The purpose of this work was to investigate the adherence to basic hygiene routines among staff and to investigate if there is any difference between the adherences in diverse professions. The purpose was also to study how staff rates their own adherence to current guidelines. Data for the study were collected through observations and questionnaires. Altogether 35 people were observed and 15 answered the questionnaire. Maximum adherence was found in the category of "hand disinfection after patient contact" with a score of 96%. In the observation task “proper use of protective apron” a total adherence of 86 % was found. The observations in the category of "hand disinfection before patient contact" showed an adherence of 74 %. In the observation category "proper use of gloves" a total adherence of 52% was found. The greatest difference between professions was seen in the observation category of "proper use of gloves", where physicians’ observed adherence was 100% and the nurses observed adherence was 48%. In the observation category "proper use of apron” adherence varied between 76-91%. Adherence to “hand disinfection before patient contact” are lower in comparison with adherence to “hand disinfection after patient contact”. An awareness of this is seen in the responses also, with the majority indicating that their own routine deficiencies in this particular moment. Otherwise the compilation of the responses shows that staff rates their adherence lower than the observed adherence. We believe that our presence may have affected the staff during the observations with the consequence that adherence to the basic hygiene routines influenced in a positive direction. / Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner hos personal på en vårdavdelning samt undersöka eventuella skillnader i följsamhet mellan olika yrkeskategorier. Syftet med studien var också att undersöka hur personalen skattar sin egen följsamhet till gällande riktlinjer. Data till studien insamlades genom observationer och enkäter. Totalt observerades 35 personer och enkäten besvarades av 15 personer. Högst observerad följsamhet fanns i kategorin ”handdesinfektion efter patientkontakt” med ett resultat på 96 %. Observationsmomentet ”korrekt användning av skyddsförkläde” visade en total följsamhet på 86 %. Observationerna i kategorin ”handdesinfektion före patientkontakt” visade en följsamhet på 74 %. I observationsmomentet ”korrekt användning av handskar” fanns en total följsamhet på 52 %. Störst skillnad mellan personalkategorierna sågs i observationskategorin ”korrekt användning av handskar” där läkarnas observerade följsamhet var 100 % och undersköterskornas observerade följsamhet var 48 %.  I observationsmomentet ”korrekt användning av skyddsförkläde” varierade följsamheten mellan 76 – 91 %. Personalens observerade följsamhet till ”handdesinfektion före patientkontakt” är lägre i jämförelse med den observerade följsamheten till ”handdesinfektion efter patientkontakt”. En medvetenhet om detta syns i enkätsvaren där flertalet anger att deras egen rutin brister i just detta moment. I övrigt visar sammanställningen av enkätsvaren att personalen skattar sin följsamhet lägre än den observerade följsamheten. Vi anser att vår närvaro kan ha påverkat personalen vid observationerna med konsekvensen att följsamheten till de basala hygienrutinerna påverkats i positiv riktning.

As new platforms are developed for communicating, the everyday lives of many are changedat the grounds. The aim with this study was to map the changes in routines when it comes tojournalists making news and communicating with their readers, audience and sources after theintroduction of social media in their work process. By making a qualitative study analyzinglogbooks and interviews of a handful of responding journalists I tried to find what thethoughts were behind the routines of the journalistic work process and why and how they’vechanged. The most obvious change this research has found was that the speed of today’s flowof information has made an impact on both how the respondents gather information andregard their sources. My research is in many ways complimentary to earlier research madewith the same starting point but the findings are a bit different. While my research shows thatthe dialog between producer and consumer is increasing and is sought after, other studies havefailed to make this conclusion.

