Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-01T17:22:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Sandra Virginia A. Hohlemwerger.pdf: 5499646 bytes, checksum: 10ad62e0bf160a9a5e0326cba05adb7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-02T16:27:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Sandra Virginia A. Hohlemwerger.pdf: 5499646 bytes, checksum: 10ad62e0bf160a9a5e0326cba05adb7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T16:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Sandra Virginia A. Hohlemwerger.pdf: 5499646 bytes, checksum: 10ad62e0bf160a9a5e0326cba05adb7f (MD5) / Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir com o conhecimento fitoquímico das espécies do gênero Zanthoxylum. O presente estudo justifica-se devido ao escasso número de informações sobre a composição química de espécies deste gênero, endêmicas do Brasil, já que espécies pertencem a família Rutaceae vem sendo utilizadas na medicina popular em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil, e têm sido apontadas como potencial fonte para protótipos ou novos fármacos. A literatura correlaciona algumas atividades biológicas destas espécies com a presença de alcalóides, dentre eles os alcalóides benzilisoquinolínicos os quais além de serem relacionados com a atividade farmacológica são apontados como possíveis marcadores quimiossistemáticos. As espécies Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Z. stelligerum e Z. tingoassuiba foram coletadas no semi-árido baiano e submetidas a procedimentos fitoquímicos convencionais os quais levaram a identificação dos alcalóides benzo[c]fenantridinicos (diidroqueleritina), (angolina), (arnotianamida) e (pseudo-norqueleritrina), do alcalóide protoberberínico (cis-N-metilcanadina iodeto) e do alcalóide pseudoprotoberberínico (2,3-metilenodioxi 10,11-dimetoxi tetrahidroprotoberberina iodeto) além disso também foi isolado o alcalóide aporfínico (predicentrina-metil-iodeto) e o alcalóide (metil antranilato de N-metila); as furanocumarinas (imperatorina) (xantotoxina) (isopipinelina) sendo ainda revelada a presença da lignana (senamina) e dos triterpenos (lupeol), (-amirina) e (amirinona), estes dois últimos encontrados apenas na cera epicuticular das folhas de Z. tingoassuiba. O óleo volátil das folhas de Z. tingoassuiba foi obtido pela extração com CO2 super crítico e através da hidrodestilação de onde foram identificados 06 monoterpenos, 10 sesquiterpenos e o alcalóide (metil antranilato de N-metila) este óleo apresentou atividade antifúngica, antibacteriana e capacidade de associação com lipossomas. As identificações destas substâncias foram efetuadas com base nos seus espectros de IV, RMN 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais, cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas, espectrometria de massas por inserção direta e comparações com dados da literatura. Os metabólitos isolados e identificados nas espécies estudadas são condizentes com os já encontrados no gênero Zanthoxylum, como os alcalóides quaternários benzilisoquinolínicos e as furanocumarinas os quais estão associados ao caráter primitivo do gênero. Os resultados promissores das atividades biológicas, antifúngica, antibacteriana, antioxidante e antiparasitária, corroboram para a classificação deste gênero como fonte para o desenvolvimento de novos fármaco / This work aims to improve the knowledge phytochemical for the species of the genus Zanthoxylum. This study is justified due to the scarcity of information about the chemical composition of species of this genus, endemic to Brazil. Species belonging to family Rutaceae has been used in folk medicine around the world, including Brazil, have been identified as a potential source for prototypes or new drugs. The literature correlates the biological activities of some of these species with the presence of alkaloids, among them alkaloids benzylisoquinolines which besides being related to the pharmacological activity are considered possible chemical markers. Species Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Z. stelligerum and Z. tingoassuiba were collected in semi- arid environments and subjected to conventional procedures phytochemicals which led to the identification of benzo [c] phenanthridine alkaloids (dihydrochelerythrine), (angoline), (arnottianamide) and (pseudo-norchelerythrine), and the protoberberínico alkaloid (cis-N-methylcanadine iodide) and pseudoprotoberberine alkaloid (2,3- methylendioxy 10,11-dimethoxy tetrahydroprotoberberine iodide) was also isolated the aporphine alkaloid (predicentrine-methiodide) and alkaloid (methyl N-methyl anthranilate); the