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This work presents solutions in a systematic process for project, production and adequacy to the aspects of quality, ergonomic and of low cost. For this, four schools of the state net of education in the city of Santa Maria - RS. This research of field is of the quantitative-descriptive type, focusing the delineation and the analysis of the characteristics of the facts inquiry object. The used methods had been quantitative and of techniques as questionnaires and procedures of sampling for verification of hypotheses, description of population and the relations among variables. From the knowledge of the population, they had been defined, through calculations of sampling, the number of pupils, professors and directors to be searched through quantitative and qualitative questionnaires. The gotten results had allowed to a knowledge of the realities of the schools and its necessities. It was possible to analyze and to structuralize the involved aspects in the problem of the research, being allowed to consider adequate solutions. Of this form a flowchart for cycle of life of the joint pupil was elaborated who if composes in six elements: the project and production, distribution, schools, maintenance, deposit and disarrange, and recycling. In this direction, the concepts of reverse logistic had total application for solution of the problems related to the environment. Therefore this work besides presenting solutions can also provide an initiation to the awareness for the ambient problems serving as an applicable model to other areas. / Neste trabalho apresentam-se soluções em um processo sistemático para projeto, produção e adequação de mobiliário escolar que atenda aspectos ergonômicos e de qualidade. Para isso, foram pesquisadas quatro escolas da rede estadual de ensino na cidade de Santa Maria RS. Esta pesquisa de campo é do tipo quantitativodescritiva, enfocando o delineamento e a análise das características dos fatos, objeto de investigação. Os métodos utilizados foram quantitativos, questionários e procedimentos de amostragem para verificação de hipóteses, descrição de população e das relações de variáveis. A partir do conhecimento da população, definiu-se, através de cálculos de amostragem, o número de alunos, professores e diretores a ser pesquisado através de questionários quantitativos e qualitativos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram um conhecimento da realidade das escolas e de suas necessidades. Foi possível analisar e estruturar os aspectos envolvidos no problema da pesquisa, permitindo propor soluções adequadas. Dessa forma, foi elaborado um fluxograma para ciclo de vida do conjunto aluno que se compõe de seis elementos: projeto e produção, distribuição, escolas, manutenção, depósito e desmanche e reciclagem. Nesse sentido, os conceitos da logística reversa tiveram aplicação total para solução dos problemas relacionados ao meio ambiente. Portanto, este trabalho, além de apresentar soluções, pode proporcionar uma iniciação à conscientização dos problemas ambientais, servindo como modelo aplicável a outras áreas.

Trata-se de investigação sobre o design no processo de produção e uso de mobiliário escolar em redes de ensino público no Brasil, com foco em São Paulo, a partir do problema da geração de sucata. Foram levantados os órgãos executivos e respectivos modelos implantados, conceitos e circunstâncias. Resultados de análise evidenciaram o surgimento e agravamento da influência do vandalismo sobre o mobiliário escolar, entre 1990-2005. Análise do fenômeno indica a importância da participação do usuário-educando no processo geral, tendo como instrumento social e ambiental o design em produção comunitária-escolar. / This work is a historical approach on production and usage process of school furniture in the public education system in Brazil, focusing São Paulo, from the problem of generation and destiny of scrap of this very product. The obtained results present the history of the responsible executive organs, concepts, circumstances and a implanted models. Chiefly, evidence the raise and worsening of the influence of vandalism on the school furniture, between 1990 and 2005, whose analysis of its meaning indicates the importance of the participation of user-student in the usage and production process, having as social and environmental tool the design in shool communitary production.

Mathematical modeling is seen in this paper as a strategy to combine the teaching and learning of mathematics with real problems of a technical course in furniture. Our goal was to enable students in 1st year study the theme Furniture School's Manufacturing for children's through modeling. We developed a teaching sequence that seeks to math topics present in the school's furniture manufacturing, since the furniture design until the manufacturing cost calculation, part of teaching sequence was applied with volunteer students. Analyzing the manufacturing of school's table considering mathematical view, the student is easily led to the field of geometry and algebra. During the process, retook concepts present in the technical course practices such as the scale rule use, and present in high school math discipline, as surfaces and perimeters, increasing the understanding of the meaning of these. In addition, the experiment showed the need of mathematical content for the involved, in a situation of future professional practice from them. / A modelagem matemática é vista neste trabalho como uma estratégia para aliar o ensinoaprendizagem de matemática com problemas concretos de um curso Técnico em Móveis. Nosso objetivo foi oportunizar a alunos do 1o ano a exploração do tema Fabricação de Mobiliário Escolar Infantil por meio da modelagem. Elaborou-se uma sequência didática que busca trabalhar tópicos de matemática presentes na fabricação de mobiliário escolar, desde o desenho do projeto de um móvel até o cálculo do custo para fabricá-lo, parte da qual foi aplicada com alunos voluntários. Ao analisar a fabricação da mesa escolar a nível matemático, o aluno é levado facilmente ao campo da geometria e da álgebra. Durante o processo, resgatou-se conceitos presentes nas práticas do curso técnico, como o uso do escalímetro, e presentes na disciplina de matemática do Ensino Médio, como superfícies e perímetros, ampliando a compreensão do significado desses. Além disso, a experiência evidenciou para os envolvidos a necessidade de conteúdos matemáticos em uma situação da futura prática profissional deles.

