The analytical solution of a given inhomogeneous boundary value problem of a linear, elliptic, inhomogeneous partial differential equation and a set of inhomogeneous mixed Dirichlet- and Neumann-type boundary conditions is derived in the present paper. In the context of elasticity theory, the problem arises for a non-conservative symmetric ansatz and an extended constitutive law shown earlier. For convenient user application, the scalar function expressed in cylindrical coordinates is primarily obtained for the general case before being expatiated on a special case of linear boundary conditions.

In addition to previous publications, the paper presents the analytical solution of a special boundary value problem which arises in the context of elasticity theory for an extended constitutive law and a non-conservative symmetric ansatz. Besides deriving the general analytical solution, a specific form for linear boundary conditions is given for user convenience.

Three-dimensional design and three-dimensional CFD analysis of a compressor rotor stage are performed. The design methodology followed is based on a mean line analysis and a radial equilibrium phase. The radial equilibrium is established at a selected number of radii. NACA 65 series airfoils are selected and stacked according to the experimental data available. The CFD methodology applied is based on a three-dimensional, finite difference, compressible flow Euler solver that includes the source terms belonging to rotational motion. The accuracy of the solver is shown by making use of two different test cases. The CFD solution of the designed geometry predicts the static pressure rises and flow turning angles to a good degree of accuracy.

A significant body of research has focused on tracking behaviors of predators responding to prey odor plumes, yet little is known about the specific mechanisms by which predators make decisions during tracking that lead them to a source. This dissertation advances the current knowledge of plume tracking behavior by examining blue crab tracking behavior over a large range of bed-roughnesses (thereby manipulating ambient levels of turbulence), and interpreting these results with respect to chemical signal structure derived from separate examinations of plume characteristics as determined by planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). Foraging success and the speed of blue crabs attempting to locate the odorant source both decline consistently with increasing bed roughness. In contrast, steering (path linearity) appears unaffected by bed roughness induced turbulence. The spatial arrangement of blue crab chemosensors combined with the three-dimensional structure of odorant plumes accounts for the differential effects of turbulence on the speed and success of crab tracking behavior. Separate examinations of tracking behavior and plume properties cannot directly examine hypotheses concerning the utility of specific chemical signal properties. In order to make a direct link between cue and behavior, three-dimensional laser induced fluorescence (3DLIF) was used to analyze three-dimensional plume structure and concentration of odor filaments that reach blue crab sensory structures. The corresponding tracking behavior was simultaneously recorded and then analyzed with a motion analysis system. These data provide the most comprehensive examination of odor signal input-behavioral output functions for animals in turbulent plumes. Crabs do not react differentially in response to the absolute concentration of antennule spikes above threshold at their antennules but do show a state-dependent acceleration response to antennule spikes. Signals arriving at the leg sensors of blue crabs help mediate upstream motion and signal change across a single set of leg sensors is sufficient to induce turning during upstream motion. Blue crabs decrease the height of their antennules in correspondence with changing plume properties as they approach the source and the timing of signals arriving at the antennules appears to affect upstream motion.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University (Canada), 1995. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-03, Section: B, page: 2118. Adviser: G. F. Round.

