Cover title: Draft technical appendix. / Phoenix Urban Study: Final Report / The work upon which this publication is based was supported by funds provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, as authorized by resolution of the Senate Public Works Committee on July 31, 1973. This report was prepared as a contribution to the Phoenix Urban Study under auspices of the U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Grundlagen für ein mögliches technisches Verfahren zur Aromatennitrierung mit Salzhydratschmelzen (M(NO3)3 · n H2O, M = Fe, Cr, Bi, In, Al; n = 4 - 9) zu untersuchen. Es sollte geklärt werden, ob Toluol quantitativ zu Dinitrotoluol bzw. Benzol zu Nitrobenzol umgesetzt werden kann. In Screening-Versuchen wurden geeignete, nitrierend wirkende Salzhydrate ermittelt, sowie Wege untersucht, die Reaktivität der eingesetzten Salzhydratschmelzen durch Variation von Wasser- bzw. Säuregehalt, Durchmischung, verschiedenen Schmelzenzusätzen bzw. Reaktionstemperatur zu steigern. Das entstehende Verhältnis der Isomeren der Mono- und Dinitrierung wurde hinsichtlich einer möglichen Beeinflussung untersucht. Das Spektrum an Nebenprodukten wurde bestimmt, sowie Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, diese zu vermeiden. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Gegensatz zum etablierten Mischsäureverfahren beim Einsatz von Salzhydratschmelzen keine kresolischen Nebenprodukte gebildet werden. Weiterhin wurden Möglichkeiten zur Präparation wasserarmer Salzhydratschmelzen durch thermische Entwässerung bzw. Reaktion mit flüssigem N2O4 untersucht, die Löslichkeit der isomeren Zwischen- und Endprodukte in der Salzhydratschmelze bestimmt sowie das thermische Verhalten von Dinitrotoluol in Gegenwart der Salze betrachtet.

Dryland salinity is a major and expanding threat to agricultural land in Australia. Animal production from forages grown on saline land is perhaps its most promising economic use. Glycophytic forage legumes have been evaluated under saline conditions mainly for agronomic characteristics and, to a lesser extent, for nutritive quality to animals. Plant growth and its nutritive quality are interrelated, but a decline in yield in response to salinity may be associated with effects on the chemical constituents of the plant since soil salinity affects plant metabolism. This research aimed to investigate changes in the components of yield and nutritive value of two legumes species. Lucerne ( Medicago sativa ) and Melilotus ( Melilotus albus ) were exposed to different levels of NaCl in the range of 0 to 110 mM NaCl. The research tested the hypothesis that the components of plant nutritive value are not as sensitive to salinity as shoot biomass production since the adaptive mechanisms of the plant lessen harmful effects of the salts. For both plant species, salinity decreased leaf and stem dry matter production, but increased leaf - to - stem ratio. In addition, salinity resulted in earlier flowering in Melilotus. Mineral composition was the most sensitive component of forage quality. Calculated sodium chloride concentrations were up to 125 g / kg DM in lucerne and 39 g / kg DM in Melilotus when irrigated with 110 mM NaCl. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium decreased in both species and approached the marginal range for animal production. Zinc concentration also decreased while potassium decreased in stems of lucerne only. The digestible organic matter ( DOMD ) in response to salinity varied between species. At the highest salt concentration, the whole shoot ( i.e., leaf and stem ) of lucerne decreased up to 4 percentage units while Melilotus increased by 6 percentage units. In lucerne, DOMD was influenced by a high concentration of soluble ash in leaf and stem and, in Melilotus, by an increase in the organic matter content of leaf and a reduction in lignin concentration in stem, which favoured higher digestibility. These results were supported by a histological study in which an increase in starch in Melilotus leaf, and a lower proportion of xylem in relation to parenchyma in stems, was measured. Crude protein concentration was not compromised and, in relation to Melilotus, coumarin concentration did not increase with salinity. In conclusion, the reduction in DM production of species with similar salt tolerance does not necessarily correspond to an equivalent reduction in nutritive value. This research represents the most detailed study into effects of salinity on glycophytic forage legumes. Results show that while some aspects of forage quality ( e.g., minerals composition and energy ) are strongly influenced by salinity, other aspects ( e.g., protein ) remain relatively unaffected. These findings have implications for development of productive grazing systems on saline agricultural land. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2006.

