Det finns mycket publicerat om implementation och integration av IT-system generellt. Detta gäller även för Business intelligence (BI) system när det gäller den övergripande implementationen. Dock saknas forskning med större fokus på anpassning och alignment arbetet för att dessa system ska kunna brukas till full potential. Detta arbete syftar till att öka kunskaper gällande alignment och utmaningar som kommer med utveckling av BI lösningar för konsulter inom området. Detta görs genom en litteraturgenomgång som kompletteras med intervjuer av yrkesverksamma personer inom BI-utveckling, den insamlade empirin analyseras och tolkades för att identifiera och förstå utmaningarna.   Arbetet fokuserar endast på alignment delen av implementationsarbetet och är fokuserat på de IT relaterade faktorerna. Arbetet genomförs via ett konsultperspektiv, inte utifrån en specifik verksamhet.   Det som framkommit är vikten av kommunikation mellan konsult och kund för att på olika sätt motverka utmaningarna och bidra till ett effektivt arbetssätt som är mer optimalt. Detta genom att kommunikationen bidrar till ökad förståelse för kundernas verksamhet och hjälper konsulterna förstå och därmed hantera utmaningarna bättre. Kommunikationen bidrar även till att flera delar av processen fungerar effektivare och genererar bättre möjligheter för konsulterna att göra ett bra jobb genom att till exempel bidra till en bättre kravspecifikation och arbetsstruktur.

VR gaming is an emerging market with relatively new technology when compared to PC and console gaming. Streamed VR gaming is when the VR game is being streamed from another device to the VR headset. This experiment will show how the VR hardware and software performs under network constraints such as RTT and packet loss for streamed VR gaming specifically. User QoE (quality of experience) will be gathered and compiled into MOS (mean opinion score) for later use in graphs to determine negative trends. All collected data will also be sent to the Infovista technical team so they can make theoretical models on how user QoE is affected by network conditions. This thesis will show how the QoS (quality of service) factors, such as latency and packet loss, impact the users overall QoE and the VR headsets FPS. Before the subjective experiment could begin a testbed was chosen and setup, a VR game was decided on, and a streaming service was tested on. During the experiment the game Serious Sam VR: The Last Hope was played and NVIDIA’s CloudXR streaming service was used. The testbed setup consisted of two PCs, one router, one access point, a tablet used for user reviews, and a VR headset with two handheld controllers. The software program ALTRUIST was used for managing the user data and applying the desired network conditions such as latency. Each user experiment tested 28 different network conditions with varying values of RTT (round trip time), Packet loss, RTT with packet loss, and RTT with random jitter. 30 users were gathered for the actual experiment where the Calendly application was used to manage the user appointments. The results consisted of objective and subjective data gathered during the experiments. From the objective data it could be determined that RTT primarily affects the FPS in the VR headset. Packet loss affected the FPS but to a minor degree compared to RTT. RTT of 175 ms received an average FPS of 53 while 24% packet loss yielded approximately 65 FPS. Random jitter had close to no impact on the FPS according to the results. The subjective data suggests that RTT of 75 ms and below yields a good user MOS and RTT of 175 ms gives an acceptable user MOS at 3 out of 5. Packet loss of 6% and below gives a good user MOS while 12% and above results in poor MOS. RTT with random jitter performs average to poorly with Standard deviation of 3 and above, for low RTT values. For future experiments it is advisableto use ALTRUIST or a similar software to help the researcher during the experiment.

