O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a utilização da metodologia de citometria de fluxo na determinação da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) do leite cru. No primeiro estudo foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento, da idade da amostra e do tipo conservante sobre a CBT. Também foi estudada a possibilidade de se utilizar uma única amostra de leite para a realização das análises previstas na Instrução Normativa 51 (IN-51). Foram testadas, três temperaturas de armazenamento (0oC – congelado, 7oC – resfriamento e 24 oC – ambiente), três conservantes (bronopol, azidiol e sem conservante) e quatro tempos entre a coleta e a análise (idade da amostra) (um (D1), três (D3), cinco (D5) e sete (D7) dias). Foi considerado tratamento controle para análise de CBT, amostras refrigeradas, com azidiol e com um dia de idade. Para as análises de composição e CCS, o tratamento controle foram amostras refrigeradas, com bronopol e com um dia de idade. Os resultados indicaram que será necessária a coleta de duas amostras, uma destinada à determinação de CCS e composição, contendo bronopol e, outra, para CBT, contendo azidiol. A amostra para CBT poderá ser analisada em até sete dias após a coleta, desde que mantida sob refrigeração à 7ºC. Deve-se evitar o aquecimento ou o congelamento da amostra para CBT, bem como garantir a adição do azidiol. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a correlação entre os métodos de referência e de citometria de fluxo na determinação da CBT. Amostras coletadas nos meses de junho à setembro (n=155) foram agrupadas considerando-se estação da seca e as coletadas nos meses de novembro e dezembro (n=68), estação das águas. Foram realizadas análises simultâneas pelos métodos de referência (contagem padrão em placas) e de citometria de fluxo (equipamento Bactocount), sendo os resultados expressos em unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) e contagem individual de bactérias (CIB), respectivamente. As equações lineares de correlação entre a CIB e UFC foram semelhantes nas estações, indicando que uma única equação pode ser utilizada ao longo do ano para transformar os resultados de CIB para UFC. A equação linear obtida foi: log(UFC) = log(CIB) x 0,7224 + 1,4617 com coeficiente de correlação de 0,8125. A acurácia do equipamento Bactocount na estimativa do valor de referência, expressa pelo erro padrão (s(y,x)), foi de 0,309 log UFC/mL. Os resultados mostraram que o equipamento Bactocount pode ser calibrado para expressar os resultados em UFC e com isso ser utilizado no monitoramento da qualidade do leite. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of electronic flow cytometry to determine total bacterial count (TBC) of raw milk. In the first experiment, the effect of storage temperature, sample age and milk preservative type on TBC were evaluated. Additionally, the use of a single milk sample to performance regulatory milk analysis under the Normative Instruction 51 (NI-51) was tested. Effects were standardized as: three storage temperatures (0ºC – freezer, 7ºC – refrigerator and 24ºC – room temperature), four sample ages (1 (D1), 3 (D3), 5 (D5) and 7 (D7) days) and three milk preservatives (bronopol, azidiol and no preservative). Control treatment for TBC analysis was defined as refrigerated milk samples containing azidiol with 1 day of storage. For determination of milk components and somatic cell count (SCC), control treatment was defined as refrigerated milk samples containing bronopol with 1 day of storage. Results of the first experiment showed that two milk samples are necessary to performance regulatory milk analysis under the NI-51; one containing bronopol should be used for determination of milk components and SCC, and other containing azidiol for TBC. Milk samples used for TBC can be tested until 7 days after sampling when they are kept at 7ºC. Freezing or heating milk samples for TBC analysis should be avoided and addition of azidiol is always necessary. The second experiment was designed to determine a correlation between two methods of TBC, electronic flow cytometry and standard plate count. Milk samples collected from June to September (n = 155) were named as dry season samples and milk samples collected in November and December (n = 68) were named as rainy season samples. Each milk sample was used to run both methods of TBC. Results were expressed as individual bacterial count (IBC) and colony forming unit (CFU) for electronic flow cytometry (Bactocount) and standard plate count, respectively. The linear equations of correlation between IBC and CFU had similar patterns in both seasons, dry and rainy, indicating that a single equation can be used to transform IBC results in CFU along the year. The linear equation was defined as log(CFU) = 0.7224 x log(IBC) + 1.4617 with coefficient of correlation of 0.8125. The accuracy of Bactocount in estimating reference values, denoted by the standard error (s(y,x)), was 0.309 log CFU/mL. The results showed that Bactocount can be calibrated to express TBC readings in CFU and, consequently, be used to monitor milk quality.