circumstances were obtained from historical data, and a method to use the models of time-to-failure during the vulnerability analysis was introduced. In addition, an assessment of the impact of reconfiguration capability on vulnerability is also carried out, and a resilience assessment under different climate scenarios has been developed. The time-to-failure and repair models highlighted how external factors modifies the Brazilian system failure and repair dynamics, the use of time-to-failure models during vulnerability analysis showed that the consideration of the failure dynamic of the types of elements give different results, and the time domain allows new analysis\' perspectives. The investigation indicated that the vulnerability reduction due to reconfiguration is affected by the number of switches and also the maximum load capacity of the distribution system feeders. The resilience assessment showed that for structural connectivity, larger distribution networks are less resilient, while for electricity delivery, a set of features, related with the topological and electrical organization of such networks, seems to be associated with the network service resilience, such information is useful for system planning and management. The dynamics evaluated in this study are relevant to vulnerability and resilience of such systems, and also to other critical infrastructures. Moreover, the developed approaches can be applied to other systems, as transportation and water distribution. In future studies, other power distribution systems features, as distributed generation and energy storage, will be considered in both, vulnerability and resilience analysis. / Nossa sociedade é altamente dependente de commodities, como água e eletricidade, fornecidas para os usuários por sistemas de engenharia, conhecidos como infraestruturas críticas. A compreensão de como tais sistemas lidam com eventos prejudiciais é uma preocupação atual de pesquisadores, agentes públicos e sociedade. A perda de desempenho de um sistema devido a danos é relacionada à sua vulnerabilidade, e a capacidade de absorver e se recuperar dos danos é a resiliência. Neste estudo, são apresentadas abordagens para avaliar a vulnerabilidade e resiliência de sistemas de distribuição de energia considerando características dinâmicas, como os processos de falha e reconfiguração do sistema, para a vulnerabilidade, e os efeitos de climas extremos na resiliência com os processos de falha e reparo. Tais abordagens foram aplicadas em sistemas previamente apresentados na literatura, e também em um sistema brasileiro. Simulação de Monte Carlo foi utilizada para avaliar as dinâmicas de falha e reparo do sistema utilizando de modelos obtidos a partir de dados históricos, e um método para usar os modelos de tempo-até-falha durante a análise de vulnerabilidade também foi apresentado. Além disso, uma avaliação do impacto da dinâmica de reconfiguração na vulnerabilidade foi realizada e uma avaliação de resiliência sob diferentes cenários climáticos foi desenvolvida. Os modelos tempo-para-falha e reparo destacaram como fatores externos modificam as dinâmicas de falha e reparo do sistema brasileiro, o uso de modelos de confiabilidade na análise de vulnerabilidades mostrou que a consideração dos diferentes tipos de elementos geram resultados diferentes e o domínio de tempo permite novas perspectivas de análise. A investigação da reconfiguração indicou que a redução da vulnerabilidade devido à reconfiguração é afetada pelo número de chaves e também pela máxima capacidade de carga dos alimentadores do sistema de distribuição. A avaliação de resiliência mostrou que, para conectividade estrutural, redes de distribuição maiores são menos resilientes, enquanto que para fornecimento de energia, um conjunto de características, relacionados com a organização topológica e elétrica dessas redes parece ser associado à resiliência do serviço, informação útil para o planejamento. As dinâmicas avaliadas neste estudo são relevantes para a vulnerabilidade e resiliência de tais sistemas, e também para outras infraestruturas críticas. Além disso, essas abordagens podem ser aplicadas a outros sistemas, como transporte e distribuição de água. Em estudos futuros, outras características de sistemas de distribuição de energia, como geração distribuída e armazenamento de energia, serão consideradas nas análises de vulnerabilidade e resiliência.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du rejet adaptatif de perturbations sur des structures de contrôle actif de vibrations. L’objectif était de développer des stratégies de commande adaptatives, pour le rejet actif de perturbations, et de les mettre en œuvre sur des procédés réels se trouvant au sein du département Automatique du laboratoire GIPSA-Lab de Grenoble. En première partie, le rejet de perturbations bande étroites inconnues a été traité en utilisant des lois de commande adaptatives en contre réaction basées sur le principe du modèle interne. Ces lois de commande ont été validées expérimentalement sur une plate-forme de suspension active. En deuxième partie, des algorithmes adaptatifs pour l’atténuation de perturbations bande larges par action anticipatrices « feedforward » ont été proposés, analysés, et testés en pratique sur une structure flexible de contrôle actif de vibrations. / This thesis work is a part of adaptive disturbances rejection on some flexible structures in active vibration control (AVC). The objective was to develop adaptive control strategies for the active disturbances rejection, and to implement them on real process located in the Automatic Control Department of GIPSA-Lab in Grenoble. In the first part, the rejection of unknown narrow-band disturbances (Sinusoidal and multi-sinusoidal) was treated using adaptive control laws in « feedback » based on the internal model principle. These control laws have been validated experimentally on an active suspension platform. In the second part, adaptive algorithms for the minimization of the effects of "broadband" disturbances in "feedforward" have been proposed, analyzed and tested in practice on a flexible structure of active vibration control.