Cysteinyl peptides likely played an important role in the prebiotic synthesis of cofactors, such as iron-sulfur clusters. However, cysteinyl peptides must be reduced in order to coordinate iron-sulfur clusters. Mixtures of ferric ions and cysteinyl peptides leads to the reduction of ferric to ferrous ions and the concomitant formation of disulfide bridged, oxidized cysteinyl peptides that are incapable of coordinating an iron-sulfur cluster. Here, we develop a photochemically driven solution to this problem. Lipoic acid (( R )-5-(1,2-dithiolane-3-yl)pentanoic acid), a molecule structurally similar to fatty acids, can be photochemically reduced and can subsequently reduce the oxidized cysteinyl peptides needed for the coordination of an iron-sulfur cluster. Other dithilane ring containing molecules possess similar activity to lipoic acid. The synthesis of small peptides containing cysteines, such as glutathione and GCG (Gly-Cys-Gly) is easy by both solid phase and solution phase methodologies. However, as the length of the peptide increases, the yield begins to decrease, especially for peptides containing cysteines due to oxidation. One solution could be to exploit a previously uncovered mechanism for the joining of peptides into longer peptides. Such mechanisms, referred to as CPL for catalytic peptide ligation, rely on either thiols or metals as catalysts and peptide nitriles as substrates. Thus far, CPL has only been exploited with non-cysteinyl peptides. In this thesis, we extend CPL to cysteine containing peptides by taking advantage of the templating effects of Zn2+. Longer peptides with properly spaced cysteines are frequently better able to stabilize iron-sulfur clusters in aqueous solution than shorter peptides. Coordination can either be complete or an open coordination position, filled by solvent, can be used to bind substrate. Two well-known examples of such an arrangement are the radical SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) enzyme and aconitase being an enzyme of the citric acid cycle. We designed and synthesized peptide sequences that could coordinate a [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster with three cysteinyl ligands, leaving an open coordination position. The stability of the [4Fe-4S] cluster was affected by the intermediates of the citric acid cycle. The iron-sulfur can be reconstituted with the long peptidyl sequences from proteins such as SLC25A39 which contains four cysteine ligands to form [2Fe-2S] cluster, which is necessary for glutathione transport from cytosol to mitochondria.

The purpose of this study is to explore Swedish leaders in staffing agencies experiences, thoughts, and insights regarding the implementation of the legislative works around SAM (Systematic Work Environmental Management AFS 2001:1). In the context of SAM, the legislation entails a complex triangular relationship between the staffing agency, their customer, and the consultant. In this relationship the consultant finds themselves with two leaders, who must establish a cooperation across organisational borders to create a sufficient working environment. With an inductive approach to this phenomenon, three themes were derived from the conducted interviews: Risk for complacency, Tear in responsibility and Experiences of Shared Leadership. The findings displayed a risk for complacency for the respondents, as the comfort of long-term contracts and well-established routines diminished the incentive to conduct recurring risk assessments. The respondent’s detachment from the daily activities of the consultants resulted in a sense of deflection of the daily responsibilities on the customer and consultants. Finally, the theoretical notion of shared leadership offered some insight in the dual managerial position that is created in the context of working environment management in the staffing industry. This relation was explored through an inter-organisational perspective.

To address key challenges for both quantum communication and quantum computing applications in a simultaneous manner, we propose to employ the photon angular momentum approach by invoking the well-known fact that photons carry both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM). SAM is associated with polarization, while OAM is associated with azimuthal phase dependence of the complex electric field. Given that OAM eigenstates are mutually orthogonal, in principle, an arbitrary number of bits per single photon can be transmitted. The ability to generate/analyze states with different photon angular momentum, by using either holographic or interferometric methods, allows the realization of quantum states in multidimensional Hilbert space. Because OAM states provide an infinite basis state, while SAM states are 2-D only, the OAM can also be used to increase the security for quantum key distribution (QKD) applications and improve computational power for quantum computing applications. The goal of this paper is to describe photon angular momentum based deterministic universal quantum qudit gates, namely, {generalized-X, generalized-Z, generalized-CNOT} qudit gates, and different quantum modules of importance for various applications, including (fault-tolerant) quantum computing, teleportation, QKD, and quantum error correction. For instance, the basic quantum modules for quantum teleportation applications include the generalized-Bell-state generation module and the QFT-module. The basic quantum module for quantum error correction and fault-tolerant computing is the nonbinary syndrome calculator module. The basic module for entanglement assisted QKD is either the generalized-Bell-state generation module or the Weyl-operator-module. The possibility of implementing all these modules in integrated optics is discussed as well. Finally, we provide security analysis of entanglement assisted multidimensional QKD protocols, employing the proposed qudit modules, by taking into account the imperfect generation of OAM modes.

