O estudo trata do escoamento da produção de açúcar tendo objetivo analisar o processo de escoamento da produção de açúcar a granel do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, destinado á exportação. Para tanto, foram estipulados objetivos específicos que correspondem aos dois artigos que constituem esse trabalho. O primeiro artigo intitulado “Escoamento da produção de açúcar a granel do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul destinado á exportação: um estudo de rotas e seus custos,” teve a finalidade de descrever as principais rotas utilizadas e sugerindo novas alternativas de percurso para escoar a produção aos portos brasileiros de Santos (SP) e de Paranaguá (PR). O segundo artigo intitulado “Custos logísticos no escoamento do açúcar de exportação: Um estudo de caso em uma usina sucroalcooleira da região de Dourados, MS”, teve objetivo demonstrar os beneficios de redução de custos com a utilização do transporte multimodal no escoamento da produção de açúcar destinado a exportação. A metodologia adota no primeiro artigo foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa e quantitativa e, como técnica de pesquisa adotou-se um número de vinte entrevistas estruturada e descritiva no segundo. Como resultado, no primeiro artigo foram identificadas rotas alternativas e modais que podem ser utilizados para o escoamento da produção de açúcar destinado a exportação; já o segundo artigo faz uma análise de percurso entre a usina/unidade produtora localizada no município de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul exportadora de açúcar a granel destinado aos principais portos brasileiros Santos (SP) e de Paranaguá (PR) e seus custos para o escoamento.Dentro dos resultados obtidos,destaca-se a obtenção de redução de custos com a utilização da multimodalidade de transporte para escoar a produção com a rota sugerida: Dourados (MS) destino ao porto de Paranaguá (PR) via Sarandi(PR). / The study deals with the evaluation of the flow of sugar production process of the “bulk sugar export” from Mato Grosso do Sul. In this context, specific objectives were stipulated in relation to the two articles that determined them. The first article entitled " Flow of sugar production in bulk from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul for export: a study of the routes and their costs objectively, it describes the main routes used suggesting new alternatives routes to transport the bulk flow of the sugar production to the Brazilian ports of Santos (SP) and Paranaguá (PR). The second article entitled "Logistics Costs and flow for sugar export”: The case study in a sugarcane mill located in the region of Dourados, MS: The case study“, was intended to demonstrate the benefits of cost reduction the use of multimodal transport in the flow of sugar production for export. The methodology adopted for the first article was conducted and it describes qualitative and quantitative as research, and as the technique applied on the second article; twenty (20) structured and descriptive interviews. As result, in the first article alternative routes and modes that can be used for the transportation of sugar production for export have been identified, whereas the second article analyses of the pathways between the production plant located in the municipality of Dourados, MS, and the exporting Brazilian main bulk sugar ports in Santos (SP) and Paranaguá ( PR ) and their export costs for. Within the obtained results, it is highlighted the accomplishment of the cost savings with the use of multimodal transportation to ensure the production with the suggested route: From Dourados (MS) to the port of Paranaguá ( PR ) via Sarandi (PR). Considering the distances in kilometers, the values paid to freight carriers and the modal combination of roads and railway modes were used to compare the values between the type’s freights for

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The mesoporous materials like MCM-41apresentam hexagonal arrangement of mesopores with pore diameter from 2 to 10 nm and high surface area. Due to these characteristics, these materials are considered promising as support for heterogeneous catalysts, devices for controlled drug release and absorption. In this work, were synthesized mesoporous materials like MCM-41 via two synthesis routes in order to correlate the synthetic route to the surface area, assess their influence on the structural and morphological properties, and their respective application as dye adsorbent textiles. For both synthesis routes were used as precursors of silica gel, sodium silicate, water and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMABr), as