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A Segurança no Trabalho no Brasil é um tema que merece ser explorado. Todos os anos milhares de trabalhadores sofrem lesões durante a realização de suas atividades laborais. Diversos estudos demonstram a influência do ambiente sobre o comportamento das pessoas, sendo o Clima de Segurança um construto bastante explorado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral identificar fatores que explicam o comportamento dos trabalhadores em relação à segurança bem como analisar a relação existente entre esses fatores. Tendo em vista a importância do ambiente organizacional nas questões relacionadas à segurança do trabalho, foi escolhida uma empresa industrial brasileira de grande porte para a realização desta pesquisa. Foi realizada uma análise do contexto organizacional, bem como uma avaliação do comportamento dos trabalhadores em relação à segurança com base na Teoria da Ação Planejada. Com base no modelo proposto, também foi avaliada a relação entre a Supervisão direta dos operadores como fator que explica o comportamento desses em relação à segurança. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que o comportamento dos trabalhadores pode ser explicado com base na Teoria da Ação Planejada e que a Supervisão tem relação com o comportamento, mediada pelos construtos do modelo proposto. / Occupational Safety and Health issue in Brazil in a subject that matters. Every year thousands of workers get injuries along its working activities. Several researches demonstrate the environment influence over people behavior, being Safety Climate a well explored construct. This research brings as general objective identify the factors that explain the worker\'s behavior toward safety and also analyze the relationship among these factors. Considering the organizational environment relevance regarding safety issues, a large industrial Brazilian company was selected to contribute to this study. Its organizational context was evaluated, as well as the worker\'s behavior toward safety based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Based on the proposed model, it was also evaluated the relationship between worker\'s direct Supervision as a factor that explain their behaviors toward safety. The results demonstrated that the worker\'s behavior can be explained based on Theory of Planned Behavior and that Supervision set influence on worker\'s behavior, mediated by TPB constructs.

Na indústria da construção, as quedas de altura constituem-se em um dos tipos mais frequentes de acidentes graves. Alguns fatores contribuem para essas quedas, entre os quais se destacam a falta de qualificação dos trabalhadores, restrições de leiaute e a falta de barreiras de proteção contra quedas. Embora o uso de sistemas temporários de proteção periférica (SPP) seja uma medida importante para prevenir as quedas de altura em canteiros de obras, a literatura não apresenta um conjunto abrangente de requisitos para esses sistemas. As normas de segurança e saúde no trabalho na construção civil, tanto no Brasil como no exterior, apresentam vários requisitos aos quais os SPP devem atender. Contudo, a maioria destes requisitos são relacionados somente à resistência estrutural e à configuração geométrica, negligenciando a eficiência e flexibilidade dos mesmos, bem como não tratam dos processos de montagem e desmontagem. As limitações nos requisitos considerados em diversas fontes e a falta de métodos para verificar a conformidade dos SPP aos requisitos das normas (e outros requisitos relevantes) criam dificuldades para as partes interessadas, tais como órgãos governamentais de fiscalização, empresas construtoras, e os próprios operários encarregados pela execução dos SPP. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um conjunto de requisitos de desempenho para sistemas temporários de proteção periférica. Estes requisitos foram identificados a partir de várias fontes de evidencia, tais como regulamentos, observações diretas de operações de montagem e desmontagem dos SPP em obras, análise de projetos de SPP, e entrevistas com especialistas. Deste modo, foi identificado um conjunto de 33 requisitos: 15 relativos à segurança, 12 à eficiência e 6 à flexibilidade. Com base nos referidos requisitos, foram avaliados 9 tipos de SPP, em 26 canteiros de obra. Estes SPP foram agrupados em três categorias de acordo com os materiais constituintes: metálicos, madeira e mistos. As principais contribuições deste estudo referem-se ao desenvolvimento de um conjunto amplo de requisitos, à análise das relações entre estes requisitos, indicando se estes podem reforçar-se mutuamente ou estar em conflito, e a proposição de um protocolo que torna claro as premissas adotadas em cada etapa da avaliação. / In the construction industry falls from height are one of the