furocumarins (imperatorin) (xanthotoxin) (isopimpinellin) besides the furofuran lignan (sesamin) and the triterpenoids (lupeol), (-amyrin) and (amyrinone) the latter two found only in the wax epicuticular on the leaves of Z. tingoassuiba. The volatile oil from leaves of Z. tingoassuiba was obtained by supercritical CO2 and by hydrodistillation of which were identified 06 monoterpenes, 10 sesquiterpenes and the alkaloid (methyl N-methyl anthranilate) this oil showed antifungal and antibacterial activity and ability to loaded into multilamellar liposomes. The identification of these substances was based on their IR spectra, 1H and 13C NMR single and two-dimensional, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry direct insertion, and comparison with literature data. The metabolites isolated and identified in the three species are consistent with those already found in the genus Zanthoxylum, such as quaternary benzylisoquinolines alkaloids and furnocumarinas which are associated with the primitive character of the genus. The promising results of biological activities, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti- interference, collaborate with the classification of genus as a source for the development of new drugs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3312.pdf: 4327625 bytes, checksum: af69914851f0a422fc453d6719c75b20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-26 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The classification of the Hortia genus, belonging to the Rutaceae, is ambiguous. Hortia, which has been placed in Cusparieae by De Candolle in 1824, in the most recent morphological classification of Engler in 1931 it belongs to Toddalieae. More recently, Silva and colleagues classified again Hortia in Cusparieae. However, the phytochemical study of the species from Hortia genus still not allow classify correctly it inside the family. Thus, the phytochemical study of Hortia described in this paper aims to contribute with the chemosystematics of the Rutaceae and with the best classification of the genus inside the family. The study of the species H. oreadica, H. brasiliana and H. superba led to the isolation and identification of 11 substances, the alkaloids N-methyl-4- methoxy-quinolin-2-one (01), integriquinolone (02), new in the genus Hortia, rutaecarpine (03), the coumarins scoparone (04) xanthotoxin (05), which were first described in the species H. superba, isopimpinellin (06), new in the genus Hortia, 5- chloro-8-methoxy-furanocoumarin (07), new in the literature, prangol (08) and heraclenol (09), and the flavonoids isosakuranetin (10) and neoponcirin (11), the latter being new in the genus Hortia. The presence of metabolites such as alkaloids, coumarins and flavonoids confirm that Hortia belongs to the Rutaceae family, even so are not clear its accurate positioning. Some of the isolated compounds were tested against the inhibition of Guignardia citricarpa following two methods of inhibition assays. One based on inhibition of G. citricarpa in vitro against growth mycelial, by the method of incorporation into the culture medium. The other based on the inhibition test to G. citricarpa in vitro on spore germination and appressorium formation by the method of germination of spores on plates of polystyrene. The first methodology only evaluated the inhibition of the formation of mycelia and it is not directly involved in the infection process of plants, already the second one evaluated the inhibition of reproductive structures of microorganisms (spores), responsible for the infection process. The average growth mycelial for all substances tested revealed the alkaloid N-methyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolin-2-one (100 μg.mL-1) as the most effective among all the substances tested. As the inhibition front of spore germination and appressorium formation, the results were quite satisfactory, the coumarin scoparone (100 μg.mL-1) showed 96% of inhibition spore germination and 99% for the formation of appressorium, the alkaloid N-methyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolin-2-one (100 μg.mL-1) with 83% and 91%, and the flavonoid isosakuranetin (100 μg.mL-1) with 71,4% and 80%, respectively. Therefore, from this study it was found that some natural products with antifungal activity revealed important sources in the discovery of new products free of toxicity and effective as a fungicide. / A classificação do gênero Hortia dentro da família Rutaceae é duvidosa. Hortia, que já foi posicionada em Cusparieae por De Candolle em 1824, na mais recente classificação morfológica de Engler em 1931 pertence a