The History of Architecture has been all about religious buildings. With distribution of sources of power and wealth, new paradigms have emerged. Architecture today is about villas, skyscrapers, stadiums, etc. as well as churches. The financial support of the church is not in the same way as in middle ages; neither the way in which they are used. The question of this thesis project is this transformation of an architectural tradition and how it should be adjusted to our time’s conditions.

This thesis focuses on tribal engagement and tribal consultation in the United States. In the thesis, I discuss my experience working on an interdisciplinary research team completing a formal ethnographic study which was submitted to a federal agency. Using insights gained from this experience and additional experience working with American Indian tribes, I discuss historic, contemporary, and potential future strategies for involving and engaging American Indian tribes in land and resource stewardship decisions in the United States.

這篇論文的主要面在於探討巴代耶對於獻祭的闡釋。巴代耶以獻祭的觀點，繼續承接尼采對於「上帝之死」的闡述。再者，巴代耶在黑格爾人學的基礎上展開他對於「人」的批判﹔以及針對涂爾幹的集體決定論和神聖與世俗的二分法重新檢討，對神聖與世俗的二分法發生之前有更為根本的認識論。 巴代耶認為獻祭經驗所帶出的異質性在於：獻祭不包含任何功利性，獻祭是要將獻祭即是要將死亡與生命帶入和諧之境，給予死亡生命的湧現，給予生命瞬間性以及令人感到未知的死亡的昏眩。在此生命與死亡交融為一，但同時死亡又是生命的象徵，指向無限的道路。

Le rapport occidental moderne au sacré s’est transformé de façon importante au 20e siècle avec le processus de sécularisation. Cette désagrégation d’un sacré traditionnel laisse un vide – principalement existentiel et spirituel – là où auparavant certains contenus associés au sacré permettaient de se positionner dans et face à l’universel, c’est-à-dire d’occuper une place dans le monde et les institutions qui l’organisent et d’investir cette place d’un sens compris, accepté et partagé autant individuellement que collectivement. De toute évidence, un tel processus d’effritement ne s’opère pas sans restes et la littérature est un espace qui recueille ces vestiges d’un sacré en transformation, d’un sacré qui fait l’objet d’une quête. L’écriture de Cioran représente un lieu exemplaire où sont concentrés ces vestiges et elle est aussi l’outil ou le médium par lequel la quête s’effectue. Son écriture tiraillée, pétrie d’un malaise existentiel et d’un doute profond, témoigne d’un refus, pensé comme une incapacité, à souscrire aux visions traditionnelles, surannées, du sacré. Généralement considérée par la critique comme inclassable – ni tout à fait philosophique, ni tout à fait littéraire – l’œuvre de Cioran souligne pourtant l’importance de la littérature comme modalité de l’esprit. Cette œuvre met en lumière le rôle de la littérature pour la pensée dans la mesure où elle est un espace qui permet d’accueillir la pensée en quête d’un sacré hors-cadre, en même temps qu’elle se fait le moyen d’une recherche plus libre, plus personnelle, du sacré. La littérature devient donc le réceptacle autant que le moyen d’une quête pleinement existentielle, une quête qui n’est ni représentée ni confessée, mais bien mise en scène, c’est-à-dire dramatisée. Le « je » qu’on retrouve partout dans l’œuvre de Cioran n’est pas le « je » d’une confession, mais bien un « je » narratif qui n’équivaut pas au « je » de l’écrivain. C’est précisément dans le décalage lié à la dramatisation qu’apparaît le paradoxe propre au savoirparticulier que porte la littérature: soit ce caractère personnel, incarné, particulier qui devient le véhicule d’une expérience universelle dans la mesure où elle a le pouvoir ou le potentiel d’abriter l’expérience personnelle d’un lecteur qui performe, pour lui-même, le texte. En ce sens, écriture et lecture sont """! imbriquées, comme deux faces d’une même réalité, dans cette quête d’un sacré qui se produit chez Cioran dans un espace d’exception, en dehors des institutions. À partir de l’exemplarité de l’œuvre cioranienne, cette thèse propose une réflexion qui porte sur la littérature comme mode d’inscription des vestiges du sacré ainsi que comme manifestation et moyen d’une quête d’un sacré débarrassé des balises institutionnelles, et qui tente de mettre en lumière le type de savoir propre à la littérature sous l’angle précis de la dramatisation littéraire dans le contexte particulier de cette quête. / The secularization process characteristic of 20th century Western thought has wrought profound change in our modern view of the sacred. Indeed, The disintegration of traditional representations of the sacred has left a mainly existential and spiritual void where, previously, certain contents of these representations allowed one to find a personal space in relation to, and within, the Universal – in other words, to find one’s place in the world and its organizing institutions – and to invest such a space with shared, accepted and understood meaning. However, this decaying process is not without producing a residual which literature can gather: vestiges of a sacred in transformation – a sacred which also remains the object of a search. Cioran’s writing is exemplary in this respect. Not only is it a depository for the remains of the sacred, it is also the tool or the medium, the striving path of its pursuit. His torn writing, ridden with existential angst and profound doubt, bears witness to a refusal – presented as an inability – to subscribe to outdated traditional representations of the sacred. Neither completely philosophical nor literary, thereby generally considered unclassifiable by scholars, Cioran’s oeuvre brings attention to the importance of literature as a modality of the mind. Cioran’s oeuvre brings to light literature’s role within thought as a space where a search for a sacred that lies beyond its traditional framework might manifest itself, but also as a means of undertaking a freer, more personal, search for the sacred. Literature thus becomes as much a receptacle as a means of a wholly existential quest that is neither represented nor confessed, but acted out. The “I” found throughout Cioran’s works is not the “I” of a confession, but the “I” of a narrative, which is not to say it is the “I” of the author. It is precisely in the gap created by dramatization that arises the paradox inherent to the particular knowledge literature conveys: the personal, incarnate, particular character of this knowledge becomes the vehicle for a universal experience which has the power or potential of harboring the reader’s personal experience as he performs – or acts out, #! as it were – the text for himself. In this sense, reading and writing are intertwined – are two sides of a single reality – in this quest for a sacred that comes forth, in Cioran’s thought, in this space of exception, outside of institutions. Taking as its starting point the exemplarity of Cioran’s oeuvre in these respects, this thesis proposes a reflection on literature as a mode of inscription of what remains of the sacred, as well as a manifestation and a means of a yearning or a quest for the sacred unhindered by institutional boundaries. It aims thereby to shed light on the type of knowledge peculiar to literature by taking into account the literary dramatization that takes place in the context of this search.