L’industrie des transports aéronautique et terrestre voit une augmentation constante de l’électrification de ses fonctions. Les actionneurs mécaniques ou hydrauliques sont au fil des évolutions technologiques remplacés par des actionneurs électriques.Les composants qui dominent le marché actuellement ne semblent plus capables de suivre la tendance. En effet, les composants de puissance à base de silicium règnent toujours sur le marché actuel, grâce à leur faible coût. Ce matériau commence par contre à atteindre ses limites théoriques en termes de performances. Dans ce contexte, différentes structures en semi-conducteurs à large bande interdite sont en train d’émerger afin de succéder au silicium.Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la fiabilité des transistors de puissance à base de Nitrure de Gallium. Ces composants semblent être très prometteurs pour des applications moyennes puissances. Cependant, les mécanismes de défaillance dont peuvent souffrir ces composants ne sont pas encore suffisamment étudiés. L’étude consiste en l’application de vieillissements alliant contraintes thermiques et électriques. Ces vieillissements sont effectués à différentes conditions de tension et de température. L’objectif de cette méthode est, dans un premier temps, d’isoler l’effet de chaque facteur de stress sur l’état des composants, et dans un second temps, d’identifier les mécanismes de défaillances activés en fonction des conditions de vieillissement.Ce travail a permis d’identifier l’existence de différents mécanismes de défaillance pouvant être activés selon les conditions de vieillissement. En effet, il est apparu que la gamme de température de vieillissement utilisée influe grandement sur la prédominance des mécanismes de défaillance activés. Les résultats obtenus remettent en question les normes de qualification actuellement appliquées aux composants en Nitrure de Gallium. Ces normes devraient revoir à la hausse les températures de vieillissement utilisées afin de couvrir des gammes plus proches des températures d’utilisation pour ce type de composants. / The aeronautical and terrestrial transport industries know a steady increase in the electrification of their functions. In fact, the mechanical or hydraulic actuators are gradually replaced by electric ones.The components dominating the market today seem unable to follow the trend anymore. In fact, silicon-based power components still prevail in the current market, thanks to their low cost. However, this material begins to reach its theoretical limits in terms of performance. In this context, different wide bandgap semiconductor structures are emerging to take on from silicon.The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of power transistors based on Gallium Nitride. These components are very promising for medium power applications. However, the failure mechanisms of these components are not yet sufficiently studied. The study consists in the application of aging tests combining thermal and electrical stresses. These agings are carried out under different conditions of tension and temperature. The objective of this method is, firstly, to isolate the effect of each stressor on the state of the components, and secondly, to identify the failure mechanisms activated according to the aging conditions.This work made it possible to identify the existence of different failure mechanisms that can be activated according to the aging conditions. Indeed, it has emerged that the aging temperature range used influences the predominance of activated failure mechanisms. The results challenge the adequacy of current qualification standards for Gallium Nitride components. These standards should revise upwards the aging temperatures used to cover ranges closer to the operating temperatures of this kind of components.