Στις ηλεκτρικές μηχανές ο υπολογισμός των απωλειών και οι μηχανισμοί που τις προκαλούν αποτελούν ένα πολύ απαιτητικό αντικείμενο μελέτης. Τα τελευταία χρόνια καθώς αυξάνεται η ανάγκη για ολοένα και πιο αποδοτικές μηχανές μεγάλο κομμάτι της έρευνας έχει επικεντρωθεί στον υπολογισμό των απωλειών τους και πιο συγκεκριμένα στον υπολογισμό των απωλειών σιδήρου. Οι απώλειες σιδήρου ή αλλιώς απώλειες πυρήνα αποτελούν σημαντικό μέρος των απωλειών μια μηχανής, ταυτόχρονα όμως ο υπολογισμός τους εμφανίζει ιδιαίτερη δυσκολία. Στην παρόυσα διπλωματική εργασία η προσπάθεια επικεντρωνεται στον υπολογισμό αυτών των απωλειών σε μια ασύγχρονη μηχανή με διάφορες μεθόδους. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στα σιδηρομαγνητικά υλικά και στις ιδιότητες τους. Αρχικά παρουσιάζεται το φαινόμενο της μαγνήτισης και του κορεσμού. Στη συνέχεια μελετάται το φαινόμενο της υστέρησης και οι ιδιότητες της που παίζουν καθοριστικό ρόλο στις απώλειες του πυρήνα της μηχανής, αλλά και το φαινόμενο των δινορευμάτων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο μελετώνται οι απώλειες της μηχανής. Με ποιό τρόπο δηλαδή το φαινόμενο της υστέρησης και των δινορευμάτων πρoκαλούν απώλειες στη μηχανή και με ποια μορφή εμφανίζονται. Παρουσιάζονται ακόμα οι μηχανισμοί που συνδέονται με τις απώλειες χαλκού, επιδερμικό φαινόμενο και φαινόμενο γειτνίασης και ο ρόλος τους. Παρουσιάζεται επίσης μια βιβλιογραφική έρευνα σχετικά με τις διάφορες μεθόδους που χρησιμοποιούνται για τον υπολογισμό των απωλειών σιδήρου. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αποτελεί ουσιαστικά μια εισαγωγή στα ηλεκτρονικά ισχύος και πιο συγκεκριμένα στον αντιστροφέα τάσης με τεχνική PWM. Σημαντικός θεωρείται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο διαμορφώνεται η τάση εισόδου στη μηχανή, αλλά και η μορφή της, καθώς επηρεάζει άμεσα τις απώλειες σιδήρου της μηχανής. Στο τέταρτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο βρίσκουν εφαρμογή όλα τα παραπάνω. Η εργασία γίνεται με τη βοήθεια ενός μοντέλου πεπερασμένων στοιχείων, δύο διαστάσεων, μιας ασύγχρονης μηχανής βραχυκυκλωμένου κλωβού. Αρχικά η μηχανή τροφοδοτείται από μια ημιτονοειδή τάση είσόδου. Υπολογίζονται οι απώλειες χαλκού και στη συνέχεια οι απώλειες σιδήρου με τη βοήθεια υπολογιστικών μεθόδων ανάλυσης του μαγνητικού πεδίου σε σειρές Fourier. Τέλος μελετάται η μορφή του μαγνητικού πεδίου σε διάφορα σημεία της μηχανής και οι απώλειες που εμφανίζεται σε κάθε στοιχείο του μοντέλου ανά περίπτωση. Τα βήματα αυτά επαναλαμβανονται τροφοδοτώντας αυτή τη φορά τη μηχανή μέσω αντιστροφέα τάσης με τεχνική PWM. Συγκρίνοντας τα αποτελέσματα από κάθε περίπτωση εξάγονται σημαντικά συμπεράσματα για τις απώλειες της μηχανής και τη συμπεριφορά των μηχανισμών που τις προκαλούν. / In electrical machines the calculation of loss and the mechanisms that cause them are a very demanding subject of study. Recently, the increasing need for ever more efficient machines has made the research focus on the calculation of their losses and more specifically the calculation of the iron losses. The iron losses or core losses, constitute an important part of the total machine losses, but also their calculation is particularly difficult. In this thesis we focus on the calculation of these losses in an asynchronous machine using various methods. More specifically, the first chapter is an introduction to the properties of ferromagnetic materials. First, we study the phenomenon of magnetization and saturation and then we examine the phenomenon of hysteresis and its properties which play a crucial role in the core losses of the machine. Finally we study eddy current phenomenon. In the second chapter we discuss the losses of the machine. In which way the phenomenon of hysteresis and eddy currents generate losses in the machine and the form in which they appear. Also presented are the mechanisms associated with the copper losses, skin effect and proximity effect. Also shown is a literature survey on various methods used to calculate the iron losses. The third chapter is essentially an introduction to power electronics, and more particularly to the PWM technique. Important in this chapter is the way in which the input voltage to the machine affects the iron losses. In the fourth and final chapter we produce results of the above theory using simulation methods. The work is done using a finite element model in two dimensions of a squirrel cage asynchronous machine. Initially the machine is fed by a sinusoidal input voltage. Firstly copper losses are calculated and then the iron losses with the help of computational methods which analyze the magnetic induction in Fourier series. Finally, we study the shape of the magnetic field in different parts of the machine and the losses occurring in each element of the model in each case. These additional losses are known as rotational core losses. These steps are repeated, this time powering the machine via inverter supply using the PWM technique.