Trata-se de investigação sobre o design no processo de produção e uso de mobiliário escolar em redes de ensino público no Brasil, com foco em São Paulo, a partir do problema da geração de sucata. Foram levantados os órgãos executivos e respectivos modelos implantados, conceitos e circunstâncias. Resultados de análise evidenciaram o surgimento e agravamento da influência do vandalismo sobre o mobiliário escolar, entre 1990-2005. Análise do fenômeno indica a importância da participação do usuário-educando no processo geral, tendo como instrumento social e ambiental o design em produção comunitária-escolar. / This work is a historical approach on production and usage process of school furniture in the public education system in Brazil, focusing São Paulo, from the problem of generation and destiny of scrap of this very product. The obtained results present the history of the responsible executive organs, concepts, circumstances and a implanted models. Chiefly, evidence the raise and worsening of the influence of vandalism on the school furniture, between 1990 and 2005, whose analysis of its meaning indicates the importance of the participation of user-student in the usage and production process, having as social and environmental tool the design in shool communitary production.

School furniture is one of the risk factors contributing to the formation and development of poor posture. I paid attention to pupils of the first and second years of primary school, because they present a high-risk group due to the sudden passage from a spontaneous physical activity to a long-term static strain at school. The aim of the study was to map the suitability of ergonomic parameters of school furniture for pupils of the first and second years of primary school and to assess its influence on the development of poor posture. I focused on the chair height, the seat depth, the backrest and the worktop height and angle. I also wanted to examine teachers' awareness on the issue of school furniture, the proper seating posture and possibilities to compensate the static strain of children. The research group consisted of 146 pupils of the first and second years of randomly selected primary schools in České Budějovice. The theoretical part was elaborated by the document content analysis, the research was done in three steps. First, the quantitative interview method through questionnaires distributed to the parents of respondents was used. This was followed by investigations in classes and the last step was to answer additional questions to teachers and the school management. The results show that 88% of respondents use ergonomically unsuitable furniture, there is a greater incidence of negative findings in the furniture of the first year pupils in all investigated parameters, except low chairs and worktops, but these are only present in inconsiderable numbers. A significant association was found between sub-standard school furniture and pains in the back, head, arms and legs, leading to the formation and development of poor posture. Teachers´ awareness of this issue is good, but in my opinion it is inadequate in terms prevention. Early preventive measures can affect the condition of the movement apparatus in adulthood. Family and school should be the first involved. But an equally important role should be played by pediatricians and professionals in the public health protection, who should act not only as an inspection, but mainly as an advisory body. Therefore, it is important to increase the awareness of the general public and teachers on work chair and desk ergonomics, the proper seating posture and possibilities for a long-term static strain compensation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel.pdf: 2115732 bytes, checksum: 05b8d2c59a22018f8fcaa39ae38f295c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The trajectory of the presence of the school desks in Santa Catarina is the object of this investigation, which embraces the period of 1836-1914. From this research, it was looked to identify aspects that characterize these furnishings in the beginning of the organization of the elementary schools in the state. They served like fountains of the inquiry: the education legislation of Santa Catarina, teachers' appearances, inspectors' reports, books of expenses and receipts of the province, besides other texts referring to school furnishings of the time. The work is organized in accordance with the functions that the school desks were assuming in the studied period from the imperial one to the republican , functions that were showing up during the research process. The support to make possible the writing, since up to that time one was learning specially reading, obliged the schools to have desk and not only banks. The teaching methods indicated in the legislation of Santa Catarina - the individual, the mutual and the simultaneous - brought significant indications on the object in question. The training and the hygiene of the bodies, constant preoccupations for the studied time, had great influence in the schools. The school desk was one of the products on which there were more interfering doctors, architects, teachers and studious. With the arrival of the school groups,great improvement was observed in the furnishings. Imported objects from the United States arrived in Santa Catarina, bringing refinement and sophistication. In the universal exhibitions, it was realized what they were showing, in the countries in which they were passing, many models and specifications of furniture for the schools, fact that was translated in significant changes in the scenery of the classrooms. The changes and permanencies in the material culture of the school along the time showed that the school desks are objects that characterize the classroom and that, organized in several ways, optimized the space and that spread beyond the schools walls of the schools / A trajetória da presença das carteiras escolares em Santa Catarina é o objeto de estudo desta investigação, que compreende o período de 1836-1914. Com o trabalho, buscou-se identificar aspectos que caracterizem este mobiliário no início da organização das escolas primárias no estado. Serviram como fontes da pesquisa a legislação educacional catarinense, pareceres de professores, relatórios de inspetores, livros de despesas e receitas da então província, além de outros textos referentes a mobiliário escolar da época. O trabalho está organizado de acordo com as funções que as carteiras escolares foram assumindo no período estudado do imperial ao republicano , funções que foram se evidenciando durante o processo de pesquisa. O apoio para possibilitar a escrita, já que até então se aprendia primordialmente a ler, obrigou as escolas a terem mesa e não somente bancos. Os métodos de ensino indicados na legislação catarinense - o individual, o mútuo e o simultâneo - trouxeram indicações significativas sobre o objeto em questão. O disciplinamento e a higienização dos corpos, preocupações constantes para a época estudada, tiveram grande influência nas escolas. A carteira escolar foi um dos artefatos sobre o qual mais interferiam médicos, arquitetos, professores e estudiosos. Com a chegada dos grupos escolares, observou-se grande melhoria no mobiliário. Objetos importados dos Estados Unidos chegaram a Santa Catarina, trazendo requinte e sofisticação. Nas exposições universais, percebeu-se que elas mostravam, pelos países em que passavam, muitos modelos e especificações de mobília para as escolas, fato que se traduziu em significativas mudanças no cenário das salas de aula. As mudanças e permanências na cultura material escolar ao longo do tempo mostraram que as carteiras escolares são objetos que caracterizam a sala de aula e que, organizadas de diversas formas, otimizaram o espaço e se espraiaram para além dos muros da escolas