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Résumé: Une recension portant sur 50 ans de recherche sur les routines familiales révèle, entre autres, leur impact sur la santé et l'adaptation psychosociale, tant des parents que des enfants (Fiese et al., 2002). Peu d'informations sur la pratique des routines familiales de la population québécoise sont disponibles. Par le fait même, le profil des relations entre les routines pratiquées par les familles québécoises et d'autres facteurs familiaux et individuels est peu connu. Les routines familiales ont un rôle de médiation dans le cas de plusieurs phénomènes pouvant toucher les membres d'une famille (Kwok et al., 2006; Guidubaldi et al., 1986; Hawkins, 1997; Haugland, 2005; Greening et al., 2007). Les données de cette recherche ont été collectées auprès de 125 dyades mère-enfant provenant de 93 familles. Les enfants (69 filles et 56 garçons) étaient âgés de 5 à 12 ans. Des hypothèses ont été vérifiées afin de prédire la pratique des routines familiales, le stress parental ainsi que l'adaptation de l'enfant. Les routines familiales ont été mesurées selon leur fréquence et l'importance accordée avec le FR1, le niveau de stress parental avec 11SP et l'adaptation de l'enfant avec le CBCL. Les analyses de régression multiple hiérarchique révèlent que les routines familiales sont prédites par le niveau de scolarité de la mère et elles prédisent elles-mêmes !es compétences de l'enfant. Le niveau de stress parental de la mère est quant à lui prédit par la présence de troubles externalisés et un faible niveau de compétences chez son enfant mais également par le SSÉ familial et l'évitement dans le style d'attachement maternel. f.a fréquence des routines familiales, le niveau de scolarité de la mère ainsi qu'un faible stress parental permettent de prédire les compétences de l'enfant. Les variables prédictrices des difficultés d'adaptation de l'enfant sont le stress parental et le SSÉ familial. De plus, des analyses complémentaires montrent que les routines familiales n'ont pas de rôle de modération entre les variables à l'étude. Par ailleurs, les analyses mettent en lumière le rôle médiateur des routines entre la scolarité de la mère et les compétences de l'enfant. Ces résultats doivent être pris en compte par les intervenants psychosociaux puisque les routines familiales sont des pratiques faciles d'enseignement aux familles et ayant une portée significative sur le bien-être des enfants et de la mère dans l'exercice de son rôle. // Abstract: A review covering 50 years of research on family routines demonstrated their impacts on health and psychosocial adjustment among both parents and children (Fiese et al., 2002). However, there is little information available concerning the practice of family routines in Quebec, thus the relationships between the routines that Quebec families practice and other family and individual factors remain poorly understood. Family routines play a mediating role in many experiences that may affect family members (Kwok et al., 2006; Guidubaldi et al., 1986; Hawkins, 1997; Haugland, 2005; Greening et al., 2007). For this study, data were collected from 125 mother-child dyads in 93 families. The children (69 girls and 56 boys) were between 5 and 12 years old. Hypotheses were tested to predict the family routines, parental stress and adaptation of the child. Family routines were measured by frequency and the importance given with the IRF, the level of parenting stress with PSI and the adaptation of the child with the CBCL. The hierarchical multiple regression analyzes revealed that family routines are predicted by the level of maternal education and that they predict the skills of the child. The level of parental stress of the mother is in turn predicted by the presence of externalizing problems and low levels of skills in her child but also by family SES and avoidance in the style of maternal attachment. The frequency of family routines, the level of maternal education and low parental stress predict the skills of the child. The predictors of adjustment problems in children are parenting stress and SES. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed and the results show that family routines play a mediating role between the mother's education and the child's skills. These results should be taken into account by social and mental health workers, because family routines can be easily taught to families and have significant impacts on the well-being of children and of mothers as they try to fulfill their role.

Background: Nosocomial infections pose a big threat to patient safety and increased costs for society. An effective way of preventing cross-infections is to apply hygiene routines. Studies show that compliance to hygiene routines is low while there's a lack of knowledge about the best way of improving it. Aim: To investigate whether a conversation based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) could influence a nurse's compliance to hygiene routines and whether it could benefit the understanding of a nurse's compliance. Method: A quantitative and qualitative method was used in the study and included one nurse. An observation of his/her daily work at a hospital ward was carried out before and after a conversation which focused on attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control. Main results: Even if compliance was good to start with it improved after the conversation. The nurse's attitude towards hygiene procedures was positive, but heavy workloads and difficulty to access materials could be a barrier. The norm in the ward was, according to the nurse, that hygiene routines were important even if some were less compliant. Conclusion: the use of TPB in a conversation could benefit the understanding of the nurse's compliance. Improvements in daily practices were noticed after the conversation, which could be due to an increased awareness of the need to perform hygiene procedures. No direct conclusions could be drawn from this study because the sample was limited, but the study provides suggestions for further research.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux effets des technologies d’assistance robotique sur l’expertise individuelle et collective des médecins dans un bloc opératoire de chirurgie gastrique. Notre recherche est fondée sur l’analyse de l’émergence des routines organisationnelles et de leur mise en évidence en mobilisant l’approche naturaliste de la décision. D’un point de vue managérial, nos résultats démontrent que la technologie introduite atténue l’expertise individuelle en dégradant respectivement la détection des signes cliniques et la coordination au sein de l’équipe. Nous établissons des recommandations concernant la mise en œuvre d’une technologie dans le cadre des équipes restreintes. Notre méthodologie consiste à fusionner des sources hétérogènes : entretiens, observation in situ, vidéos, débriefing, auto-confrontation... elle ouvre ainsi la voie à de nouvelles stratégies d’analyse de données jusqu’à lors essentiellement utilisées en psychologie. Enfin, nos contributions théoriques ont permis un enrichissement de l’approche naturaliste en lui adjoignant les rôles tenus par le leader et la mise en évidence du rôle de l’expertise individuelle dans la formation de nouvelles routines fonctionnelles. / The aim of this research is the understand the effect of a new technology, a robotic system, on the individual and collective expertise of practitioners in bariatric surgery. Our analysis is based on the emergence of organizational routines while taking into consideration naturalistic decision making approach. From the managerial perspective, our results demonstrate that the implementation of this technology decrease individual expertise. This is done through the degradation of individual situation awareness and coordination between team members. We established recommendations for an efficient technology implementation by restricted teams. Our methodology consists of mixing heterogenic sources: interviews, observations, videos, debriefing with auto-confrontation… this opens the door for new analysis strategies till now used mainly in psychology. Finally, our theoretical contributions reinforced the naturalistic approach while insisting on the important role of a team leader and the role of individual expertise in the development of new functional organizational routines.