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the forage yield and nutritive value of elephantgrass on conventional and organic systems. In the organic system, species with complementary growth periods were combined; elephantgrass was planted in lines 3m apart from each other; between the rows of elephantgrass, during the winter period, ryegrass was sown and in the summer period the development of species of spontaneous growth was allowed. In the conventional production, two pastures were studied, one with the same strategy of organic production, but with chemical fertilization and another with elephantgrass cultivated alone. 100 kg of N ha-1 were applied with mineral and organic fertilization (bovine manure and pig slurry) in conventional and organic systems, respectively. Holstein cows receiving 0.9% of body weight complementary concentrate feed were used in the evaluation. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments (forage systems), three repetitions (paddocks) and with repeated measures in time (seasons). Forage mass parameters of pre and post grazing, botanical composition, forage production and nutritive value were evaluated. Forage samples were collected by hand-plucking technique for the determination of organic matter, crude protein and in situ digestibility of organic matter. During the experimental period (337 days) seven grazing cycles were performed. Forage production and stocking rate were 12548; 10270; 19168 kg ha-1 and 3.3; 2.1; 4.5 AU ha-1 dia-1, respectively, for the forage systems. Pastures mixed, on conventional and organic production, present best forage distribution throughout the seasons. Higher value of forage production was observed in elephantgrass cultivated alone, on conventional system. Better value of nutritional value parameters were observed in organic pasture. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção de forragem e o valor nutritivo do capim-elefante nos sistemas convencional e orgânico. No sistema orgânico, combinaram-se espécies com períodos de crescimento complementares; o capim-elefante foi plantado em linhas com 3m de distância uma da outra; entre as fileiras de capim-elefante, durante o período de inverno, foi semeado azevém e no período de verão permitiu-se o desenvolvimento de espécies de crescimento espontâneo. Na produção convencional, foram estudadas duas pastagens, uma com a mesma estratégia de produção orgânica, porém com adubação química e outra de capim-elefante sob cultivo singular. Foram aplicados 100 kg de N ha-1 com adubação mineral e orgânica (esterco de bovinos e dejetos de suínos) nos sistemas convencional e orgânico, respectivamente. Como animais experimentais foram utilizados vacas da raça Holandesa, recebendo alimentação complementar na forma de concentrado à razão de 0,9% do peso corporal. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (sistemas forrageiros), três repetições (piquetes) e medidas repetidas no tempo (estações). Foram avaliados os parâmetros de massa de forragem pré e pós-pastejo, composição botânica, produção de forragem e valor nutritivo. Para a determinação de matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica, foram coletadas manualmente amostras de forragem mediante técnica de simulação de pastejo. Durante o período experimental (337 dias) foram realizados sete ciclos de pastejo. A produção de forragem e a taxa de lotação foram de 12548; 10270; 19168 kg ha-1 e 3,3; 2,1; 4,5 UA ha-1 dia-1, para os sistemas forrageiros. Pastos com misturas forrageiras, sob produção convencional e orgânica, apresentam a melhor distribuição de forragem ao longo das estações. O maior valor de produção de forragem foi observado em pastagens cultivadas singularmente, no sistema convencional. Melhores parâmetros de valor nutricional foram observados em pastagens orgânicas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Growth dynamics of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) under different grazing intensities were studied, using marked tillers. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four repetitions (transects) and three treatments consisting of grazing intensities: High , Mean and Low , corresponding to the disappearance of 61.0, 43.3 and 21.1% of the initial forage mass value, respectively. The experimental animals were ewe lambs; rotational grazing was used and the thermal sum of 313 degree-days determined the interval among grazing periods. Grazing intensities affected the morphogenesis and structure of Italian ryegrass only in the period from 24/07 to 02/09. During this period, the Italian ryegrass in the Mean grazing intensity had the lowest leaf appearance rate and leaf elongation rate and it had the highest values of leaf life span. The pseudostem height, the length of the intact and defoliated blades, the number of intact and senescent leaves were higher in Low intensity, and did not differ between Mean and High . In Low intensity, the highest growth and senescence flows were registered, respectively, 85.6 and 54.6 kg/ha day of dry matter (DM). In Mean and High intensities, the growth and intake flows were higher in the beginning of pasture utilization and the senescence flow increased during the Italian ryegrass growing season. The choice of the grazing intensity should be based on the aim of management: when the intention is to prioritize individual weight gain, it is recommended the adoption of the intensity of 43.3%, which allows greater intake of blade s leaf by lambs; but when the objective is to prioritize production per area, it is recommended to use the grazing intensity of 61.0%, because under this intensity Italian ryegrass allows higher stocking rate values. / Estudou-se a dinâmica de crescimento de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sob diferentes intensidades de pastejo, por meio de perfilhos marcados. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições (transectas) e três tratamentos constituídos por intensidades de pastejo: Alta , Média , Baixa , correspondentes ao desaparecimento de 61,0; 43,3 e 21,1% do valor da massa de forragem inicial, respectivamente. Os animais experimentais foram cordeiras, o pastejo foi rotativo e a soma térmica de 313 graus-dia constituiu o intervalo entre pastejos. As intensidades de pastejo afetaram a morfogênese e estrutura de azevém apenas no período de 24/07 a 02/09. Nesse período, o azevém, na intensidade de pastejo Média , apresentou as menores taxas de aparecimento e elongação foliar e os maiores valores de duração de vida das folhas. A altura do pseudocolmo, o comprimento de lâminas intactas e desfolhadas, o número de folhas intactas e em senescência foram superiores na intensidade Baixa , sem diferir entre Média e Alta . Na intensidade Baixa observaram-se os maiores fluxos de crescimento e senescência, respectivamente 85,6 e 54,6 kg/ha/dia de matéria seca (MS). Nas intensidades Média e Alta , os fluxos de crescimento e consumo foram superiores no início da utilização da pastagem, enquanto o fluxo de senescência aumentou ao longo da estação de crescimento do azevém. A escolha da intensidade de pastejo deve ser baseada no objetivo do manejo: quando se objetiva priorizar o ganho de peso individual, recomenda-se a adoção da intensidade de 43,3%, que permite maiores consumos de lâminas foliares por cordeira; já quando se objetiva priorizar a produção por área, recomenda-se a utilização da intensidade de pastejo de 61,0%, pois sob essa intensidade o azevém permite maiores valores de taxa de lotação.

PINTO, Luan Ícaro Freitas Pinto. Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) e Abacaxi (Ananas comosus L. Merril) como adjunto no processamento de cerveja: caracterização e aceitabilidade. 2015. 87 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T23:34:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_lifpinto.pdf: 2313013 bytes, checksum: c751e262e3f4623a9a5e56930d086cc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-04T23:30:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_lifpinto.pdf: 2313013 bytes, checksum: c751e262e3f4623a9a5e56930d086cc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T23:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_lifpinto.pdf: 2313013 bytes, checksum: c751e262e3f4623a9a5e56930d086cc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Its consumption is associated with festivities and celebrations, being recognized by its customers as a beverage with high caloric value. However, this beverage contains a variety of bioactive compounds, vitamins and minerals that promote benefits when its intake is made moderate manner. The market is every day looking for different and even unique products, thus arises the field of craft beers. The objective of this study was to develop a craft beer with acerola and pineapple and study their physicochemical and sensory characteristics, as it brings a new alternative in this niche market, besides the association with increased its functional characteristics. We used the rotational central composite design (CCRD) for the development of treatments where the variation of the percentage of addition of the acerola fruit juice and pineapple varied at levels of 5 to 25% of the total volume of beer. The CCRD included eleven trials: four factorial points, four axial and three repetitions at the central point. The results of the CCRD were analyzed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with the response variable physico-químcos and sensory parameters. For statistical analysis was applied to analysis of variance, Tukey test and regression analysis. Processing took place in laboratory scale. The pulps were characterized by physical-chemical analysis, and then made by the addition of juice during the process of maturation that occurred simultaneously with primming process amber glass bottles of 355 ml. The results of the sugar content, total acids and pH of fruit pulps showed satisfactory being considered suitable for the maturation process. The results of physicochemical tests showed similar results in all treatments, and the factor adding fruit juice was directly proportional to parameters such as acidity and pH, and inversely proportional to parameters such as alcohol, real extract, apparent extract and extract primitive. Microbiological testing resulted in a minimum count of coliforms, thermotolerant and