Orientador: Alexandre César Rodrigues da Silva / Resumo: Com a crescente evolução dos equipamentos eletrônicos, muitos dados digitais têm sido produzidos, copiados e distribuídos com facilidade, gerando uma grande preocupação com a sua segurança. Dentre as várias técnicas usadas para proteger os dados digitais, tem-se as técnicas de inserção e extração de marca d'água em imagens digitais. Uma marca d'água pode ser qualquer informação como, por exemplo, um código, um logotipo, ou uma sequência aleatória de letras e números, que vise garantir a autenticidade e a proteção dos direitos autoriais dos dados. Neste trabalho, estudou-se sobre as técnicas existentes de inserção e extração de marca d'água digital, abordando desde seu conceito até o desenvolvimento de algoritmos de inserção e extração de marca d'água em imagens digitais. Desenvolveu-se um método para aumentar a robustez de técnicas de marca d' água digital pela decomposição da imagem em duas partes: estrutural (áreas homogêneas) e de detalhes (áreas com ruídos, texturas e bordas). Contudo, a marca d'água é inserida na parte de detalhes por se tratar de áreas menos afetadas por operações de processamento digital de imagens. Os resultados mostraram que o método proposto aumentou a robustez das técnicas da marca d'água testadas. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, desenvolveu-se uma nova técnica de marca d'água digital, utilizando a transformada discreta de wavelets, a decomposição de imagens e a transformada discreta do cosseno. / Abstract: With the increasing evolution of technological equipment, many digital data have been easily produced, copied and distributed by generating a great concern for their security. Among the various techniques used to protect the digital data, there are techniques for inserting and extracting a watermark into digital images. A watermark can be any information, such as a code, a logo, or a random sequence of letters and numbers, aiming to ensure the authenticity and copyright protection. In this work are studied, existing insertion and extraction techniques in digital watermarking, by covering from its concept to the development of watermark insertion and extraction algorithms, in digital images. A method was developed to increase the robustness of digital watermarking techniques by decomposing the image into two parts: structural (homogeneous areas) and details (areas with noises, textures and edges). However, the watermark is inserted in the detail area due to be less affected areas by digital image processing. The results showed that the proposed method increased the robustness of the tested watermarking techniques. Based on the results obtained, we developed a new digital watermark technique using discrete wavelet transform, image decomposition and discrete cosine transform. / Doutor

abstract: Sustainability depends in part on our capacity to resolve dilemmas of the commons in Coupled Infrastructure Systems (CIS). Thus, we need to know more about how to incentivize individuals to take collective action to manage shared resources. Moreover, given that we will experience new and more extreme weather events due to climate change, we need to learn how to increase the robustness of CIS to those shocks. This dissertation studies irrigation systems to contribute to the development of an empirically based theory of commons governance for robust systems. I first studied the eight institutional design principles (DPs) for long enduring systems of shared resources that the Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom proposed in 1990. I performed a critical literature review of 64 studies that looked at the institutional configuration of CIS, and based on my findings I propose some modifications of their definitions and application in research and policy making. I then studied how the revisited design principles, when analyzed conjointly with biophysical and ethnographic characteristics of CISs, perform to avoid over-appropriation, poverty and critical conflicts among users of an irrigation system. After carrying out a meta-analysis of 28 cases around the world, I found that particular combinations of those variables related to population size, countries corruption, the condition of water storage, monitoring of users behavior, and involving users in the decision making process for the commons governance, were sufficient to obtain the desired outcomes. The two last studies were based on the Peruvian Piura Basin, a CIS that has been exposed to environmental shocks for decades. I used secondary and primary data to carry out a longitudinal study using as guidance the robustness framework, and different hypothesis from prominent collapse theories to draw potential explanations. I then developed a dynamic model that shows how at the current situation it is more effective to invest in rules enforcement than in the improvement of the physical infrastructure (e.g. reservoir). Finally, I explored different strategies to increase the robustness of the system, through enabling collective action in the Basin. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2017

This thesis studies a classic single-period stochastic optimization problem called the newsvendor problem. A news-boy must decide how many items to order un- der the random demand. The simple model is extended in the following ways: endogenous demand in the additive and multiplicative manner, objective func- tion composed of the expected value and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) of profit, multicriteria objective with price-dependent demand, multiproduct exten- sion under dependent and independent demands, distributional robustness. In most cases, the optimal solution is provided. The thesis concludes with the nu- merical study that compares results of two models after applying the Sample Average Approximation (SAA) method. This study is conducted on the real data. 1