[Truncated abstract. Formulae and special characters in this field can only be approximated. See PDF version for accurate reproduction.] Solar salt producers use solar energy to evaporate seawater as it flows through a series of ponds. The Shark Bay Salt solar ponds, at Useless Inlet in Western Australia, vary in salinity from that of seawater to four times seawater, over the pond sequence. Water column photosynthesis and biomass decreased markedly with increasing salinity along the pond sequence, while benthic productivity increased as cyanobacterial mats developed. Correspondingly, net productivity shifted from autotrophy to heterotrophy in the water column and from heterotrophy to autotrophy in the benthos. Both shifts occurred at intermediate salinity in the pond sequence, where there was low production in both the water column and benthos. Within individual ponds, productivity, algal biomass and physico-chemical conditions were relatively constant over the year of study. Transitions between benthic and planktonic production along the pond sequence were driven mostly by direct responses to salinity stress, as well as the formation of a gypsum crust on the pond floors at higher salinity (>120 g kg-1). This transition is similar to that which occurs in saline lakes undergoing anthropogenic salinisation and identifies critical salinities for the restoration of these lakes.

[Truncated abstract] This study focussed on how isolation and environmental heterogeneity in salt lakes has influenced intraspecific variation in the calanoid copepod Calamoecia clitellata. Calamoecia clitellata relies on passive vectors for dispersal, and this, coupled with the insular nature of salt lakes, may promote genetic divergence at a molecular level. When contrasting environments are involved, genetic divergence may also occur at the life history level, possibly due to local adaptation. I examined the distribution of genetic variation among 14 populations in Western Australia using molecular genetic markers, and examined variation in life history traits among contrasting environments. To ascertain how isolation had influenced molecular genetic variation, I determined population genetic structure and used a phylogeographic approach to infer the impact of historical events. Environmentally induced variation was also evident in the field, with a switch from subitaneous egg production to resting egg production coinciding with changing environmental conditions. It is proposed that plasticity in life history traits has evolved in response to temporal environmental heterogeneity … It can be concluded that isolation in salt lakes in Western Australia has influenced molecular and phenotypic variation in C. clitellata in contrasting ways. At the molecular level, contemporary and historical isolation have promoted genetic divergence of populations, yet when coupled with environmental heterogeneity, marked phenotype plasticity has arisen. This study raises questions as to whether phenotype plasticity is a widespread phenomena in zooplankton found in temporary saline waters and an adaptive strategy to tolerate marked temporal environmental heterogeneity

Since 1990, many countries world-wide implemented salt iodisation programs in an effort to<p>tackle iodine deficiency. It was however only during the last few years that an effort was<p>undertaken in order to eliminate iodine deficiency as a public health problem in Belgium. In autumn 1998, a nation-wide study among children clearly showed mild iodine deficiency in<p>Belgium, but no action was taken before 2009. It was only in the framework of the first<p>National Nutrition and Health Plan 2005-2010 that iodine deficiency was formally recognized<p>as a public health problem. An agreement between the Ministry of Health and the bakery<p>sector in April 2009 aimed to encourage and increase the use of iodised salt in the<p>production of bread. A selective and progressive approach was used in order to keep control<p>and to avoid a too rapid increase of iodine intake or an excessive iodine intake among the<p>population. It was calculated that the net yearly savings after installation of such a program<p>amount to at least 14 million Euros a year.<p>A recent national survey among school-aged children in autumn 2010 showed a clear and<p>significant improvement in iodine status compared to more than 10 years ago, suggesting<p>iodine sufficiency among school-aged children. The median urinary iodine concentration was<p>however at the lower end of the optimal range and seasonal effects were not taken into<p>account. The improvement was at least partly linked to the increasing use of iodised salt in<p>the bakery industry. However, some further silent iodine prophylaxis might also have<p>occurred, due to changing dietary habits (milk and fish consumption). Pregnant women and<p>women of child-bearing age in Belgium were found to still suffer from mild iodine deficiency<p>according to the current recommendations. This is at least partly linked to their lower<p>consumption of milk and dairy drinks compared to children and due to the higher iodine<p>requirements during pregnancy. Although the use of iodine-containing supplements among<p>pregnant women was found to be quite high in Belgium compared to other European<p>countries, because of the low iodine status among women of child-bearing age, women<p>became pregnant with a suboptimal iodine status.