molds and yeasts, adapting to the standards set by law for beer, showing the process control efficiency, ensuring product quality. The means of the sensory attributes of all samples showed up outside the stopband, especially for samples 5 and 8, which have higher pineapple juice content. The results of the response surface showed that addition of up to 16% of both pulps pineapple or additions of high concentrations (up to 28%) in groups with low concentrations of acerola (up to 6%) show a maximization of sensory attributes. It was concluded that the use of pineapple pulp and acerola as adjuncts in the beer processing proved to be a viable alternative due to satisfactory results in sensory evaluation, and physical and chemical characteristics that proved a craft beer with acidy/fruity characteristics. / A cerveja é a bebida alcoólica mais consumida no mundo. Seu consumo está associado a festividades e comemorações, sendo reconhecida pelos seus consumidores como uma bebida com alto valor calórico. Entretanto, essa bebida contém uma variedade de compostos bioativos, vitaminas e minerais, capazes de promover benefícios quando a sua ingestão é feita de maneira moderada. O mercado está a cada dia buscando produtos diferenciados e até exclusivos, surge assim o campo das cervejas artesanais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma cerveja artesanal com acerola e abacaxi e estudar suas características físicoquímicas e sensoriais, pois traz uma nova alternativa neste nicho de mercado, além da associação ao aumento de suas características funcionais. Foi utilizado o Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) para o desenvolvimento dos tratamentos, onde a variação do percentual de adição de suco de fruta de acerola e abacaxi variou em níveis de 5 a 25% do volume total da cerveja. O DCCR incluiu onze ensaios: quatro pontos fatoriais, quatro axiais e três repetições no ponto central. Os resultados do DCCR foram analisados através da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR), tendo como variáveis resposta os paramêtros físico-químcos e sensorias. Para a avaliação estatística foi aplicada a análise de variância, teste de Tukey e análise de regressão. O processamento ocorreu em escala laboratorial. As polpas foram caracterizadas através de análises físico-químicas e em seguida fez-se a adição do suco durante o processo de maturação que ocorreu simultaneamente ao processo de primming em garrafas de vidro âmbar de 355 mL. Os resultados do teor de açucares, ácidos totais e pH das polpas de frutas apresentaram satisfatórios sendo considerados adequados para o processo de maturação. Os resultados dos testes físicoquímicos mostraram resultados semelhantes em todos os tratamentos, sendo que o fator adição de suco de frutas foi diretamente proporcional a parâmetros como acidez e pH, e inversamente proporcional a parâmetros como teor alcoólico, extrato real, extrato aparente e extrato primitivo. Os testes microbiológicos resultaram em uma contagem mínima para coliformes totais, termotolerantes e bolores e leveduras, adequando-se aos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação para cerveja, mostrando assim a eficiência do controle do processo, garantindo a qualidade do produto. As médias dos atributos sensoriais de todas as amostras apresentaram-se fora da faixa de rejeição, com destaque para as amostras 5 e 8, as quais possuem maiores teores de suco de abacaxi. Os resultados das superfícies de resposta mostraram que adições de até 16% de ambas as polpas ou adições de elevadas concentrações de abacaxi (até 28%) em conjuntos com baixas concentrações de acerola (até 6%) mostram uma maximização dos atributos sensoriais. Concluiu-se que a utilização das polpas de abacaxi e acerola como adjuntos no processamento de cerveja mostrou-se uma alternativa viável devido aos resultados satisfatórios na avaliação sensorial, além de características físicoquímicas que comprovaram uma cerveja artesanal com características ácida/frutada.

Orientador: Prof. Dr Eugenio Mendonça da Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2014. / Neste trabalho, discutimos o efeito combinado de uma relaxção infinita para a corrente e da formação de uma camada de corrente-vórtice sobre a instabilidade magneto-rotacional em um uido condutor. Mostramos que a amplificação relativa da viscosidade magnética, desde a estabilidade marginal até a instabilidade determinada pela taxa de crescimento máxima da perturbação, é de aproximadamente 924% quando efeitos resistivos são dominantes e que ela é de aproximadamente 220% no limite ideal. Isto significa que o efeito combinado é muito mais efciente para amplicar viscosidade magnética que a simples in uência devida à tensãoo magnética usual. Os resultados apresentados aqui podem contribuir para a compreensão dos vários processos que desempenham um papel significativo no mecanismo da viscosidade anômala observada em discos de acreção keplerianos. Argumentamos que o novo efeito deve ser relevante em discos de acreação delgados. Finalmente, apresentamos uma proposta de continuidade natural deste trabalho.