Toddalieae. Mais recentemente da Silva e colaboradores voltam a propor Hortia em Cusparieae. Contudo, o estudo fitoquímico das espécies do gênero Hortia ainda não permitem classificá-la corretamente dentro da família. Desta forma, o estudo fitoquímico de Hortia descrito neste trabalho, visa contribuir com a quimiossistemática da família Rutaceae e também com a melhor classificação do gênero dentro da mesma. O estudo das espécies H. oreadica, H. brasiliana e H. superba levou ao isolamento e identificação de 11 substâncias, sendo os alcalóides N-metil-4-metoxi-2-quinolona (01), integriquinolona (02), inédita no gênero Hortia e a rutaecarpina (03), as cumarinas escoparona (04), xantotoxina (05), sendo estas descritas pela primeira vez na espécie H. superba, isopimpenilina (06), inédita no gênero Hortia, 5-cloro-8-metoxi-furanocumarina (07), inédita na literatura, prangol (08) e heraclenol (09), e os flavonóides isosakuranetina (10) e neoponcirina (11), sendo este último inédito no gênero Hortia. A presença de metabólitos como alcalóides, cumarinas e flavonóides vêm a confirmar que Hortia pertence à família Rutaceae, embora não esteja claro seu exato posicionamento dentro da mesma. Alguns dos compostos isolados foram avaliados frente à inibição do desenvolvimento de Guignardia citricarpa, seguindo duas metodologias de ensaios de inibição, uma baseada no ensaio de inibição de G. citricarpa in vitro frente ao crescimento micelial, pelo método de incorporação ao meio de cultura e a outra, baseada no ensaio de inibição de G. citricarpa in vitro frente à germinação de esporos e formação de apressórios, pelo método de germinação de esporos em placa de poliestireno. Foram submetidas à ambos os ensaios de inibição as substâncias: N-metil-4-metoxi-2-quinolona, escoparona, prangol e isosakuranetina, as quais foram avaliadas quanto sua atividade antifúngica, porém a primeira metodologia avaliou a inibição apenas da formação de micélios, e estes não estão envolvidos diretamente com o processo de infecção das plantas, já a segunda metodologia avaliou a inibição de estruturas reprodutivas do microrganismo (os esporos), responsável pelo processo de infecção. Foram calculadas as médias de crescimento micelial para todas as substâncias testadas, revelando o alcalóide Nmetil- 4-metoxi-2-quinolona (100 μg.mL-1) como o mais eficaz dentre todas as substâncias ensaiadas. Quanto a inibição frente à germinação de esporos e formação de apressórios, os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, a cumarina escoparona (100 μg.mL-1) apresentou inibição de 96% para a germinação de esporos e 99% para a formação de apressórios, o alcalóide N-metil-4-metoxi-2- quinolona (100 μg.mL-1) com 83% e 91%, e o flavonóide isosakuranetina (100 μg.mL-1) com 71,4% e 80%, respectivamente. Portanto, a partir deste trabalho verificou-se que alguns produtos naturais com potencial antifúngico revelaram importantes fontes na descoberta de novos produtos livres de toxicidade e eficaz como fungicida

Citrus es el género de la subfamilia Aurantioideae de mayor importancia económica. Su origen es la región sureste de Asia, en un área que incluye China, India y la península de Indochina y los archipiélagos de los alrededores. Aunque se han realizado múltiples estudios, la taxonomía del género Citrus aun no está bien definida, debido al alto nivel de diversidad morfológica encontrado en este grupo, la compatibilidad sexual entre sus especies y la apomixis de muchos genotipos. En la presente tesis doctoral se ha estudiado una amplia diversidad del género Citrus, especies relacionadas y otros taxones de la subfamilia Aurantioideae, para poder aclarar su organización y filogenia mediante el empleo de diferentes tipos de marcadores moleculares y métodos de genotipado. Más concretamente, el germoplasma de mandarino juega un papel muy importante en la mejora de variedades y patrones, pero su organización genética no está bien definida. Por lo tanto, se ha realizado un análisis en profundidad de su diversidad y organización genética. El desarrollo de marcadores moleculares de Inserción-Deleción (indel), por primera vez en cítricos, ha permitido demostrar su utilidad para estudios de diversidad y filogenia en el género Citrus. En combinación con los marcadores de tipo microsatélite (SSR), se ha cuantificado la contribución de los tres principales taxones de cítricos (C. reticulata, C. maxima and C. medica) a los genomas de las especies secundarias y cultivares modernos. También se ha definido su estructura genética a partir de los datos obtenidos en la secuenciación de 27 fragmentos de genes nucleares relacionados con la biosíntesis de compuestos que