<p>In view of these findings, a further increase in the use of iodised instead of non-iodised<p>household salt and iodised salt by the bakers is recommended. In addition, one should put<p>efforts in increasing awareness among the public and among health professionals with<p>regard to iodine-rich food sources and with regard to the use of iodine-containing<p>supplements starting before conception and continuing during lactation.<p>In order to further improve iodine status in Belgium and sustain an optimal iodine status<p>over time, a legal framework is necessary. Mandatory fortification of all household salt and<p>bread is recommended, while non-iodised alternatives could still be offered upon specific<p>request. A rigorous monitoring program is indispensable, including vulnerable groups such as<p>pregnant and lactating women and infants. In addition, sustainability is a key issue as iodine<p>deficiency re-emerged in several industrial countries due to lack of interest, regulations and<p>monitoring. Political willing, salt reduction measures, changes in dietary habits among the<p>population and changes in industrial practices all may affect iodine status in Belgium in the<p>future. Therefore the strategy of controlling iodine deficiency needs to be directed and<p>monitored by a Belgian Scientific Committee for the Control of iodine deficiency disorders. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

SILVA, Moisés Batista. A terminologia do sal no RN: uma abordagem socioterminológica. 2007. 211 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-23T15:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_DIS_MBSILVA.pdf: 7248969 bytes, checksum: 5379ba7abeb4968eea744ab37bc1299f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-09-25T23:54:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_DIS_MBSILVA.pdf: 7248969 bytes, checksum: 5379ba7abeb4968eea744ab37bc1299f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-25T23:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_DIS_MBSILVA.pdf: 7248969 bytes, checksum: 5379ba7abeb4968eea744ab37bc1299f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The research hereafter presents a study on words used by individuals that work with activities related to salt industry and has the proposal of elaborating a glossary on the terms in that domain. The investigation has been developed in locations such as Mossoró, Areia Branca and Grossos, cities that make part of Rio Grande do Norte salty region. Our work aims at studying industry terms and salty culture, in written and oral modality, considering the possibility of terminological variation. The work consists, primarily, of a salty industry historical institutional investigation as well as of the entire production process. In this work, different lexical sciences are introduced and their respective theoretical approaches, but the main emphasis is put on Socioterminology theory and its methodological guidelines, considering its importance for this research. After that, the methodological procedures for the socioterminological research are exposed and distributed in two phases: field research and glossary organizational methodology. In sequence, the Glossary of Salty Terminology (GLOSSAL) is presented, composed of 325 terms alphabetically organized, with a systematical remissive index, distributed in four conceptual fields: manufacturing, beneficiatement, trading, utilization and consumption. This corpus investigation is justified by the absence of written works organized and systemized in the salty technological area in the specified cities. This work also contributes to provide the divulgation of a terminographical product destined, not only to specialists in the area and to Lexical Science researchers, but to the public interested in improving their knowledge in salty terminology / O presente trabalho traz um levantamento dos termos usados por indivíduos que desenvolvem atividades relacionadas à Indústria do sal e tem como proposta a elaboração de um glossário dos termos desse domínio. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida nas localidades de Mossoró, Areia Branca e Grossos, municípios que fazem parte da região salineira do Rio Grande do Norte. Portanto, o nosso objeto de estudo são os termos da indústria e da cultura do sal, tanto na modalidade escrita, como também na modalidade oral, levando em consideração a possibilidade da variação terminológica. O trabalho consta, primeiramente, do levantamento histórico e institucional da indústria do Sal, bem como de todo o processo de sua produção. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as diferentes ciências do Léxico e seus respectivos enfoques teóricos, mas a ênfase maior é dada nas orientações teórico-metodológicas da Socioterminologia, pois esta é a abordagem adotada por nós neste trabalho. Depois, são expostos os procedimentos metodológicos para a realização da pesquisa socioterminológica, procedimentos estes distribuídos em duas etapas que são a metodologia da pesquisa de campo e a metodologia da organização do glossário. Logo em seguida, vem o Glossário da Terminologia do Sal (o GLOSSAL), composto de 325 termos organizados alfabeticamente, com um índice remissivo sistemático, distribuído em quatro campos conceituais, a saber: fabricação, beneficiamento, comercialização e utilização e consumo. O levantamento desse corpus se justifica, pelo que conhecemos, principalmente, pela ausência de trabalhos escritos de organização e sistematização de glossários técnico-especializados sobre a área em foco, nos municípios pesquisados. Além disso, esta obra se justifica também por possibilitar a divulgação de um produto terminográfico destinado, não só aos especialistas da área em questão e aos das Ciências do Léxico e pesquisadores afins, como também ao grande público e aos interessados em aprofundar seus estudos na terminologia do sal