Considering the importance of routine execution within firm replication, exploring the balance between organisational routine development in terms of variations and routine constraints of this variation, with the goal of allowing for improvements without deviating too far from the original routine that makes it a success. Aim: Shed light onto how routine variations are managed in the face of the two extremes; no routine development at all and too much routine development. Methodology: This qualitative case study was conducted within two IKEA stores, the iconic furniture retailer from Älmhult, Sweden. The in-store goods flow process was the platform for the study. The study involved participant observation, as well as 13 (semi-structured) interviews with IKEA co-workers on operational and managerial level to identify mechanism for balancing drift in organisational routines. Findings: This study has developed a conceptual model visualizing a hierarchy of mechanisms composed by artifacts, embededdness and identity that IKEA stores use to curb drift in organisational routines.

This thesis is a series of projects that attempt to create a fully imagined and described world for a woodworker. Each project, titled A House and A Workshop, focuses on different ideas as the imagined world becomes clearer. A House and A Workshop 1.1 explores my own images of the two buildings and how that influences the world that I describe. It also focuses on how the building type can inform the physical shape of each. A House and A Workshop 1.2 begins to investigate the daily rituals and routines of the imagined inhabitant. The question is raised of how those things can and should influence the architecture. A House and A Workshop 1.3 explores the physical relationship of the two buildings and the movement that the relationship implies. The idea of a room within a room emerges as the imagined world of the woodworker comes into focus. A House and A Workshop 1.4 seeks to clarify the ideas that I had been working with during the year by describing a more idealized world than the other versions. The value of making things and choosing to live that kind of life is an important aspect of this project. Finally, there is a project titled, A Chair, that lies outside the series of houses and workshops. Itâ s a demonstration rather than a description of the ideas that were explored during the thesis year. / Master of Architecture

The research study investigated how organizational routines influenced classroom and intervention instruction in a primary school. Educators have used student data for decades but they continue to struggle with the best way to use data to influence instruction. The historical overview of the research highlighted the context of data use from the Effective Schools movement through the No Child Left Behind Act noting the progression of emphasis placed on student data results. While numerous research studies have focused on the use of data, the National Center for Educational Evaluation and Regional Assistance (2009) reported that existing research on the use of data to make instructional decisions does not yet provide conclusive evidence of what practices work to improve student achievement. A descriptive case study methodology was employed to investigate the educational phenomenon of organizational routines implemented for data-driven decision making to influence classroom and intervention instruction. The case study examined a school that faced the macrolevel pressures of school improvement. The study triangulated data from surveys, interviews, and document analysis in an effort to reveal common themes about organizational routines for data-driven decision making. The study participants identified 14 organizational routines as influencing instruction. The interview questions focused on the common themes of (a) curriculum alignment, (b) common assessments, (c) guided reading levels, (d) professional learning communities, and (e) acceleration plans. The survey respondents and interview participants explained how the organizational routines facilitated the use of data by providing (a) focus and direction, (b) student centered instruction, (c) focus on student growth, (d) collaboration and teamwork, (e), flexible grouping of students, and (f) teacher reflection and ownership of all students. Challenges and unexpected outcomes of the organizational routines for data-driven decision making were also discussed. The challenges with the most references included (a) time, (b) too much data (c) data with conflicting information, (d) the pacing guide, and (e) changing teacher attitudes and practices. Ultimately, a data-driven culture was cultivated within the school that facilitated instructional adjustments resulting in increased academic achievement. / Ed. D.

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