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-02T18:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Virginia Perini Peralta Cunha - 2013.pdf: 6755250 bytes, checksum: 72152134627d53afcb2faef747e9e7bd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-02T19:01:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Virginia Perini Peralta Cunha - 2013.pdf: 6755250 bytes, checksum: 72152134627d53afcb2faef747e9e7bd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-02T19:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Virginia Perini Peralta Cunha - 2013.pdf: 6755250 bytes, checksum: 72152134627d53afcb2faef747e9e7bd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / The text consists of a investigation report in which I sought to make possible dialoges between images of school routine extracted from printed media and a group of students from a state school of Goiânia. From these encounters, I tried to narrate episodes and inquirement that delineate everyday school experiences on a contemporary school. I start from personal inquietude about the use of media materials in pedagogic activities and redirect them using indications which emerge from the cohabit with subjects from the camp-school. With those indications, I investigated discussions related to media as culture matrix in the contemporary society, its limits and its possibilities. Looking into an insider narrative by experience from the view from visual culture concepts, I commited to share different meanings of experiment the schooling process nowadays. I enclose the report with another possible discussion about media, now built up by attemped episodes between narrators and collaborators. / O texto consiste no relato de uma investigação em que procurei possibilitar diálogos entre imagens de cotidiano escolar extraídas de uma mídia impressa e um grupo de alunos de um colégio estadual de Goiânia. A partir desses encontros, procurei narrar episódios e problematizações que delineam experiências de cotidiano escolar numa escola contemporânea. Parto de inquietações pessoais sobre a utilização de materiais de mídia em atividades pedagógicas e as reoriento a partir de pistas que emergem do convívio com os sujeitos da escola campo. Com essas pistas investiguei discussões no campo da mídia como matriz de cultura na sociedade contemporânea, seus limites e suas possibilidades. Investigando uma narrativa informada pela experiência do olhar a partir de conceitos de cultura visual, me comprometi a compartilhar outros sentidos da experiência de escolarização na atualidade. Encerro o relato com um retorno de outra possível discussão sobre mídia, agora tecida pelos episódios vividos entre e narrados pelos colaboradores.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-31T10:57:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUANA FERREIRA BORGES.pdf: 1842406 bytes, checksum: a6baeece94c2d181a4cc4d8c70730994 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T10:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUANA FERREIRA BORGES.pdf: 1842406 bytes, checksum: a6baeece94c2d181a4cc4d8c70730994 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / This dissertation has as object of study the corporal identity of the child in the routine of Child Education. Therefore, the following central question was proposed: Considering the routine of bathing and sleeping as moments of educational action in Child Education, how are the processes of autonomy or regulation of children's body identity in institutions of Goiânia? The aim is to understand the routine of Child Education, particularly the routine of bathing and sleep, as activities that can allow the construction of children's body identity, marked by the autonomy or regulation of this identity. In this sense, the following references were used for the field studies: Child and childhood: Sarmento (2004), Kuhlmann Jr. (2010), Siqueira (2011); Body and Corporality: Arroyo (2012), Baptista (2013), Daolio (1995), Foucault (2014); Child Education: Barbosa (2006), Batista (1998), Oliveira (2005), among others. As a research methodology, the observation of sleep and bath moments was chosen, in a total of 20 occurrences reported in logbooks. Interviews with the teachers responsible for groupings were also accomplished to understand the relationship between theory and practice conceptions. From the point of view of the method of analysis, some of the foundations of dialectical and historical materialism were still used as references for discussions about human production and meaning in history, movement, contradictions classes, and action/activity among human beings. The data were organized in three chapters, being that the first of which addresses issues of the historical and social dimensions of the child and the body. The second takes as reference the voices of the teachers to understand the conceptions that implicate the research themes. In the third chapter, issues that involve the construction of the children's bodily identity in their relationship with times, spaces, materials and relationships within the educational action of bathing and sleeping are apprehended. The results of this work indicated that latent practices centered on the adult figure that guide, normalize, regulate and control children's body actions during the bath and sleep routine. Thus, the process of the construction of the corporal identity is established under the bases of the regulation, and not of the autonomy. However, these