Au lendemain du concile de Trente, le Carême, quarante jours de pénitence et de méditation, devint le cycle liturgique le plus important pour l’Église catholique. On prêchait davantage à ce moment et on s’adressait aux fidèles pour les instruire, réprouver leurs mœurs et aborder de nombreuses controverses théologiques. À Séville, depuis 1586, la prédication de Carême envisageait un projet de réforme moral posant les bases d’un modèle de « société confessionnelle ». À partir de l’analyse de 117 sermons de Carême et d’une documentation hétérogène (visites pastorales, libros de despachos, correspondance, récits de missions, biographies de religieux, histoires ecclésiastiques…), nous étudions la façon dont la prédication de Carême a contribué au développement d’une spiritualité hétérodoxe, qui a mis à l’épreuve les objectifs fixés par la Contre-Réforme. / After the Council of Trent, Lent—forty days of penitence and meditation—became the most important liturgical cycle for the Catholic Church. The faithful began to receive more instruction, which intended to teach them, reprimand them for their mores, and address numerous theological controversies. Starting in 1586, Lent preaching in Seville attempted to enat a project of moral reform that would lay the foundations of a “confessional society model”. Here, an analysis of 117 Lent sermons and heterogeneous sources (e.g., pastoral visits, libros de despachos, correspondence, mission narratives, biographies of religious figures, church histories) addresses the ways in which Lent preaching contributed to the development of a heterodox spirituality that challenged the goals set by the Counter-Reformation