an agent-driver structure. In the first synthesis route the materials were obtained by hydrothermal method with different temperatures (ambient 70 ° C and 100 ° C) and aging times (2h, 2 4h, 48h and 72h), with pH adjustment and every 24 hours calcinations at 550 ° C/4h. In the second synthesis route, we adopted the aging temperature environment and different times of crystallization (, 24h, 48h and 72h), no pH adjustment of the reaction medium and calcinations was performed at 550 ° C/6h. The MCM-41 was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG, DTA and DTG), and absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (IR) and nitrogen adsorption (BET method - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). Through the analysis of XRD, TG, IR and nitrogen adsorption showed that the calcination conditions were promising agent for the removal of driver structure and the optimization of routes allowed for the synthesis of MCM-41 with a shorter time and temperature aging, expected in the literature. However, it was not possible to establish a relationship between time, temperature and aging structural ordering of MCM-41. In addition, the test results of the use of MCM-41 as an adsorbent textile dye showed a higher adsorption of the dye Orange-16, for not calcined sample as compared to calcined sample at room temperature, confirming the promising application in the treatment of waste textiles. / Os materiais Mesoporosos do tipo MCM-41apresentam arranjo hexagonal de Mesoporoso com diâmetro de poro entre 2 a 10 nm e elevada área superficial. Devido a essas características, estes materiais são considerados promissores como suporte para catalisadores heterogêneos, dispositivos pra liberação controlada de fármacos e adsorção. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados os materiais Mesoporosos do tipo MCM-41 através de duas rotas de síntese com o objetivo de correlacionar à rota sintética com a área superficial, avaliar sua influência sobre as propriedades estruturais e morfológicas, e sua respectiva aplicação como adsorvente de corante têxtil. Para as duas rotas de síntese utilizaram- se como precursores a sílica gel, silicato de sódio, água e o cloreto de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTMABr), como agente direcionador de estrutura. Na primeira rota de síntese os materiais foram obtidos através do método hidrotérmico, com diferentes temperaturas (ambiente, 70°C e 100°C) e tempos de envelhecimento (2h, 24h, 48h e 72h), com ajuste de pH a cada 24h e calcinação a 550°C/4h. Na segunda rota de síntese, adotou-se a temperatura de envelhecimento ambiente e diferentes tempos de cristalização (, 24h, 48h e 72h), não houve ajuste do pH do meio reacional e a calcinação foi realizada a 550°C/6h. Os MCM-41 obtidos foram analisados por difração de raios-X (DRX), análise termogravimétrica (TG, DTA e DTG), espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho (IV) e adsorção de nitrogênio (método BET Brunauer- Emmett-Teller). Através das analises de DRX, TG, IV e adsorção de nitrogênio verificou-se que as condições de calcinação foram promissoras para a remoção do agente direcionador de estrutura e que a otimização das rotas possibilitou a síntese de MCM- 41 com um menor tempo e temperatura de envelhecimento, que o previsto na literatura. Entretanto, não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre o tempo, temperatura de envelhecimento e ordenação estruturald do MCM-41. Além disso, os resultados dos ensaios da utilização do MCM-41 como adsorvente de corante têxtil mostraram uma elevada adsorção do corante Orange-16, para amostra não calcinada quando comparada a amostra calcinada, a temperatura ambiente, confirmando a promissora aplicação no tratamento de resíduos têxteis.

O trânsito constitui um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelas metrópoles urbanas do mundo todo, por este motivo, o tema é amplamente estudado e trabalhado. Para se enfrentar tal situação, governos investem em uma série de meios de transportes alternativos. Um tipo de investimento que vem ganhando destaque nas principais metrópoles urbanas é o incentivo ao uso de bicicletas por intermédio da construção de vias segregadas e infraestrutura de apoio. Se, por um lado, a construção de vias para bicicleta incentiva o uso desta e facilita a utilização de um meio de transporte alternativo, por outro, reduz o espaço de circulação de automóveis e elimina vagas de estacionamento nas ruas, ocasionando um possível efeito negativo tanto em relação ao trânsito quanto ao comércio. Também, o uso da bicicleta pode ser visto, pelas pessoas que a utilizam, não apenas como meio de transporte, mas