determinan la calidad de los cítricos y genes relacionados con la respuesta de la planta a estreses abióticos. El análisis de la filogenia nuclear ha permitido determinar la relación existente entre la especie C. reticulata y Fortunella, que se diferencian claramente del grupo formado por las otras dos principales especies de cítricos (C. maxima y C. medica). Este resultado está en concordancia con el origen geográfico de las especies estudiadas. A partir de este estudio, se han desarrollado marcadores moleculares de tipo SNP con un alto valor filogenético, que han sido transferidos a géneros relacionados de los cítricos. Estos marcadores han dado un resultado muy positivo en el género Citrus y serán de gran utilidad para el establecimiento de la huella genética del germoplasma en un nivel de diversidad más amplio. Se ha estudiado la organización genética dentro del germoplasma mandarino (198 genotipos de tipo mandarino pertenecientes a dos colecciones, INRA-CIRAD e IVIA), así como la introgresión de otros genomas mediante el uso de 50 y 24 marcadores de tipo SSR y indel, respectivamente, además de cuatro marcadores InDel mitocondrial (ADNmt). Se ha observado que muchos genotipos, que se creía que eran mandarinos puros, presentan introgresión de otros genomas ancestrales. Dentro del germoplasma de mandarino, se han identificado a nivel nuclear cinco grupos parentales, a partir de los cuales se originaron muchos genotipos, dando lugar a estructuras hibridas complejas. Se ha observado incluso, genotipos con un origen maternal no mandarino, determinado por los marcadores de ADNmt. La presente tesis doctoral ha aportado nueva información sobre las relaciones filogenéticas entre las especies del género Citrus, géneros cercanos, así como de las especies secundarias. Además, se han desarrollado nuevos marcadores moleculares que se complementan entre sí. Se ha establecido una nueva organización genética del germoplasma mandarino y se han caracterizado adecuadamente las dos colecciones de cítricos en estudio. Por lo tanto, todas estas contribuciones, ayudarán a los programas de mejora para la obtención de nuevas variedades de cítricos de alta calidad y permitirán optimizar la conservación y uso de los recursos genéticos existentes, así como su caracterización genética y fenotípica. / García Lor, A. (2013). Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31518 / TESIS

Les alcaloïdes canthin-6-one, 5-méthoxy-canthin-6-one et N-oxyde de canthin-6-one ainsi que l’alkylamide sanshool et trois coumarines ont été identifiés et quantifiés des écorces, feuilles (dans ce cas une étude annuelle a été menée), fruits et racines de Zanthoxylum chiloperone var. angustifolium (Rutaceae) récoltée en Amérique du Sud. Divers analogues de la canthin-6-one ont été obtenus par hémisynthèse en exploitant la réactivité de l’azote pyridinique N-3. De nouveaux analogues ont été synthétisés à partir de différentes tryptamines et anhydrides fonctionnalisés. La mise au point de nouvelles voies de synthèse, permettant leur obtention en 3 ou 4 étapes avec de bons rendements, a permis notamment de retracer toute la voie de biosynthèse de ces alcaloïdes. La stratégie de synthèse a, ensuite, été spécifiquement adaptée à la synthèse de molécules à motifs prénylés. L’activité antituberculeuse, l’activité antiproliférative sur cellules souches cancéreuses, ainsi que plusieurs activités antiparasitaires (maladie de Chagas, paludisme, activité nématicide) ont été étudiées et divers mécanismes d’action proposés. Finalement, nous avons réalisé une étude originale d’électrochimie sur des canthinones ainsi que les premiers essais de formulation galénique avec cette famille d’alcaloïdes. / The alkaloids canthin-6-one, 5-methoxy-canthin-6-one and canthin-6-one Noxide,as well as the alkylamide sanshool and three known coumarines were identified and quantified from stem bark, leaves (in this case an annual analysis was conducted), fruits and roots of Zanthoxylum chiloperone var. angustifolium (Rutaceae) collected in South America. Some canthin-6-one derivates were prepared by hemisynthesis by exploring the N-3 reactivity of the pyridine nitrogen. Other new derivates were prepared from different tryptamines and some functionalized anhydrides by an efficient new synthetic route (3 or 4 steps) in good overall yields. The biosynthetic pathway of the canthin-6-one was also chemically explored.Furthermore, this work has prompted us to explore the reactivity of some prenylated derivates of canthin-6-one and serotonin. The antitubercular activity, the antiproliferative activity on cancer stem cells and several antiparasitic activities (Chagas disease, malaria, nematicidal activity) were studied and various mechanisms of action proposed. Finally, an original study of the electrochemical behaviour of canthinones has been investigated and a pharmaceutical formulation was achieved.