most frequent types of serious accidents. There are a number of factors that contribute for such falls, such as the lack of training for workers, layout constraints, and the lack of fall protection barriers. Although the use of temporary edge protection systems (TEPS) is an important measure to prevent falls from height in construction sites, the literature does not present a comprehensive set of requirements for those systems. Safety and health standards in construction, both in Brazil and abroad, have several requirements to which the SPP should meet. However, most of those standards are limited to structural strength and geometric configuration requirements, neglecting efficiency and flexibility, as well as do not address the assembly and disassembly processes. The limitations of requirements considered in several sources, and the lack of methods to verify the conformance of TEPS to the requirements established in standards (and other relevant requirements) create difficulties for stakeholders, such as government supervisory bodies, construction companies, and the workforce involved in the installation of TEPS. The aim of this study is to propose a set of performance requirements for temporary edge protection systems. These requirements have been identified from various sources, such as standards, direct observation od assembly and disassembly operations, analysis of TEPS design, and interviews with specialists. Thus, a set of 33 requirements were identified: 15 related to safety, 12 to efficiency and 6 to flexibility. Based on those requirements 9 TEPS solutions were evaluated in 26 construction sites. Those solutions were divided into three categories according to the materials used: metal, wood and mixed. The main contributions of this investigation refers to the development of a broad set of requirements, the analysis of the relationships between those requirements, indicating that these can either reinforce each other or be in conflict, and the proposal of a protocol that makes it clear the assumptions made at each evaluation stage.

本文旨在瞭解新聞工作者所遭遇的職業災害種類，以及發生職災的成因，並探討媒體組織在事前是否提供良好的安全衛生環境，最後檢視現行的職災法制能否有效達到事前預防與事後補償的效果。 研究結果發現，近年來的媒體不景氣，組織人事精簡帶來的高工時和高勞動強度，導致原本就有許多外在採訪風險的新聞工作者，心理壓力更是影響健康的一環。透過資料收集與訪談顯示，記者常見的外在職災包含「蓄意襲擊」、「意外傷害」、「通勤災害」、「天災」、「腕穴道症候群」及「椎間盤突出、脊椎側彎等攝影記者常見職災」等六種；而內在健康的損害包含「過勞（死）」、「精神官能症」、「類PTSD症候群」及「腫瘤、癌症」等四類。 而媒體組織大多缺乏事前預防的機制，包括外勤採訪時的安全裝備，或是事前安全訓練等均無，導致新聞工作者普遍缺乏安全意識，卻又在搶快、搶畫面的前提下，以肉身抵擋各種意外，造成各種嚴重的職災；而法規方面，事前安全衛生法規偏重工業環境安全，不適用於記者的工作環境，而發生職災後，則有法律上認定的困難，包括過勞死與精神官能症的判定基準都過於嚴苛，造成新聞工作者對於法律提供的金錢補償往往是「看得到、吃不到」。 然而綜觀上述，可以發現新聞工作者容易發生職災的最根源，來自於媒體結構性的改變，近年來因著不景氣裁員，記者的工作量一人當三人用；同時間各種置入性行銷、拉廣告業務等違反新聞倫理的生態，更容易讓新聞工作者身心俱疲。媒體主管若不改善新聞工作者的勞動條件，便難以避免內在和外在各種職業災害的發生。 / The study aims to investigate different types of occupational accidents encountered by journalists, and to explore whether or not media organizations provide a safe and healthy work environment for their employees, and to finally review the current legal system that regulates the workers’ compensation in the labor force of media and journalism. Recently, the global economic recession has highly increased the unemployment rates in Taiwan. As a result, the labor condition of journalists has been negatively influenced. Apart from external risks caused at work, mental pressure has greater affected their overall health. According to the interviews of 19 journalists and 5 related personnel, the 6 most occurred occupational accidents encountered by journalists are: “deliberately attack”, “unexpected accident”, “commuter accident”, “natural disaster”, “carpal tunnel syndrome”, and “intervertebral disk herniation and scoliosis”, and “other common occupational accidents for photographers”. As well, there are 4 other types of internal occupational accidents: “karoshi”, “psychoneurosis”, “post-traumatic stress disorder”, and “tumors and cancer”. In addition, the occupational accidents preventing system for this particular career is not completely developed, thus, only few journalists own safety awareness. In terms of the related regulations, workers’ compensation in Taiwan is mainly made for the blue collars, which is not yet suitable for journalists. Unfortunately, the standard criteria for “karoshi” and “psychoneurosis” are so rigorous that almost no one could receive the subsidies after accidents. Draw a conclusion of “occupational accidents encountered by journalists”, journalists in Taiwan carry heavy workloads and being demanded to work overtime due to mass layoffs in the industry. It is still difficult to avoid both external and internal occupational accidents if the chiefs of the media organizations do not make necessary changes to ameliorate the structure. Above all, the inadequate labor condition of the media workers should be first improved, so that many occupational accidents can be prevented as the result.