como uma amenidade positiva para a prática de atividades físicas ou como meio recreacional. Desse modo, a construção de vias para bicicleta pode afetar a vida das pessoas positiva ou negativamente. O presente trabalho investiga o impacto econômico da presença das vias para bicicleta ao realizar um estudo de caso na cidade de São Paulo. Como as vias alteram a escolha modo de algumas pessoas, o tempo e o custo do deslocamento e as amenidades urbanas podem ter, então, impactos sobre o gradiente de preços dos imóveis mais próximos. Para captar esse efeito, propõe-se uma modelagem de preços hedônicos a fim de determinar o impacto da via no preço dos imóveis. Desse modo, será possível identificar como esse investimento influencia na percepção de qualidade de vida das pessoas, por meio de sua disposição a pagar por essa amenidade (positiva ou negativa). Esta pesquisa utiliza-se de extensa base de dados imobiliários fornecida por um site de classificados de imóveis. Para identificar o efeito da política, foi utilizado um modelo de painel com efeitos aleatórios para os distritos do município de São Paulo referente ao período de 2012 até 2016. Dado que a política de construção de vias segregadas começou em 2013, por intermédio dos dados em painel, é possível utilizar uma estrutura de diferenças em diferenças que, aliada ao modelo de preços hedônicos, permite separar o efeito da via para bicicletas no preço dos imóveis. Assim, é possível avaliar como a política influenciou os preços imobiliários. O trabalho também identifica a diversidade de tipo de estruturas construídas, desde investimentos em avenidas movimentadas até estruturas improvisadas. Desse modo, consegue separar o efeito gerado pelos diferentes tipos de estrutura e não apenas o efeito geral da política. Como resultado, foi encontrado que as vias para bicicleta afetam positivamente os imóveis próximos, indicando que a política aumenta o bem-estar social. Os efeitos encontrados variam de acordo com o tipo de estrutura. / Traffic is one of the main problems faced by urban metropolises around the world, so the subject is widely studied and worked on. To address this, governments invest in a number of alternative means of transportation. One type of investment that is gaining prominence in the main urban metropolises is the incentive to use bicycles through the construction of segregated bike lanes and supporting infrastructure. If, on the one hand, the construction of bicycle lanes encourages the use of bicycles and facilitates the use of an alternative means of transportation, on the other hand it reduces the flow of cars and eliminates parking spaces on the street, causing a possible negative effect both in transit and trade. Also, use of the bicycle can be seen as a positive amenity by people who use it not only as a means of transportation, but for the practice of physical activities or as a recreational mean. In this way, building bicycle lanes can affect people\'s lives positively or negatively. This work investigates the economic impact of the presence of bike lanes, carrying out a case study in the city of São Paulo. Because cycle paths alter the modo choice of some people, the time and cost of commuting, and urban amenities, may then have an impact on the price gradient of the nearest real estate. To capture this effect, we propose a hedonic price modeling to determine the impact of the road in the price of real estate, in this way it will be possible to identify how this investment influences people\'s perception of quality of life through their willingness to pay for This amenity (positive or negative). The work uses extensive real estate database provided by a real estate classified website. To identify the effect of the policy, a panel model with random effects was used for the districts of the municipality of São Paulo for the period from 2012 to 2016. As the policy for construction of segregated roads began in 2013, with the panel data is it is possible to use a structure of differences in differences that, together with the hedonic price model, allows to separate the effect of the bicycle path in the real estate price. Thus, it is possible to assess how the policy influenced real estate prices. The work also identifies the diversity of type of structures built, from investments in big avenues to makeshift structures. In this way he can separate the effect generated by the different types of structure and not only the general effect of the policy. As a result, it was found that bicycle lanes positively affect nearby properties, indicating that the policy enhances social welfare. The effects found vary according to the type of structure.