Résumé du travail L’étude des modifications de surfaces, et plus particulièrement des matériaux d’électrodes est un domaine en plein essor. Les modifications d’électrodes par voie organique ont des applications potentielles dans des domaines aussi variés que l’inhibition de la corrosion, l’électronique moléculaire, l’optoélectronique ou encore les biosenseurs. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’électrode d’Au (111) modifiée par du 2-mercaptobenzimidazole. Dans un premier temps, l’adsorption du MBI sur électrode d’Au (111) sous contrôle du potentiel a été examinée par des mesures de capacité, de voltampérométrie cyclique, de chronocoulométrie et de spectroscopie SNIFTIR in situ. Les mesures de capacité révèlent qu’en milieu neutre, la molécule de MBI s’adsorbe en un film compact à des potentiels supérieurs à -0,3 V (vs. ECS). En deçà de cette valeur, le film se dilue progressivement lorsque le potentiel est rendu plus négatif, jusqu’à une valeur de -0,9 V où les molécules de MBI sont totalement désorbées de la surface. La morphologie des voltampérogrammes subit des variations significatives au cours du temps. Ces changements montrent que l’adsorption du MBI s’accompagne d’une levée de reconstruction de la surface, qui passe d’une structure initiale (√3 x 22) à une structure (1 x 1). Une estimation de la quantité de MBI adsorbée est obtenue par intégration des courbes de densité de courant. La courbe de densité de charge interfaciale a été extraite des mesures de chronocoulométrie. Cette courbe de densité de charge fournit des informations quant à l’évolution de l’excès superficiel en fonction du potentiel. La qualité des spectres infrarouges relevés in situ nous a permis d’effectuer des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives. Celles-ci montrent une bonne corrélation avec les résultats électrochimiques et apportent une signature moléculaire du film adsorbé et des espèces issues de sa désorption. Des calculs basés sur la Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT) ont permis une bonne interprétation des spectres infrarouges du MBI et de certains de ses dérivés. En outre, nous avons pu déterminer l’orientation des molécules à la surface, et montré que celle-ci varie peu avec le potentiel. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les propriétés de la monocouche auto-assemblée de MBI sur électrode d’Au (111), déterminées par voltampérométrie cyclique et spectroscopie infrarouge in situ. La monocouche est stable lorsque le potentiel est maintenu dans un domaine d’environ 800 mV. La monocouche auto-assemblée de MBI subit un processus de désorption réductive, influencé par le temps d’immersion de l’électrode dans la solution de surfactant ainsi que par le pH du milieu. Deux mécanismes de désorption réductive sont proposés, l’un valable en milieu neutre et basique, l’autre en milieu acide. Les résultats des mesures de spectroscopie infrarouge in situ apportent une preuve moléculaire de la validité des mécanismes proposés sur base des résultats électrochimiques. Un rapide examen des potentialités de cette monocouche a été réalisé à l’aide de réactions sondes. / Abstract Studies on surface modifications, and particularly of electrode material, are a growing field of interest. Organic modifications of electrode surfaces have potential applications in domains such as corrosion inhibition, molecular electronics, optoelectronics or biosensors. In the present work, we focussed on the modification of Au(111) electrodes by 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI). In the first part, the adsorption, under potential control, of the MBI molecule onto the Au(111) electrode was studied by means of capacitance measurements, cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry and in-situ SNIFTIR spectroscopy. Capacitance measurements indicate that in neutral solution, the MBI molecule is adsorbed as a compact film at potentials higher than -0.3 V (vs. SCE). Below this value, the film becomes progressively less dense when the potential is made more negative, until a value of -0.9 V where MBI molecules are totally desorbed from the surface. The shape of the voltammograms evolves significantly with time. These changes show that a lift of the surface reconstruction occurs