Exploité depuis toujours, le sel a connu, au temps de la Gabelle notamment, des heures de gloire certaines, faisant de lui un métal blanc précieux, recherché et coûteux. Cependant, de nos jours, il est considéré comme un minéral essentiel, certes, mais aussi dangereux pour la santé si surconsommé. Ainsi, les paludiers d'aujourd’hui doivent mettre en avant le caractère authentique de leur produit et leur savoir-faire ancestral, symboles de qualité dans l'esprit des contemporains, pour réussir à maintenir leur activité et leur part de marché. L'objectif de cette étude était ainsi de définir des pistes qui garantiraient aux paludiers la protection de leur travail, par exemple dans le cadre d'une démarche d'appellation d'origine contrôlée ou protégée. Pour ce faire, un partenariat avec des sauniers de la Côte Atlantique Française (Ile de Ré, Ile de Noirmoutier, presqu'Ile de Guérande, salines de Saint-Armel) a permis de collecter divers échantillons (eaux des marais, sels). Dans un premier temps, une recherche de microorganismes et une étude sur les traces d'ADNr-16S présent sur les cristaux de sel, ont permis de caractériser une partie du microbiote halophile se développent au niveau des bassins de production du sel de mer, alors que leur teneur en sel peut aller jusqu'à 25 %. Dans un second temps, une recherche de composés volatils a été conduite afin de déterminer si l'environnement pouvait influencer l'empreinte olfactive des eaux des marais et du sel lors de sa formation et / ou de sa récolte. Un protocole d'extraction et d'analyses a été développé et a permis la mise en évidence d'un profil en composés volatils propre à chaque bassin. Parmi les composés volatils détectés, de nombreux norisoprénoïdes, provenant probablement de la dégradation de caroténoïdes produits par les microorganismes halophiles, ont ainsi été identifiés : pour le « bassin » Ile de Ré, 21 composés volatils ont été identifiés dont 8 composés dérivés des caroténoïdes (CDC) ; pour le « bassin » de Noirmoutier, 13 composés dont 7 CDC ; pour le « bassin » de Saint-Armel, 54 composés dont 25 CDC ; pour le « bassin » Guérandais, 19 composés dont 10 CDC.D'une façon générale, les résultats obtenus aussi bien d'un point de vue microbiologique que chimique, ont révélé une forte corrélation entre les marais salants et le sel qu'ils produisent : les microorganismes spécifiques d'un environnement laissent des empreintes sur les eaux et le sel, ce qui permettrait notamment aux paludiers de caractériser leur produit en vue d'une protection basée sur de véritables marqueurs propres à chaque marais (pour des origines distantes de quelques kilomètres, des différences sont déjà notables entre salines tant au niveau « odeur » qu'au niveau microbiote). / Salt has always been exploited in living memory. It has known its heyday at several occasions throughout history, particularly during the period of the French Gabelle, and therefore came to be seen as a precious white metal both sought after and expensive. Yet, nowadays, although it has been considered as an essential mineral, it has also turned up to be unhealthy when taken in excessive amounts. Consequently, salt workers of our day and age have to highlight the genuine nature of their product as well as their ancestral skills, for they both stand out as tokens of quality for our contemporaries. Meeting the expectations of the consumer is the only way for them to keep up with their work and maintain their share on the market. Thus, this study aimed to define ways for salt workers to have their work preserved, for instance throughout a Protected Designation of Origin. Therefore, a partnership with Atlantic French salt workers (from Ré Island, Noirmoutier, Guérande and Saint-Armel) has been established, allowing us to collect samples of salt marsh water and salts.First, an overview of microorganism population and 16S-rDNA in each water or salt sample permitted to define what kinds of microorganism populations were to be found in salt marshes. Secondly, a search for volatile components was led so as to determine whether the environment might affect the olfactory footprint of salt marshes and of salt itself during its formation and its harvest. A process of extraction and analysis has been developed, shedding light on a link between the origin and the olfactory footprint of salt. As an example, the halophilous microorganisms which are extremely rich in carotenoid (hence the red-orange colour of some marshes) are partly responsible for the presence of norisoprenoids in the volatile components which have been identified: 21 compounds were identified in Ré Island (including 8 norisoprenoids), 13 in Noirmoutier (including 7 norisoprenoids), 54 in Saint-Armel (including 25 norisoprenoids),19 in Guérande (including 10 norisoprenoids).For each area, DNA traces and volatile profiles were identified. Therefore, a strong link can be established between salt marshes and the salt they produce. It appears that the differences between salt flats regarding either their smell or their microbiota is always noteworthy, even when marshes are only a few miles apart. Thus, the specific pool of the identified microorganisms which leave prints on the salt would allow saltworkers to define their product so as to ensure a form of protection based on specific markers which are proper to each marsh.