O protozoário intracelular Neospora caninum é um parasito importante em bovinos, nos quais pode causar abortamentos e infecção congênita. Os cães e alguns outros canídeos são os hospedeiros definitivos e vários pontos na cadeia epidemiológica ainda são pouco conhecidos. Esta tese tem por objetivos estudar aspectos da epidemiologia do N. caninum em bovinos leiteiros de rebanhos do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, São Paulo, Brasil. Para tanto um estudo prospectivo, com duração de dois anos e nove colheitas de sangue de todos os bovinos de três propriedades, foi realizado. Dados sobre: ocorrência de anticorpos anti- N .caninum, ocorrência e períodos de abortamentos, intervalo entre partos e número de serviços foram avaliados. Associação entre o estatus sorológico dos pares mães-filhas, bem como variação dos títulos de anticorpos durante a gestação em vacas positivas foi estudada. Um último estudo avaliou a permanência dos anticorpos anti-N. caninum, adquiridos passivamente através do colostro, em bezerros nascidos negativos. Os estudos permitiram concluir que a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum variou entre os rebanhos e dentro de cada rebanho nas diferentes colheitas; resultados sorológicos transitórios, não caracterizando soroconversão, foram observados; altas taxas de transmissão vertical e baixas taxas de transmissão horizontal foram encontradas; risco relativo de abortamentos em vacas soropositivas em relação às negativas foi observado em algumas ocasiões; dentre os índices reprodutivos avaliados somente os abortamentos foram significativos; anticorpos colostrais foram detectados nos bezerros até a 21ª semana pós-nascimento e vacas gestantes apresentaram variação nos títulos de anticorpos, com mais altos níveis no 2º e 3º trimestre de gestação, sem associação com abortamentos. Este foi o primeiro estudo prospectivo sobre aspectos epidemiológicos do N. caninum em bovinos no Brasil / The intracellular protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is an important parasite in cattle, in which can cause miscarriages and congenital infection. Dogs and some other canids are the definitive hosts and various points in the epidemiology of this parasite are still obscure. This thesis aims to study aspects of the epidemiology of N. caninum in dairy cattle from herds in the Vale do Paraíba Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil. Therefore, a prospective study lasting two years and nine blood samples of all cattle from three farms was conducted and data from existence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in the herds, occurrence and periods of miscarriages, calving interval and number of services were assessed. Association between the serological status of the mother-daughter pairs, and variation in antibody titers during pregnancy in positive cows was studied. A final study evaluated the persistence of anti-N. caninum antibodies, passively acquired through colostrum, in calves born negative. The studies showed that the occurrence of anti-N. caninum antibodies ranged between herds and within herds in the different groups; transient serological results, not characterizing seroconversion, were observed; high vertical and low horizontal rates of transmission were found; relative risk of abortion in seropositive cows in relation to negative was observed in some occasions; among the reproductive indices evaluated only abortions were analised as significant; colostral antibodies were detected in calves until weeks 21 post-birth, and pregnant cows showed variation in antibody titers, with highest levels in the 2nd and 3rd trimester or the pregnancy and this found was not associated with miscarriages. This was the first prospective study on epidemiology of N. caninum in cattle in Brazil

Ahead of the importance of the preservation and valuation of the patrimony, it is distinguished Tourist and Gastronomic Route Santa Maria - Silveira Martins, projected enters the agricultural and urban way them two cities that congregate different patrimonies in its trajectory. The Route, to be servant, took in consideration basic the historical and cultural elements for the ambient construction of the regional identity, characteristics, religious and the gastronomies, as well as a planning as for the form of management conceived for the regional development, from the Tourism. In this direction, tourism, regional development and cultural patrimony of this central region of the Rio Grande Do Sul, known as pertaining to the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration, are valued and integrated in this project that created the Tourist Gastronomic Route. / Diante da importância da preservação e valorização do patrimônio, destaca-se a Rota Turística e Gastronômica Santa Maria Silveira Martins, projetada entre o meio rural e urbano dos dois municípios que reúne diferentes patrimônios em sua trajetória. A Rota, para ser criada, levou em consideração os elementos históricos e culturais fundamentais para a construção da identidade regional, as características ambientais, as religiosas e as gastronômicas, assim como um planejamento no que se refere à forma de gestão concebida para o desenvolvimento regional, a partir do Turismo. Nesse sentido, turismo, desenvolvimento regional e patrimônio cultural desta região central do Rio Grande do Sul, conhecida como pertencente à Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana, estão valorizados e integrados neste projeto que criou a Rota Turística Gastronômica.