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Horticultural Sciences in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: Dr L Kambizi Co-supervisor: Dr NP Makunga Cape Town December 2013 / Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans, previously known as Barosma betulina, is a member of the Rutaceae family, and indigenous to the fynbos botanical biome of the Western Cape of South Africa. It is commonly known as buchu. Extracts as well as powdered leaves have traditionally been used for the treatment of various ailments. The increase in the international demand for A. betulina for health as well as food and beverage benefits, have raised concerns over exploitation of wild populations and the lack of horticultural information necessitates this study to evaluate the propagation of this economical important species. The main objective of this study was to establish a simple and highly productive micropropagation protocol for A. betulina through experimenting with nodal explants. Testing of the effect of various treatments (physical scarification, chemical scarification, GA, stratification, smoke and combinations thereof) on the in vitro germination of A. betulina seeds was done to elucidate the factors which control seed germination. The study revealed that the physical scarification and smoke-induced germination had a significant effect on germination percentages. In terms of germination rate, the radical generally started to appear after approximately 10 days in the physical scarification with smoke treatment. Initial decontamination methods with the exposure of various concentrations of NaOCl gave fatal results, however 1.5% NaOCl had more phenolic reactions rather than fungal or bacterial contamination. Interestingly, contamination rates of explants were influenced by the stage of maturity of the explant material. This plant material was used to test different strengths of regeneration media, to ensure that the explants receive ample nutrients. Results made exhibited that ½ MS was the best strength for growing A. betulina nodal explants. Compared comparison between in vitro derived explants and ex vitro collected explants showed that the ex vitro derived explants had significant results, but the explants lost vigour soon after the initial exponential growth leading to the explants dying off. Furthermore, ex vitro decontaminated plant material was not economically viable to continue with. Seedlings derived from germinated seeds appeared to be the preferred method of propagation as this spent the least time in culture and produced a stable plant with an established root system, which is essential during the hardening off process after in vitro growth. When exposing nodal explants to phytohormone 2,4-D it responds best to dosages 0.5mg Lˉ¹ and 1mg Lˉ¹. Phytohormone BA was very effective in producing soft friable callus. The best results were shown when 0.5mg Lˉ¹ BA was applied to ½ MS media. For both shoot length and multiple shoot production, a combination of phytohormones BA-NAA (1: 0.5mgLˉ¹) had the most significant results. Interestingly, a higher phytohormone concentration of NAA is necessary to develop multiple adventitious roots. The effect of 3mg Lˉ¹ was significant in that it resulted in multiple adventitious roots, but fewer calli was observed in this treatment. Micropropagation becomes valuable as little attention between subcultures is needed; making it less labour intensive compared to conventional nursery propagation systems where weeding watering and spraying of plants are labour intensive. In the traditional world of medicine, more so in Southern Africa, extracts are prepared by adding boiling water to the plant material; however commercial ethanol is used as an extractant. Establishment of the essential oil quality of the in vitro cultures post exposure to various treatments was done. Analysis of essential oils from A. betulina resulted in the identification of twenty one compounds. The results showed qualitative as well as quantitative differences amongst the samples used in the study. The highest relative concentration of limonene was observed in the callus of nodal explants after it was exposed to 0.5mg lˉ¹ NAA. No pulegone was found in this treatment making it ideal for limonene production. This suggests that liquid culture with the same treatment may produce more calli making it ideal for the production of limonene.