results were only apprehended in view of the precarious conditions under which the moments of sleep and bathing in the studied institutions took place. This indicates that the material and concrete conditions also determine the way the conceptions are constituted by the teachers. Finally, it is understood that this work enabled to return to the meaning and meaning of sleep and bath routine in Child Education, considering the need to redirect its role in educational practice, focusing on the processes of child autonomy. / A presente dissertação, inscrita na Linha Educação, Sociedade e Cultura e no Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Cultura e Educação na Infância (GEPCEI), tem como objeto de estudo a identidade corporal da criança na rotina da Educação Infantil. Para tanto, propôs-se a seguinte questão central: Considerando-se a rotina do banho e do sono como momentos da ação educativa na Educação Infantil, como se constituem os processos de autonomia ou regulação da identidade corporal das crianças em instituições de Goiânia? O objetivo é compreender a rotina da Educação Infantil, particularmente a rotina do banho e do sono, como atividades que podem permitir a construção da identidade corporal das crianças, marcadas pela autonomia ou regulação dessa identidade. Neste sentido, utilizaram-se, para os estudos de campo, as seguintes referências: Criança e infâncias: Sarmento (2004), Kuhlmann Jr. (2010), Siqueira (2011); Corpo e Corporalidade: Arroyo e Silva (2012), Baptista (2013), Daolio (1995), Foucault (2014); Educação Infantil: Barbosa (2006), Batista (1998), Oliveira (2005), dentre outros. Como metodologia de pesquisa, optou-se pela observação dos momentos do sono e do banho em um total de 20 ocorrências relatadas em diário de bordo. Realizaram-se, também, entrevistas com as professoras responsáveis pelos agrupamentos para apreender a relação entre as concepções teoria e prática. Do ponto de vista do método de análise, empregaramse ainda alguns dos fundamentos do materialismo histórico dialético, como referenciais para discussões sobre a produção humana e o sentido na história, no movimento, nas contradições de classe e na ação/atividade entre seres humanos. A exposição dos dados foi organizada em três capítulos, sendo que o primeiro aborda questões das dimensões histórico-sociais da criança e do corpo. O segundo toma como referência as vozes das professoras para compreensão das concepções que envolvem as temáticas da pesquisa. No terceiro capítulo, apreendem-se as questões que envolvem a construção da identidade corporal das crianças em sua relação com os tempos, espaços, materiais e as relações no âmbito da ação educativa do banho e do sono. Os resultados desse trabalho indicaram que, durante a rotina do banho e do sono, ficam latentes práticas centradas na figura adulta que orientam, normatizam, regulam e controlam as ações corporais das crianças. Desta forma, o processo de construção da identidade corporal se instaura sob as bases da regulação, e não da autonomia. Todavia, esses resultados só foram apreendidos tendo em vista ainda as precárias condições sob as quais se concretizaram os momentos do sono e do banho nas instituições pesquisadas. Isso indica que as condições materiais e concretas também determinam a forma como as concepções são constituídas pelas professoras. Por fim, compreende-se que este trabalho possibilitou retomar o sentido e o significado da rotina do sono e do banho na Educação Infantil, tendo em vista a necessidade de redirecionar sua função na prática educativa, com foco nos processos de autonomia da criança.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:54:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elvira Neta Souza Reis.pdf: 2303725 bytes, checksum: a57510b3ec946b959f7657b5a3cdffeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-15 / The essay in question refers to a research about the management and operation of a night elementary school group that has as focus the everyday life of the educational institution, its students and the teachers pedagogical work. Its achievement is the result of concerns raised during the process of teaching at night. The school education offered at this time acquires its own features that distinct from what happens during the day. The focus is on the evening school, which in our opinion has not received enough attention from the various agencies responsible for educational administration and possibly from the professionals who work in this period. The methodology a qualitative research based on bibliographic research, field observation and interviews with students, teachers and school administrators and also data collected on the characteristics of the people who study and work at school. We expect that the essay calls the attention of those who, especially, teach in the education field and attend school at night, considering that the daily schedule at this time has certain particularities, because its students are inserted into the labor market or in other specific life situations. / O trabalho em questão refere-se a uma pesquisa sobre a gestão e funcionamento escolar do ensino fundamental noturno, tendo como foco o cotidiano da instituição educativa, seus alunos e o trabalho pedagógico realizado pelos gestores e professores. Sua