concomitantly to the adsorption of MBI. The initial (√3 x 22) reconstructed structure is lifted to the (1 x 1) unreconstructed one. The amount of adsorbed MBI is estimated by integration of the current density curves. The interfacial charge density curve was obtained by chronocoulometry measurements. This curve provides useful data regarding the evolution of the surface concentration with the potential. The quality of the infrared spectra obtained in situ allowed us to perform quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of the results. These analyses show a good correlation with the electrochemical results and provide molecular information on the adsorbed layer and on the species formed during the desorption process. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were helpful in the interpretation of the infrared spectra of MBI and some of its derivatives. Additionally, we were able to determine the orientation of the molecules on the surface, and demonstrated that this orientation is slightly affected by the potential. In the second part of the work, we investigated the properties of the self-assembled monolayer of MBI on Au(111) electrode by cyclic voltammetry and in situ infrared spectroscopy. The monolayer is stable within an 800 mV potential range. The self-assembled monolayer undergoes a reductive desorption process, which is affected by the pH of the medium and by the immersion time of the electrode into the surfactant solution. Two mechanisms were proposed for the reductive desorption, one being valid in neutral and basic media, the other in acidic conditions. The in situ infrared spectroscopic results provide molecular evidences supporting the mechanisms proposed on an electrochemical basis. An exploratory examination of the potentialities of the monolayer is made by means of electrochemical probe reactions.

L’oxydoréduction de monocouches auto-assemblées (SAMs) de ferrocénylalcanethiolates à la surface d’or (FcRSAu) a été étudiée en temps réel par la spectroscopie de résonance de plasmons de surface couplée avec l’électrochimie (E-SPR). La sensibilité de cette technique permet de déterminer des changements d’épaisseur de couche l’ordre de quelques angström résultant d’un changement de structure de la SAM. Plusieurs études antérieures ont proposé que l’oxydation électrochimique d’une SAM de FcRSAu induit une réorientation moléculaire. L’E-SPR est utilisé pour identifier l’origine de ce changement structurel. D’abord, une calibration du réfractomètre SPR utilisé a été effectuée afin de trouver une équation de conversion du signal SPR obtenu en pixel en angle d’incidence pour que l’on puisse calculer le changement d’épaisseur de monocouche à partir du changement d’angle de résonance avec le modèle de Fresnel. Par la suite, une caractérisation approfondie des SAMs de FcCnSAu (où n = 6, 8, 12, 14) en contact avec du NaClO4 acidifié a été réalisée par électrochimie, éllipsométrie, spectroscopie infrarouge et microscopie à force atomique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’augmentation de la longueur des chaînes alkyles donne des SAMs de ferrocènes plus épaisses et moins désordonnées. L’analyse par l’E-SPR de ces SAMs pures montre que le changement d’épaisseur induit par l’électro-oxydation dépend linéairement du nombre de méthylènes sur la chaîne alkyle. En appliquant la déconvolution mathématique aux voltampérogrammes cycliques enregistrés pour les SAM mixtes (FcC12SAu/C11SAu) de différentes compositions, on arrive à la conclusion qu’il y a un redressement des chaînes alkyles dans les domaines des ferrocènes agrégés mais la réorientation des têtes de ferrocène dans les domaines de ferrocènes agrégés ou dispersés ne peut pas être exclue. Enfin, l’effet de l’anion électrolytique sur le changement d’épaisseur de la SAM mesuré par l’E-SPR a été étudié. L’analyse électrochimique montre que la capacité de pairage d’anions avec les ferrocéniums décroit comme suit : PF6- > ClO4- > BF4- > NO3-. Tandis que l’épaisseur de la SAM donnée par le changement d’angle de résonance suit la tendance suivante : NO3- ≥ ClO4- > PF6- ≈ BF4-. Des études plus approfondies seront nécessaire pour clarifier cette tendance observée par E-SPR. / The oxidation and reduction of self-assembled ferrocenylalkanethiolate