Abstract Purpose: In Sweden, the authorities have long realized that increasing cycling would give the community huge profits from an environmental perspective. About one third of the Swedish population is inactive during the day. Inactivity costs society annually six billion SEK. Single statistics states that around 30 people are killed in bicycle accidents every year. In addition, an average of 350 cyclists are seriously injured. Many of these accidents are related to the cycling paths physical design. The average cycling path distance per person has decreased by 20% over the past 20 years. The aim of the project is to provide suggestions for improvements in physical design on the cycle paths in order to increase safety and accessibility that lead to increased cycling. Method: The work begins with literature studies and document analysis to gain an insight into what has been found in previous research on this subject. In order to be able to deepen more on the subject and to investigate what officials in the Municipality of Linköping have to say about problems with cycle paths, three interviews were made with officials who work with cycling issues. Result: Generally, cycling routes in Linköping municipality and Sweden maintain good quality, but there is much to be done to improve. The municipality is working actively to address problems that arise on the roads, but the accident statistics will remain unchanged. The interviewees believe that knowledge about the design of cycle paths affects accident statistics. Also, the implementation of what they actually know about road design does not always work That is, Sweden needs to invest more resources on the cycling network and make use of the knowledge that Denmark and the Netherlands have. Implications: There are countries that have developed further in the cycling network than Linköping, such as Denmark and the Netherlands. Linköping and other cities in Sweden can benfit from their knowledge and experience. In order to achieve the set goals, of course, a larger investment of capital must be made on the infrastructure, focusing on cycling in order to make cycling more accessible and safe. Research must focus more on detailed solutions of traffic elements. The authors of this project recommend traffic planners to collaborate with other traffic planners in other municipalities in Sweden as well as municipalities from other countries to drive development faster. Another recommendation from the authors is to create an organization that is only responsible for the walking and cycling routes just like what the Netherlands has done. In addition, cycling must be prioritized more in traffic planning than it is today. Limitations: There are many factors that affect the use of bicycles, but the project has only considered had the physical design as an area of ​​investigation. Furthermore, due to lack of time, the work has only chosen to compare Linköping municipality with cities in Denmark and the Netherlands. Keywords: Safety, Accessibility, Cycle Routes, Bike Accidents, Criminal Record. / Sammanfattning Syfte: I Sverige har myndigheterna sedan lång tid tillbaka insett att ökat cyklande skulle ge samhället stora vinster ur ett miljöperspektiv. Ungefär en tredjedel av den svenska befolkningen är inaktiva under dagen. Inaktivitet kostar samhället årligen sex miljarder. Enlig statistiken har cirka 30 personer omkommit i cykelolyckor årligen under 2000-talet i Sverige. Dessutom skadas i genomsnitt 350 cyklister allvarligt. Många av dessa olyckor är relaterade till cykelvägarnas fysiska utformning. Den genomsnittliga cykelsträckan per person har minskat med hela 20 % under de senaste 20 åren. Målet med arbetet är att ge förslag på förbättringar i den fysiska utformningen på cykelvägarna i syfte att öka säkerheten och framkomligheten som leder till ökad cykelanvändning. Metod: Arbetet inledes med litteraturstudie och dokumentanalys för att få en inblick i vad som har framkommit i tidigare forskning i ämnet. För att kunna fördjupa sig mer i ämnet utfördes tre intervjuer med personer som är ansvariga för cykelfrågor i Linköpings kommun för att ta reda på vilka problem de har på cykelvägarna. Resultat: Generellt håller cykelvägar i Linköpings kommun och Sverige bra kvalité men det finns fortfarande mycket att förbättra. Kommunen arbetar aktivt med att åtgärda problem som uppstår på vägarna men olycksstatistiken blir oförändrad. De intervjuade personerna menar att det behövs mer kunskap om hur utformningen av cykelvägar påverkar olycksfallsstatistiken eller att implementeringen av det de faktiskt vet om utformning inte funkar. Sverige behöver satsa mer resurser på cykelnätet och utnyttja kunskaperna som Danmark och Holland har. Konsekvenser: Det finns städer som har kommit längre i utvecklingen av cykelnätet än Linköping exempelvis Köpenhamn och Amsterdam. Linköping och andra städer i Sverige kan ta del av deras kunskaper och erfarenheter. För att uppnå de uppsatta målen måste naturligtvis en större satsning av kapital göras på infrastrukturen med fokus på cyklandet i syfte att göra cyklingen mer attraktiv och säker. Forskning måste fokuseras mer på detaljerande lösningar av trafikelement. Författarna rekommenderar att trafikplanerare samarbetar med andra trafikplanerare i andra kommuner i Sverige samt även kommuner från andra länder för att driva utvecklingen snabbare. En annan rekommendation från författarna är att skapa en organisation som ansvarar endast för gång- och cykelvägarna som Holland har gjort. Dessutom måste cykeln prioriteras mer i trafikplaneringen än vad det görs idag Begränsningar Det finns många faktorer som påverkar cykelanvändningen men arbetet har endast haft den fysiska utformningen som undersökningsområde. Vidare har arbetet på grund av tidsbrist endast valt att jämföra Linköpings kommun med städer i Danmark och Holland. Nyckelord: Säkerhet, framkomlighet, cykelvägar, cykelolyckor, stradaregistret.