realização é fruto de preocupações surgidas durante o exercício do magistério à noite. A educação escolar oferecida neste período adquire feições próprias que a diferenciam da que acontece durante o dia. O enfoque incide no ensino noturno que, em nossa opinião, tem recebido pouca atenção dos diferentes órgãos encarregados da gestão educacional e possivelmente dos próprios profissionais que trabalham nesse período. É uma pesquisa qualitativa. A metodologia utilizada tem como base estudos bibliográficos, observação em campo, realização de entrevistas com alunos, professores e gestores escolares e coleta de dados sobre as características dos sujeitos que estudam e trabalham na escola. Esperamos que este trabalho possa despertar a atenção dos que militam no campo da Educação e principalmente, freqüentam a escola no período noturno, considerando que o cotidiano nesse horário apresenta certas particularidades, já que seu alunado se encontra inserido no mercado de trabalho ou em outras situações de vida bem específicas.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-05-19T20:14:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriela Sterchile.pdf: 1522798 bytes, checksum: ed2c85b65fe6359e51706ae7a58ff080 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T20:14:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriela Sterchile.pdf: 1522798 bytes, checksum: ed2c85b65fe6359e51706ae7a58ff080 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Environmental Education (EE) has as one of its finalities to stimulate knowledge and actions that promote the reflexion upon the existent relationship between society and environment. Many are the researchers that dedicate to this finality, which enhance the need for continuous improvement on EE. In this sense, this research aims to analyse EE comprehension used at the teaching establishments at the town of Santa Helena – PR, in a way to identify which is the concept of formal EE adopted by the participants that justifies and characterises the environmental culture of the town, and discuss the means of access and implantation of EE at the teaching establishments. For that, we opt with the use of document research techniques and questionnaires. In this research we searched to evaluate if the existent environmental practices at the studied establishments meet the prevised actions at ProNEA – National Program of Environmental Education, by meaning categories, guided by the Bardin Content Analysis technique (2011). Such categories were elaborated from three macro tendencies in EE, proposed by Layrargues e Lima (2011): Conservationist Tendency, Pragmatic Tendency and Critic Tendency. As such, it was possible to notice that the participant educators are managing to overcome the ecological vision of EE, toning down the promotion of disconnected practices based on the change of individual behaviour or empathy with nature. But this overcoming is still on the theoretical plane, since they don’t demonstrate confidence in assuming more critical postures regarding EE teaching. However, they still cannot transpose these ideas for their actions on school routine. / A educação ambiental (EA) constitui-se em uma demanda para a sociedade atual a fim de assegurar uma convivência harmoniosa entre a sociedade e o meio ambiente. Muitos pesquisadores vêm se dedicando à questão ambiental e assim, muitos estudos estão sendo publicados, evidenciando o processo de construção e aperfeiçoamento da EA. Esta pesquisa procurou identificar aspectos da Educação Ambiental desenvolvidos nos estabelecimentos de ensino no município de Santa Helena. Inicialmente, discute-se a formação da cultura ambiental na cidade, os elementos e a dinâmica que a constituem na comunidade. O objetivo central foi contextualizar e analisar a compreensão de EA utilizada nos estabelecimentos de ensino do município de Santa Helena – PR, de modo a identificar o conceito de EA formal; caracterizar a cultura ambiental do município de Santa Helena e discutir os meios de acesso e implantação da EA nos estabelecimentos de ensino. Para isso, foram confrontadas as práticas ambientais existentes nos estabelecimentos estudados com as ações previstas no programa de Educação Ambiental. De cunho exploratório, a presente pesquisa baseou-se nas seguintes técnicas: levantamento bibliográfico e documental, e questionário. Após o levantamento e a recolha do material, foram construídas as hipóteses, que foram validadas, a partir da construção dos critérios de classificação, que são as categorias de significação, orientadas por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2011). As categorias de classificação foram desenvolvidas a partir das três macrotendências em Educação Ambiental: Tendência Conservacionista, Tendência Pragmática e Tendência Crítica. Por meio dos estudos realizados foi possível perceber que os educadores superaram a visão ecológica da EA e, estão conseguindo avançar em suas práticas, deixando de serem pontuais e sem continuidade, fundamentadas na mudança de comportamento individual e na sensibilização com a natureza. No entanto, percebe-se que no âmbito teórico os educadores demonstram segurança em assumirem posturas mais críticas com relação ao ensino de EA, porém, não conseguem trazer essas posturas para suas ações no cotidiano escolar.