monolayers formed on gold surfaces (FcRSAu) have been followed in real-time by electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (E-SPR) spectroscopy. Film thickness changes on the order of angstroms resulting from SAM structural changes can be detected by SPR. The electrochemically-induced reorientation of the ferrocenylalkanethiolates has been proposed by several spectroelectrochemistry studies. We have used E-SPR to elucidate the nature of the molecular reorientations. The SPR refractometer was first calibrated to find a pixel to angle equation so that Fresnel modeling could be used to calculate SAM thickness changes from the measured resonance angle changes (Δθmin). SAMs of FcCnSAu (where n = 6, 8, 12, 14) were characterized by electrochemistry, infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results obtained show that an increase in the alkyl chain length gives a thicker and less disordered SAM. Oxidation of the surface-bound ferrocenes to ferroceniums and pairing with ClO4- anions produces a similar change in Δθmin for these SAMs, but the variation in the SAM thickness is linearly dependent on the chain length. Mathematical deconvolution of the cyclic voltammograms of binary SAMs (FcC12SAu/C11SAu) of different compositions was used to separate the contributions of the different ferrocene domains (aggregated vs. isolated ferrocenes). We conclude that the aggregated-ferrocenes undergo a change in the orientation of the alkyl chain orientation. We cannot however exclude that the cyclopentadiene rings also reorient themselves. Anion pairing effect was studied by E-SPR. Our electrochemistry results indicate that the ability of the electrolyte anion to pair with the electrogenereted ferrocenium decreases in the following order: PF6- > ClO4- > BF4- > NO3-. On the other hand, the change in Δθmin does not follow the associated trend observed for the anion pairing capacity but rather NO3- ≥ ClO4- > PF6- ≈ BF4-. We hypothesize that the difference in the uptake water molecules by the oxidized SAM may be the reason for this observation. This hypothesis still needs to be verified.

The objective of this study is to test whether human intentions to sustain or cease movements in right and left hands can be decoded reliably from spatially filtered single trial magneto-encephalographic (MEG) signals. This study was performed using motor execution and motor imagery movements to achieve a potential high performance Brain-Computer interface (BCI). Seven healthy volunteers, naïve to BCI technology, participated in this study. Signals were recorded from 275-channel MEG and synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) was employed as the spatial filter. The four-class classification for natural movement intentions was performed offline; Genetic Algorithm based Mahalanobis Linear Distance (GA-MLD) and direct-decision tree classifier (DTC) techniques were adopted for the classification through 10-fold cross-validation. Through SAM imaging, strong and distinct event related desynchronisation (ERD) associated with sustaining, and event related synchronisation (ERS) patterns associated with ceasing of hand movements were observed in the beta band (15 - 30 Hz). The right and left hand ERD/ERS patterns were observed on the contralateral hemispheres for motor execution and motor imagery sessions. Virtual channels were selected from these cortical areas of high activity to correspond with the motor tasks as per the paradigm of the study. Through a statistical comparison between SAM-filtered virtual channels from single trial MEG signals and basic MEG sensors, it was found that SAM-filtered virtual channels significantly increased the classification accuracy for motor execution (GA-MLD: 96.51 ± 2.43 %) as well as motor imagery sessions (GA-MLD: 89.69 ± 3.34%). Thus, multiple movement intentions can be reliably detected from SAM-based spatially-filtered single trial MEG signals. MEG signals associated with natural motor behavior may be utilized for a reliable high-performance brain-computer interface (BCI) and may reduce long-term training compared with conventional BCI methods using rhythm control. This may prove tremendously helpful for patients suffering from various movement disorders to improve their quality of life.