Bakgrund. Stor del av barns spontana kommunikation sker i form av berättande och genom att undersöka mikro- och makrostrukturer i återberättande kan olika aspekter av den språkliga förmågan kartläggas. Barn med svag textförståelse uppvisar svårigheter i många språkliga områden och en god kartläggning kan både ligga till grund för identifiering av de individer som behöver stöd samt vara vägledande i interventionsplanering. Syfte. I första delen av studien var syftet att undersöka mikro- och makrostrukturella skillnader i narrativt återberättande mellan elever med svag textförståelse och elever med god textförståelse. Syftet i andra delen av studien var att undersöka det narrativa återberättandet hos elever identifierade med svag narrativ kvalitet. Metod. I studiens första del analyserades återberättande från elever i åk 2 kvantitativt på mikro- och makrostrukturell nivå utifrån SALT, NSS och Informationsled. I studiens andra del utfördes en kvalitativ analys av elevernas återberättande utifrån samma mått. Resultat. Ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna kunde påvisas i studiens första del. Eleverna med svag textförståelse tenderade att ha en högre språklig produktivitet i sitt återberättande medan eleverna med god textförståelse tenderade att ha ett mer komplext återberättande. I studiens andra del var eleverna benägna att sammanfatta berättelsen och exkludera delar. Slutsatser. Elever med språkliga svårigheter är inte en homogen grupp. Interventionsinsatser måste således anpassas efter varje elevs behov. Resultaten från denna studie kan dock tyda på att även små interventionsinsatser i grupp skulle kunna utjämna eventuella skillnader i narrativt återberättande mellan elever med svag textförståelse och elever med god textförståelse. / Background. Much of children’s spontaneous communication is in the form of storytelling. By examining micro- and macrostructures in retelling, different aspects of linguistic ability can be mapped. Children with poor text comprehension show weakness in many linguistic areas and an appropriate analysis can serve as a basis for identifying individuals who need support, as well as guidance for intervention. Aim. The first part of this study investigates micro- and macrostructural differences in narrative retelling between students with and without poor text comprehension. The second part investigates narrative retelling by students identified with poor narrative quality. Methods. In the first part of the study, retellings from second grade students were analyzed at micro- and macrostructural levels. In the second part, a qualitative analysis of the retellings based on these levels was performed. Results. In part 1, no significant differences between the groups were observed. However, students with poor text comprehension tended to have a higher linguistic productivity in their retellings and students with good text comprehension had more complex structures. Part 2, it was found that the students with poor narrative quality tended to summarize the story and exclude parts. Conclusions. Students with language difficulties are not a homogeneous group. Hence, an intervention needs to be adapted to the needs of the student. Further, the results indicate that a short intervention has the potential to equalize possible differences in narrative retelling between students with and without poor text comprehension. / Tidig intensivsatsning i avkodning och läsförståelse

This thesis deals with the liquid aprotic electrolytes with solvent on the basis of sulfolane blends with other solvent, in combination with the sodium and lithium salts. In these electrolytes are evaluated their properties due to their use in lithium - ion batteries in terms of safety and electrical properties. For safety risk is measured flashpoint and for electrical properties is measured electrical conductivity for selected samples are intended capacities of double layers.