Health care leaders lack the strategies to implement cloud security for electronic medical records to prevent a breach of patient data. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore strategies senior information technology leaders in the healthcare industry use to implement cloud security to minimize electronic health record cyberattacks. The theory supporting this study was routine activities theory. Routine activities theory is a theory of criminal events that can be applied to technology. The study's population consisted of senior information technology leaders from a medical facility in a large northeastern city. Data collection included semistructured interviews, phone interviews, and analysis of organizational documents. The use of member checking and methodological triangulation increased the validity of this study's findings among all participants. There were 5 major themes that emerged from the study (a) requirement of coordination with the electronic health record vendor and the private cloud vendor, (b) protection of the organization, (c) requirements based on government and organizational regulations, (d) access management, (e) a focus on continuous improvement. The results of this study may create awareness of the necessity to secure electronic health records in the cloud to minimize cyberattacks. Cloud security is essential because of its social impact on the ability to protect confidential data and information. The results of this study will further serve as a foundation for positive social change by increasing awareness in support of the implementation of electronic health record cloud security.

Background: Although immunisation services are provided free at all public health facilities in South Africa, immunisation coverage remains variable and disease outbreaks still occur. The coverage rate in the Overberg district is recorded as 75.8%, below the national target of 90% (Western Cape Government Provincial Treasury 2013:2). The researcher wanted to understand what the barriers to accessing immunisation services were and how this might relate to other primary health care services. Methods: The researcher visited 22 households and interviewed nine mothers who had brought their children to Zwelihle Clinic to be immunised and nine community health workers servicing the Zwelihle community in the Overberg district, Western Cape Province. Findings: A key finding is that the data does not reflect the actual situation – children in the community either are immunised at other facilities or have left the catchment area, hence strong relationships between the facility and the community and an electronic patient tracking system become important. Findings impacting access to services include the attitude of administrative staff, waiting times and the impact of migratory communities. Recommendations are made to improve the quality of data, provide training to administrative staff, improve patient education, reduce waiting times and improve the relationship between the clinic and the community in order to better track patient migration / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

企業常藉由採納新科技的作法提升本身的競爭力，科技因此成為創造企業核心競爭力的關鍵。但是要讓科技在組織中發揮其功能，並不是一件容易的事，科技的導入常伴隨著新工作方式的產生，而團隊成員不一定能馬上轉換工作方式，或接受新的工作方式，因此需要經歷過一段調適的過程，使得科技能融入到組織的工作例規當中，成為組織例規的一部份。過去的文獻從例規的觀點談科技採納並不多，本研究從組織例規的觀點著手，探究科技採納的過程中科技與組織的調適行為。 本研究以質性研究的方法進行，長期觀察與分析一家台灣知名的電腦代工廠商，研究其導入產品生命週期管理系統以提升其設計鏈績效的歷程。透過分析優品公司採納產品生命週期管理系統的前後時期，工作例規與審核變化的變化；以及分析內嵌在產品生命週期管理系統中的組織例規，以瞭解組織中的工作例規與審核例規變化的情形。最後，本研究發現有一種例規衝突的現象，我稱之為「例規越界」，這是過去文獻所未曾提及的情況，但是卻對科技採納產生重大的影響。這是科技中的組織例規與採納科技後組織的新例規之間的衝突，我將在研究中呈現不同例規間的衝突對於科技採納的影響。 本研究在學理上的貢獻有三：首先，反思在科技調適的文獻中，是否忽略了科技精神的重要性？調適不能只重視功能面的調適，更需要注重精神面的調適。其次是，透過反思審核例規背後的精神，去凸顯出當使用者在與科技進行調適時，是如何產生學習上的失靈。當使用者能有效的解讀科技的精神時，調適才有可能更有效。最後，回應Feldman的單一例規變化的主張，進行延展性解釋，本研究發現例規是否成為變動的來源取決於例規間互動的關係，其中例規變動的方向，不僅取決於例規間變動的關係，還取決於使用者是否能反思例規的內涵。因此，本研究認為組織例規不只是像Feldman所主張的「例規是變革的來源」，而且還是「例規的反思是變革的路徑」。 / The organization always promotes its competitive ability by adopting new technology. Therefore, technology has been a key element to build core competitive for organization. However, it is a hard work for technology to develop its performance in organization. When organization adopts a new technology, organization will accompany to develop a new work routine. But a lot of organization members could not switch or accept their work routines to new routines. Therefore, organization needs a period of time to adapted technology, then the technology will embed in organizational routine to be a part of organizational routines. In past literatures, there are seldom use “organizational routine” to explore technology adoption. The study will take the “organizational routine” view to understand adoptive process in technology and organizational adaption. The study is an qualitative research that reviews and analysis a famous computer OEM ( Original Equipment Manufacturer) in Taiwan. The study explore the process of a company adopted the PLM（product Lifecycle Management） to improve the performance of design-chain management. In the study , I analysis the organizational routines and the organizational routines embedded in PLM that before and after adopt PLM. And, the study find a routines conflict phenomenon that I call “routine crossover”. It is a important phenomenon in technology adoption that never discuss in prior research. The theoretical contribution as followings: First, the study reflected whether those prior literatures ignore the important of the “Technology Spirit” ? The technology adaption could not only focus on functional level but also spirit level. Second, by to reflect the spirit that embedded in technology, the study illustrate that the “learning disfunction” and argued that the effective technology adaption was come from effective interpret the technology spirit. Third, the study respond Feldman’s argument that “Organizational routines as a source of continuous change”, extend to “The reflect of organizational routines is a path of change.”

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Att förebygga, bedöma och behandla smärta är centralt i anestesisjuksköterskans arbete. Barns upplevelser och uttryckssätt vid smärta skiljer sig mycket från vuxnas. Det är därför en stor utmaning för anestesisjuksköterskor att tolka barns uttryck och känslor för att förstå barnet och kunna erbjuda trygghet och smärtlindring. Forskning har visat att barns postoperativa smärta underbehandlas, trots att kunskaperna om barns smärta ökat. Genom att belysa anestesisjuksköterskans upplevelser kan förståelsen för vad som bidrar till en god respektive mindre god postoperativ smärtlindring av barn öka.</p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter i samband med postoperativ smärtlindring av barn.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta anestesisjuksköterskor från ett svenskt länssjukhus i mellersta Norrland.  Insamlad data analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> Utifrån analysen framkom tre kategorier och sju subkategorier. De tre kategorierna var: Att skapa kontakt är en utmaning, Helhetstänkande och Rutiner.  Det var en utmaning för anestesisjuksköterskan att skapa kontakt med ett barn som varit sövd. Det var viktigt att alla personalgrupper samt föräldrar samarbetade, och den egna erfarenheten var den viktigaste källan till kunskap samt att det fanns brister gällande skriftliga rutinbeskrivningar.Diskussion: Det är viktigt att det finns tydliga rutiner som underlättar smärtlindringen av barn postoperativt och barn bör bedöma den egna smärtan i så stor utsträckning som möjligt. Det var viktigt att ha en god planering t.ex. att påbörja smärtlindringen tidigt. Stress och oro innan operation kunde ge effekter långt tid efter. Föräldrarna var viktiga och skall involveras i vården för att vara ett stöd för sitt barn. Barn kan reagera kraftigt på anestesiläkemedel och därför bör de väckas långsamt och under lugna förhållanden.</p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong> To prevent, assess and treat pain is central to anesthesia nurses work. Children's experiences and expression of pain are very different from adults. It is therefore a major challenge for anesthesia nurses to interpret children's expressions and emotions in order to understand the child, and to offer security and pain relief. Research has shown that children's postoperative pain is undertreated, despite that the knowledge of children's pain has increased. By highlighting anesthesia nurses’ experiences the understanding may increase concerning factors that contributes to a good or not so good postoperative pain relief in children.