Background: The Routes for Learning (RfL) assessment is intended to enable accurate assessment of the cognitive and communication skills of pupils with profound and multiple learning difficulties (PMLD). A literature search revealed that there is little published research regarding the implementation or effectiveness of RfL. This study aimed to begin to address this lack of research by investigating some of the ways in which the RfL materials are used in practice, why they have been used in these ways and how this relates to the RfL guidance. Participants: Two special school settings were identified while working for an Educational Psychology Service. For each setting a practitioner using RfL and a staff member with leadership responsibility for assessment/RfL was identified. Methods: A multiple embedded case study was conducted in two special school settings in a North West local authority. A running record was kept of observations made of school staff using RfL in practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with practitioners using RfL and staff members with leadership responsibility for RfL. All interviewees also completed a background questionnaire to provide context for the research and to support data from interviews. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. An examination of the RfL materials and resources was undertaken. Analysis/Findings: All interview data were analysed using thematic analysis and the findings presented as thematic maps. Conclusion/Implications: This study found that RfL is being used in different ways in special schools and identified a number of issues which relate to its use and implementation.

O estudo trata do escoamento da produção de açúcar tendo objetivo analisar o processo de escoamento da produção de açúcar a granel do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, destinado á exportação. Para tanto, foram estipulados objetivos específicos que correspondem aos dois artigos que constituem esse trabalho. O primeiro artigo intitulado “Escoamento da produção de açúcar a granel do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul destinado á exportação: um estudo de rotas e seus custos,” teve a finalidade de descrever as principais rotas utilizadas e sugerindo novas alternativas de percurso para escoar a produção aos portos brasileiros de Santos (SP) e de Paranaguá (PR). O segundo artigo intitulado “Custos logísticos no escoamento do açúcar de exportação: Um estudo de caso em uma usina sucroalcooleira da região de Dourados, MS”, teve objetivo demonstrar os beneficios de redução de custos com a utilização do transporte multimodal no escoamento da produção de açúcar destinado a exportação. A metodologia adota no primeiro artigo foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa e quantitativa e, como técnica de pesquisa adotou-se um número de vinte entrevistas estruturada e descritiva no segundo. Como resultado, no primeiro artigo foram identificadas rotas alternativas e modais que podem ser utilizados para o escoamento da produção de açúcar destinado a exportação; já o segundo artigo faz uma análise de percurso entre a usina/unidade produtora localizada no município de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul exportadora de açúcar a granel destinado aos principais portos brasileiros Santos (SP) e de Paranaguá (PR) e seus custos para o escoamento.Dentro dos resultados obtidos,destaca-se a obtenção de redução de custos com a utilização da multimodalidade de transporte para escoar a produção com a rota sugerida: Dourados (MS) destino ao porto de Paranaguá (PR) via Sarandi(PR). / The study deals with the evaluation of the flow of sugar production process of the “bulk sugar export” from Mato Grosso do Sul. In this context, specific objectives were stipulated in relation to the two articles that determined them. The first article entitled " Flow of sugar production in bulk from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul for export: a study of the routes and their costs objectively, it describes the main routes used suggesting new alternatives routes to transport the bulk flow of the sugar production to the Brazilian ports of Santos (SP) and Paranaguá (PR). The second article entitled "Logistics Costs and flow for sugar export”: The case study in a sugarcane mill located in the region of Dourados, MS: The case study“, was intended to demonstrate the benefits of cost reduction the use of multimodal transport in the flow of sugar production for export. The methodology adopted for the first article was conducted and it describes qualitative and quantitative as research, and as the technique applied on the second article; twenty (20) structured and descriptive interviews. As result, in the first article alternative routes and modes that can be used for the transportation of sugar production for export have been identified, whereas the second article analyses of the pathways between the production plant located in the municipality of Dourados, MS, and the exporting Brazilian main bulk sugar ports in Santos (SP) and Paranaguá ( PR ) and their export costs for. Within the obtained results, it is highlighted the accomplishment of the cost savings with the use of multimodal transportation to ensure the production with the suggested route: From Dourados (MS) to the port of Paranaguá ( PR ) via Sarandi (PR). Considering the distances in kilometers, the values paid to freight carriers and the modal combination of roads and railway modes were used to compare the values between the type’s freights for