Η παρούσα διατριβή πολυπαραμετρικής ανάλυσης και αξιολόγησης των ενεργειών προαγωγής της υγείας και της ασφάλειας στις επιχειρήσεις ολοκληρώνεται με τη δόμηση ενός ολιστικού προτύπου διαχείρισης ποιότητας της εργασιακής ζωής. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται επισκόπηση του πεδίου της υγιεινής και ασφάλειας (επιστημονικές μελέτες, νομοθετικό πλαίσιο, δράσεις κοινωνικών φορέων). Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο προσδιορίζεται το πεδίο έρευνας της διατριβής. Η προαγωγή της υγείας και της ασφάλειας αποτελεί σήμερα την αιχμή των ενεργειών πρόληψης των κινδύνων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο καταγράφονται οι τεχνικές πραγματοποίησης και αναλύονται τα δεδομένα της εμπειρικής έρευνας (εξετάσεις, συμπεριφορά, οργάνωση, κοινωνικά προγράμματα, ασφάλεια και φυσικό περιβάλλον). Τέλος στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο στοιχειοθετείται η τελική πρόταση που περιλαμβάνει τα κεντρικά αποτελέσματα της έρευνας. Δομείται ένα ολιστικό πρότυπο το οποίο απαντά στις απαιτήσεις συνολικότητας στην ποιοτική διαχείριση των επαγγελματικών κινδύνων. / The present thesis lies in the field of working health and safety promotion (WHSP) which is the enabler of all activities aiming at the prevention of occupational hazards.After an extended review of the related literature, legislation and social actions (Chapter 1), we concentrate on the role of WHSP and we develop a framework to be used in its study (Chapter 2). The 3rd chapter discusses the results of an empirical research conducted on the basis of the aforementioned framework that extends over the areas of health screening, health behaviour promotion, organizational change, social welfare and the physical environment. Finally, in the 4th Chapter, based on the results of our research and through a multi-factor analysis we arrive at a set of propositions which are integrated into an holistic model. The model can be used to provide guidelines in response to the requirements concerning occupational hazards within the framework of total quality management.