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> The purpose of this study was to describe anesthesia nurses' experiences when caring for children with a need of postoperative pain relief.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> Semi-structured interviews were carried out with eight anesthesia nurses at a county hospital in the north central part of Sweden. Collected data was analyzed with a manifest content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> From the analysis three categories and seven sub-categories emerged. The three categories were: To create communication is a challenge, Holistic thinking and Routines.  It was a challenge for the anesthesia nurses to communicate with a child that has been put to sleep. It was also of importance that all healthcare staff and parents cooperated. The anesthesia nurses own experiences was the main source of knowledge and there was a shortage of written routine descriptions.Discussion: It is of importance to have clear procedures to facilitate pain relief of children postoperatively and children should assess their own pain as much as possible. To have a good planning e.g. to initiate pain relief before the operation was also of importance. Stress and anxiety before surgery may have an impact long time after the treatment was over. Parents are important and should be involved in the care so they can support their child. Children may react strongly to the anesthesia drugs and therefore they should be brought back slowly postoperatively and in calm conditions.</p>

La provocation expérimentale est ce geste qui consiste à introduire un élément perturbateur dans les rouages d'un système pour en révéler la structure, l'organisation et leurs déterminants. Nous partons de l'hypothèse selon laquelle cette technique s'applique aussi à la pratique artistique. Or, cette hypothèse mérite d'être examinée au regard de l'histoire de l'art et de notre « pratique sociale artistique ». Dans cette perspective, la provocation expérimentale est considérée comme un phénomène intrinsèque de la nature révolutionnaire de l'art. Dans un premier temps, nous découvrons la provocation expérimentale en tant que technique sociologique. Les risques de perturber l'espace social, encourus par le sociologue, accompagnent favorablement la présence dérangeante de l'artiste dans la société. Ils accentuent la portée critique des oeuvres, laquelle est soutenue par le problème que pose le statut objectif du représentant (l'oeuvre) en face de ce qui est représenté (la nature et ses sujets). L'intérêt théorique de la provocation expérimentale instigatrice de diversion réside dans la question du projet social de l'art. Ensuite, nous considérons les signes de la provocation expérimentale dans l'histoire de l'art à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle. Par quels moyens diversifiés les artistes développent-ils des méthodes, des stratagèmes, des engagements esthétiques, sociaux et politiques ? Il ne résulte cependant pas de cet éclairage qu'il existe un courant de l'art rattachée explicitement à la pratique de la provocation expérimentale. L'usage coutumier que les artistes font de la pratique du scandale n'apparaît pas non plus comme un signe pertinent. Finalement, nous pensons que les mécanismes de la provocation expérimentale sont présents dans la nature de l'oeuvre d'art et son rapport au monde. Après cela, nous définissons le phénomène de la rupture des routines du quotidien comme mécanisme clef de la provocation expérimentale. Quelle signification impliquent les effets et les enjeux d'une intervention de l'art de cette nature au sein de la société ? Cette question offre la possibilité de réfléchir sur un projet artistique concret engagé dans le processus social. Pour finir, notre description théorique de la provocation expérimentale converge vers l'analyse de projets artistiques récents qui ont permis de formaliser cette thèse. En effet, ces projets sont à notre initiative et tiennent lieu de point de départ empirique. En utilisant le concept de la provocation expérimentale pour saisir le sens de nos expériences artistiques, nous dévoilons des indicateurs concrets d'une esthétique inscrite dans le projet plus large de l'éducation populaire