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This thesis investigates the emergence of Medina in the Ḥijāz as a widely-venerated holy city over the first three Islamic centuries (seventh to ninth centuries CE) within the appropriate historical context, with special attention paid to the town’s ḥaram. It focuses in particular upon the roles played by the Prophet Muḥammad, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs, and early Islamic legal scholars in this development. It shows that Medina’s emergence as a widely-venerated holy city alongside Mecca was a gradual and contested process, and one that was intimately linked with several important developments concerning legitimate political, religious, and legal authority in the Islamic world. The most important sources for this study have been Medina’s local histories, and Chapter One investigates the development of a tradition of local history-writing there. The Prophet Muḥammad first created a form of sacred space, a ḥaram, at Medina, and Chapter Two seeks to provide the context for this by investigating some forms of sacred and protected space found in the pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula. Chapter Three then examines a rare early document preserved in the later Islamic sources, which deals in part with Muḥammad’s creation of Medina’s ḥaram, the so-called “Constitution of Medina”, and investigates why and how Muḥammad created that particular form of sacred space at Medina. The remaining two chapters deal with the history of Muḥammad’s ḥaram at Medina after his death as its original raison d’être disappeared. Chapter Four analyses some aspects of Muslim legal scholars’ discussions concerning Medina’s ḥaram, and demonstrates that certain groups disputed its existence. Chapter Five then seeks to understand why caliphs and other scholars invested so heavily in actively promoting its widespread veneration and Medina’s status as a holy city. It concludes that caliphs from the late first/early eighth century patronised Medina to associate themselves with legitimate political authority inherited from Muḥammad, and that from the late second/eighth century certain legal scholars argued for the continued existence of Medina’s ḥaram because of its association with the Prophet and his Companions who had come to be for them the ultimate source of legal authority.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine psychological processes that can contribute to religiously motivated violence from a psychology of religion perspective in relation to the collective meaning-system of the Christian militant anti-abortion movement the Army of God. The study applied a single-case design and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 3 prominent figures within Army of God, as well as through 43 qualitative documents and 4 autobiographical books. The collected data was analyzed through a deductive approach, implementing the concept of sanctification, social identity theory, selective moral disengagement, and the Staircase to Terrorism model. The results show that the collective meaning-system of the Army of God can be understood as a form of religious fundamentalism that acts as a frame that binds the members together, and from which social categorization and group identification can induce acts of violence. The results also demonstrate that abortion is perceived as a grave injustice and destruction of something sacred, and how it leads to a moral outrage and aggression by constituting a threat towards one’s social identity. This threat moves the individuals towards a ‘black-and-white’ and ‘the ends justify the means’ mentality. The act of violence is further prompted by a perceived duty from God and facilitated by a dehumanization of the perceived enemy. The findings of the study address the need of primary empirical data in the psychological research of violent extremism. Furthermore, it brings further knowledge regarding religiously motivated violence and leaderless resistance by taking into account the search for significance and sacred values. In contrast to previous research the current study also demonstrates that a leader or a well-structured group is not necessarily a key factor when explaining religiously motivated violence from a social psychological perspective. This can contribute to the theoretical understanding regarding social identity and a collective meaning-making in relation to violent extremism and lone-wolf terrorism.

A study of the carol form immediately leads into the field of the hymn; each is a form of praise or worship. The hymn is as instinctive as life itself, and as universal as the air man breathes. Hymns to the sun god, to the many Babylonian deities, to the Great Spirit of the American Indian - these are found, along with others in all ancient literature.

The English musician William Boyce was known as an organist for the cathedral as well as the Chapel Royal, a composer of both secular and sacred music, a director of large choral festivals, and the editor of Cathedral Music, the finest eighteenth-century edition of English Church music. Among Boyce's compositions for the church are many examples of verse and solo anthems. Part II of this thesis consists of an edition of one verse and three solo anthems selected from British Museum manuscript Additional 40497, transcribed into modern notation, and provided with a realization for organ continuo. Material prefatory to the edition itself, including a biography, a history of the verse and solo anthem from the English Reformation to the middle of the eighteenth century, a discussion .of the characteristics of Boyce's verse and solo anthems, and editorial notes constitute Part I.