Drawing on the research object of migration, mostly focused on the inclusion of asylum seekers in the European Union (EU hereinafter), this Master thesis aims at measuring the attractiveness/unattractiveness of EU countries on welcoming asylum seekers in. The method used, is then, the comparison of Portugal and Spain, two similar countries, but with quite different outcomes. Furthermore, this work suggests that external factors are on the scope of forced migration, so issues as choice on the destination country, migrant networks, previous knowledge and the integration policies make a country attractive or not. The final results bring to light the interesting findings that asylum seekers coming legally to Portugal would rather live illegal anywhere else. Moreover, even though Spain appears as a relatively more "successful" country on attracting asylum applications, it also shares the same push factors as Portugal.

If tourism is to contribute to the reduction of poverty and create employment, tourists also need to be attracted to smaller towns and rural areas. Development of rural tourism routes are often supply-side driven and the role of marketing is not well understood. This study therefore explores the experiences and insights of key supply-side stakeholders in two rural KwaZulu-Natal tourism routes, regarding the marketing of these routes, as well as the critical success factors that ensure future sustainable competitiveness, which may lead to local economic development and thus poverty relief. The researcher adopted an interpretivist epistemology along with subjectivist ontology, to allow for empathetic investigation of the perceptions of the stakeholders in rural tourism routes and of the marketing of such routes. Three approaches converged in the empirical study namely: a qualitative approach which allowed the researcher to gain more in-depth understanding of the factors related to route marketing; an exploratory approach which allowed the researcher to pursue new issues uncovered during the research process; and a case study approach which triangulates a variety of sources of information. Two very different routes were selected to provide wider insight into the research problem, namely the Midlands Meander and the Battlefields Route. The population was restricted to supply-side stakeholders and semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 29 respondents, selected through a combination of purposive and snowball sampling. The literature review explores rural tourism as a catalyst for economic development. The role of stakeholders in tourism routes is examined and the range of stakeholders is identified. The concept of societal marketing as an orientation that may give support to local economic development is explored. Destination marketing and the destination marketing mix, is discussed as the foundation of tourism route marketing. Particular attention is paid to destination branding and positioning, and a number of critical success factors in destination marketing are identified. The nature of tourism route marketing, the elements in the route marketing mix, and critical success factors in rural tourism route marketing are identified from the literature. The marketing practices of several international rural tourism routes are examined to determine good practice. Existing marketing activities and structures within KwaZulu-Natal are described as the background against which the two routes market their offerings. The empirical findings of the study reports on the benefits of rural tourism routes as perceived for various stakeholders. The roles of product owners on the route, the local community, and municipal and tourism marketing structures are described. Strategic route marketing issues are reported on, including sustainability of a route, insufficient visitors, responsibility to market the route, market targeting and factors that impact on marketing success. The elements of the route marketing mix are reported on with reference to the route product offering and experience, people, physical evidence and signage, pricing, and promotion. The study revealed a number of enabling factors that need to be in place for a route to succeed, namely leadership and co-operation on all levels; a functional route structure with broad representation; financial viability of the route; and route accessibility and signage. Several factors critical for the successful marketing of rural tourism routes are identified. These include the establishment of a strong identity and brand; providing a unique experience; balancing the route product mix, promotion of the route by all stakeholders; and effective use of electronic media. Recommendations are made for further research on rural tourism routes. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Tourism Management / unrestricted