Studiens syfte är att beskriva hur ett systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete kan bedrivas effektivt så att det bidrar till en bra arbetsmiljö. Tidigare forskning lyfter bland annat ledarskapets betydelse och vikten av att involvera medarbetarna i arbetsmiljöarbetet. Forskningen visar också att det hårda och tekniska delarna ofta prioriteras före de psykosociala bitarna. Det empiriska materialet insamlades genom en metodtriangulering bestående av en fokusgruppsintervju och en enkätundersökning på ett företag i Sverige. Resultatet visar att respondenterna lyfter flera olika delar som viktiga för att kunna bedriva ett effektivt systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete. Studien utmynnade i slutsatserna att SAM kan bedrivas effektivt om det finns ett helhetstänk där alla delar i arbetsmiljön är viktiga. Det har visat sig att den psykosociala arbetsmiljön är svårare att behandla än den fysiska arbetsmiljön. Ledarskapet är en del som har visat sig vara av betydelse för hur arbetsmiljöarbetet lyckas, dessutom lyfts den ekonomiska aspekten som viktig för möjligheten att kunna bedriva ett effektivt SAM. / The purpose of this study is to describe how a systematic work environmental management can be conducted effectively to contribute to a good work environment. Prior research enhances the importance of leadership and the necessity of involving the co-workers in the work environmental management. Research also shows that the hard and technical parts are often prioritized before the psychosocial part. The empirical material was gathered through a mixed method consisting of interviews of a focus group and a survey on a corporation in Sweden. The result shows that respondents raise several different parts as important in order to conduct effective systematic work environmental management. The study gave the conclusions that systematic work environmental management can be conducted effectively if there is a thought-through plan and commitment where all parts of the work environment are covered and taken with importance. It has been shown that the psychosocial work environment is more difficult to treat than the physical environment. Leadership is a part that has shown to be of importance on how the work environmental management will succeed and that the economic aspect is regarded as important for an effective systematic work environmental management.

Investigations of the textile industry and apparel sector often reveal unethical behaviours towards workers and lack of transparency in the value chain.  As consumers are getting more conscious and the external pressure and demand for more sustainable clothing increases, companies need to implement management systems to control their operations and ensure actions are socially responsible. The Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) methodology published by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2009 are suggested to measure positive and negative social impacts on stakeholders along a products entire life cycle, from cradle to grave. The methodology is still under development and no methods have yet been standardized or internationally recognized.   To contribute to the development of the S-LCA and its practical use in real world situations, the present study aims to evaluate the applicability of existing methodologies and tools by applying them to a cotton shirt from a small company in Sweden. The case study was performed by conducting an S-LCA following the four phases: Goal and scope; Life Cycle Inventory; Life Cycle Impact Assessment and; Life Cycle Interpretation. Generic country-level data and organisation specific data were collected through questionnaires, document review and desktop screening, while two different assessment tools were tested for the different data types. For generic country-level data, a Social Hotspot Assessment framework developed for this study, was applied and evaluated. For organisation specific data the existing Subcategory Assessment Method (SAM) was subject for feasibility evaluation.   The S-LCA conduction involved several application issues that affect the perceived applicability and feasibility of the methods. Problems identified relate to the definition of system boundaries and uncertainties in the choice of appropriate and relevant indicators. The major problems refer to data collection both in terms of availability and quality issues both with regards to the inventory and assessment phase. Further, in the assessment and interpretation phase uncertainties regarding assessment criteria’s and aggregation of results evolved when using the framework for identifying hotspots, affecting the reliability of the results.   Despite the identified issues, it is evident that it is possible to conduct and finalise a Social Hotspot Assessment using the methodology. However, based on the reliability issues of the results and the effort it requires, it is concluded that the applied framework is not feasible for smaller clothing companies with limited resources. The assessment of organisation specific data by applying SAM, is considered incomplete and identified issues reflect the incompatibility of the method and are thus not considered applicable or feasible for smaller companies.