Les relations de travail et d'emploi sont devenues des enjeux importants en Chine. La Chine a ratifié 25 conventions internationales du travail et a travaillé en étroite collaboration avec l'OIT pour améliorer la sécurité et la santé au travail. Malgré ces efforts, la Chine est souvent critiquée pour des violations du travail. Face à ces problèmes, un système législatif d'administration de travail a été développé au niveau national. Mais l’application de ces règlements demeure problématique.. En particulier, les difficultés rencontrées par les inspecteurs du travail dans l'application de ces lois constituent un élément clé du problème. Notre mémoire s'intéresse essentiellement au rôle de l'inspecteur du travail dans l'administration publique de la sécurité du travail en Chine. Ces fonctionnaires jouent un rôle important et peuvent parfois exercer leur discrétion en tant qu'acteurs de première ligne, faisant d'eux de vrais décideurs politiques. Par conséquent, la compréhension de leur rôle et de leur discrétion dans l'application des normes du travail en Chine est cruciale. Notre mémoire est centré sur une étude de cas qualitative d'un bureau d'inspection du travail dans la région de Beijing. Dans le cadre de notre recherche nous avons examiné le rôle des inspecteurs du travail au moyen d’entretiens semi-structurés, d’une recherche documentaire ainsi qu’à l’occasion d’une brève observation des inspecteurs sur lors de la visite d’un lieu de travail. Les résultats démontrent que la définition du pouvoir discrétionnaire des inspecteurs du travail de première ligne en Chine est un enjeu très complexe. L’étude de cas permet cependant d’élaborer un cadre permettant l’identification des facteurs critiques déterminants pour l'évaluation et la compréhension de la nature du pouvoir discrétionnaire de l'inspecteur du travail en application de la loi. / Labour and employment relations have become important issues in China. China has ratified 25 international labour conventions and has worked closely with the ILO to improve occupational safety and health. Despite these efforts, China is often criticized for labour violations. China has in response built a relatively complete legal and regulatory picture of labour regulations nationwide. The problem facing China today is enforcing these laws and regulations. A key part of this problem is the critical question of examining the challenges faced by labour inspectors in implementing these laws. This research project focuses on the role of labour inspection in the public administration of work safety in China. These public servants play an important role and may at times exercise their own discretion as street-level actors, making them the real policy decision makers. Consequently, understanding their role and discretion in the application of labour standards in China is crucial. This research is a qualitative case study of one labour inspection office in the Beijing area and examines the role of labour inspectors through semi-structured interviews, documents, and a brief observation of labour inspectors on-the-job. The results indicate that defining the discretionary power of street-level labour inspectors in China is a very complex task, but a framework is developed through this case study to identify critical issues important to evaluating and understanding the nature of street-level labour inspector discretion in enforcement.

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Die Reduzierung der Unfallzahlen und berufsbedingten Erkrankungen, die Stärkung des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes genießen in Sachsen einen hohen Stellenwert, da sichere und gesundheitsgerechte Arbeitsbedingungen in den Schulen auch zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Freistaates beitragen. Um diesen Anspruch in den sächsischen Schulen dauerhaft zu sichern, entwickelt die Professur Arbeitswissenschaft und Innovationsmanagement der Technischen Universität Chemnitz das Arbeitsschutzmanagementsystem Schule »AManSys«. Einen wichtigen Teil der Systementwicklung bildet dabei das Handbuch zum »AManSys«, eine Handlungsanleitung und zukünftig digitales Hilfsmittel für den Schulleiter, um die Durchführung und Dokumentation der Prozesse in der Organisation im Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz regelkonform zu managen und damit seiner Unternehmerverantwortung gerecht zu werden.

Despite the facts that vehicle incidents continue to be the most common mechanism for Australian compensated fatalities and that employers have statutory obligations to provide safe workplaces, very few organisations are proactively and comprehensively managing their work-related road risks. Unfortunately, limited guidance is provided in the existing literature to assist practitioners in managing work-related road risks. The current research addresses this gap in the literature. To explore how work-related road safety can be enhanced, three studies were conducted. Study one explored the effectiveness of a range of risk management initiatives and whether comprehensive risk management practices were associated with safety outcomes. Study two explored barriers to, and facilitators for, accepting risk management initiatives. Study three explored the influence of organisational factors on road safety outcomes to identify optimal work environments for managing road risks. To maximise the research sample and increase generalisability, the studies were designed to allow data collection to be conducted simultaneously drawing upon the same sample obtained from four Australian organisations. Data was collected via four methods. A structured document review of published articles was conducted to identify what outcomes have been observed in previously investigated work-related road safety initiatives. The documents reviewed collectively assessed the effectiveness of 19 work-related road safety initiatives. Audits of organisational practices and process operating within the four researched organisations were conducted to identify whether organisations with comprehensive work-related road risk management practices and processes have better safety outcomes than organisations with limited risk management practices and processes. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 24 participants, comprising 16 employees and eight managers. The interviews were conducted to identify what barriers and facilitators within organisations are involved in implementing work-related road safety initiatives and whether differences in fleet safety climate, stage of change and safety ownership relate to work-related road safety outcomes. Finally, questionnaires were administered to a sample of 679 participants. The questionnaires were conducted to identify which initiatives are perceived by employees to be effective in managing work-related road risks and whether differences in fleet safety climate, stage of change and safety ownership relate to work-related road safety outcomes. Seven research questions were addressed in the current research project. The key findings with respect to each of the research questions are presented below. Research question one: What outcomes have been observed in previously investigated work-related road safety initiatives? The structured document review indicated that initiatives found to be positively associated with occupational road safety both during and after the intervention period included: a pay rise; driver training; group discussions; enlisting employees as community road safety change agents; safety reminders; and group and individual rewards. Research question two: Which initiatives are perceived by employees to be effective in managing work-related road risks? Questionnaire findings revealed that employees believed occupational road risks could best be managed through making vehicle safety features standard, providing practical driver skills training and through investigating serious vehicle incidents. In comparison, employees believed initiatives including signing a promise card commitment to drive safely, advertising the organisation’s phone number on vehicles and consideration of driving competency in staff selection process would have limited effectiveness in managing occupational road safety. Research question three: Do organisations with comprehensive work-related road risk management practices and processes have better safety outcomes than organisations with limited risk management practices and processes? The audit identified a difference among the organisations in their management of work-related road risks. Comprehensive risk management practices were associated with employees engaging in overall safer driving behaviours, committing less driving errors, and experiencing less fatigue and distraction issues when driving. Given that only four organisations participated in this research, these findings should only be considered as preliminary. Further research should be conducted to explore the relationship between comprehensiveness of risk management practices and road safety outcomes with a larger sample of organisations. Research question four: What barriers and facilitators within organisations are involved in implementing work-related road safety initiatives? The interviews identified that employees perceived six organisational characteristics as potential barriers to implementing work-related road safety initiatives. These included: prioritisation of production over safety; complacency towards work-related road risks; insufficient resources; diversity; limited employee input in safety decisions; and a perception that road safety initiatives were an unnecessary burden. In comparison, employees perceived three organisational characteristics as potential facilitators to implementing work-related road safety initiatives. These included: management commitment; the presence of existing systems that could support the implementation of initiatives; and supportive relationships. Research question five: Do differences in fleet safety climate relate to work-related road safety outcomes? The interviews and questionnaires identified that organisational climates with high management commitment, support for managing work demands, appropriate safety rules and safety communication were associated with employees who engaged in safer driving behaviours. Regression analyses indicated that as participants’ perceptions of safety climate increased, the corresponding likelihood of them engaging in safer driving behaviours increased. Fleet safety climate was perceived to influence road safety outcomes through several avenues. Some of these included: the allocation of sufficient resources to manage occupational road risks; fostering a supportive environment of mutual responsibility; resolving safety issues openly and fairly; clearly communicating to employees that safety is the top priority; and developing appropriate work-related road safety policies and procedures. Research question six: Do differences in stage of change relate to work-related road safety outcomes? The interviews and questionnaires identified that participants’ perceptions of initiative effectiveness were found to vary with respect to their individual stage of readiness, with stage-matched initiatives being perceived most effective. In regards to safety outcomes, regression analyses identified that as participants’ progress through the stages of change, the corresponding likelihood of them being involved in vehicle crashes decreases. Research question seven: Do differences in safety ownership relate to work-related road safety outcomes? The interviews and questionnaires revealed that management of road risks is often given less attention than other areas of health and safety management in organisations. In regards to safety outcomes, regression analyses identified that perceived authority and perceived shared ownership both emerged as significant independent predictors of self-reported driving behaviours pertaining to fatigue and distractions. The regression models indicated that as participants’ perceptions of the authority of the person managing road risks increases, and perceptions of shared ownership of safety tasks increases, the corresponding likelihood of them engaging in driving while fatigued or multitasking while driving decreases. Based on the findings from the current research, the author makes several recommendations to assist practitioners in developing proactive and comprehensive approaches to managing occupational road risks. The author also suggests several avenues for future research in the area of work-related road safety.