No description available.

Les plantes médicinales constituent une source inexhaustible de composés (des produits naturels - PN) utilisé en médecine pour la prévention et le traitement de diverses maladies. L'introduction de nouvelles technologies et méthodes dans le domaine de la chimie des produits naturels a permis le développement de méthodes ‘high throughput’ pour la détermination de la composition chimique des extraits de plantes, l'évaluation de leurs propriétés et l'exploration de leur potentiel en tant que candidats médicaments. Dernièrement, la métabolomique, une approche intégrée incorporant les avantages des technologies d'analyse moderne et la puissance de la bioinformatique s’est révélé un outil efficace dans la biologie des systèmes. En particulier, l'application de la métabolomique pour la découverte de nouveaux composés bioactifs constitue un domaine émergent dans la chimie des produits naturels. Dans ce contexte, le genre Acronychia de la famille des Rutaceae a été choisi sur la base de son usage en médecine traditionnelle pour ses propriétés antimicrobienne, antipyrétique, antispasmodique et anti-inflammatoire. Nombre de méthodes chromatographiques modernes, spectrométriques et spectroscopiques sont utilisées pour l'exploration de leur contenu en métabolites suivant trois axes principaux constituant les trois chapitres de cette thèse. En bref, le premier chapitre décrit l’étude phytochimique d’Acronychia pedunculata, l’identification des métabolites secondaires contenus dans cette espèce et l'évaluation de leurs propriétés biologiques. Le deuxième chapitre vise au développement de méthodes analytiques pour l'identification des dimères d’acétophénones (marqueurs chimiotaxonomiques du genre) et aux stratégies utilisées pour la déréplication de ces différents extraits et la caractérisation chimique des composés par UHPLC-HRMSn. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur l'application de méthodologies métabolomique (RMN et LC-MS) pour l'analyse comparative (entre les différentes espèces, origines, organes), pour des études chimiotaxonomiques (entre les espèces) et pour la corrélation des composés contenus avec une activité pharmacologique. / Medicinal plants constitute an unfailing source of compounds (natural products – NPs) utilised in medicine for the prevention and treatment of various deceases. The introduction of new technologies and methods in the field of natural products chemistry enabled the development of high throughput methodologies for the chemical composition determination of plant extracts, evaluation of their properties and the exploration of their potentials as drug candidates. Lately, metabolomics, an integrated approach incorporating the advantages of modern analytical technologies and the power of bioinformatics has been proven an efficient tool in systems biology. In particular, the application of metabolomics for the discovery of new bioactive compounds constitutes an emerging field in natural products chemistry. In this context, Acronychia genus of Rutaceae family was selected based on its well-known traditional use as antimicrobial, antipyretic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent. Modern chromatographic, spectrometric and spectroscopic methods were utilised for the exploration of their metabolite content following three basic axes constituting the three chapters of this thesis. Briefly, the first chapter describes the phytochemical investigation of Acronychia pedunculata, the identification of secondary metabolites contained in this species and evaluation of their biological properties. The second chapter refers to the development of analytical methods for the identification of acetophenones (chemotaxonomic markers of the genus) and to the dereplication strategies for the chemical characterisation of extracts by UHPLC-HRMSn. The third chapter focuses on the application of metabolomic methodologies (LC-MS & NMR) for comparative analysis (between different species, origins, organs), chemotaxonomic studies (between species) and compound-activity correlations.