<p dir="ltr">Thinning operations play a crucial role in ensuring forest health and sustainability. It strategically removes weaker trees and enhances overall growth by providing more essential resources such as sunlight, nutrients, and water. Small-diameter timber (SDT) is generally a byproduct of thinning operations in natural or plantation forests from either softwood or hardwood species. SDT is characterized by a diameter at breast height (DBH) of less than 9 inches for softwood and 11 inches for hardwood species.</p><p dir="ltr">Plantation forests contribute significantly to uniform material resources, needed for sustainable timber production. However, using SDT is often challenging because of the high cost of management, thinning operation, and its intrinsic characteristics, such as decreased wood properties due to the presence of juvenile wood and defects. Economic difficulties are especially evident for hardwood plantation owners because of the longer growth period of hardwoods.</p><p dir="ltr">This study explores feasible methods to enhance the value of hardwood SDT, encouraging its utilization and aiding plantation owners in offsetting management and thinning operations costs before the harvest of large-diameter timber. There are three parts: exploring potential products based on semi-products, conducting a case study by producing school furniture from six walnut SDTs, and providing recommendations for possible production from SDT.</p><p dir="ltr">Our investigation reveals strategic considerations for future school furniture producers. Establishing sorting and grading criteria, investing in more advanced machinery, producing edge-glued panels from SDT lumber, and having broader ideas for school furniture are pivotal for optimizing the SDT value-added process. The findings suggest that having a plan for the utilization of SDT, considering the recommendations provided, can elevate challenges, optimize strategies, increase the potential value of SDT from plantations, and promote sustainable and profitable use of forest resources.</p>

I detta examensarbete utforskar jag hur en kan arbeta med en designprocess i möbler för en skolmiljö med ett bredare fokus än vad möblerna på marknaden är idag. Genom att utgå från barn i klassrummet med varierande behov, hoppas jag på att designa skolmöbler som passar fler individer. Med det har jag utgått i designprocessen med perspektivet och arbetsmetoden – Design for all och tagit fram en möbel som kan placeras in en skolmiljö i dagens klassrum. Min förhoppning är att kunna formge skolmöbler som inkluderar hjälpmedel som stimulerar och hjälper till i elevens arbete. Syftet med att fördjupa mig i ämnet skolmöbler är att jag vill fördjupa mig i skolans värld och lära känna miljöerna som möblerna sätts in i. Detta med en önskan att sedan i arbetslivet arbeta med att ta fram anpassade möbler. Arbetet inleds med en teoretisk undersökning där jag gör platsbesök på skolor, har samtal med pedagoger och med en fysioterapeut vid namn Ulrika Myhr som jag har samarbetat med samt dialog med handledare. Med ett valt fokus på mellanstadiet arbetar jag utifrån ett befintligt klassrum tillhörande en fyra bestående av två mentorer och 34 elever. Där har jag en dialog med eleverna och pedagogerna om hur de ser på och arbetar i sin miljö. Därefter gör jag egna analyser från de resultaten och gör ett förslag på möbler tänkta för det klassrum jag arbetat med. Därpå går jag över till en praktisk undersökning där jag har en kontinuerlig dialog om ergonomi med Ulrika Myhr samt jag testar hur ergonomi och design möts tillsammans i en form som till slut blir min design. Min slutsats visar på att det är svårt att få in alla funktioner i en möbel och tillgodose alla elever även ifall om man designar utifrån perspektivet design for all. Men däremot går det att designa för fler och för fler än vad det görs nu. Jag drar också slutsatsen att ha involverat eleverna själva i designprocessen har visat på att de har tydligt själva vet vad de vill ha och deras åsikter har gjort att mitt arbete har gett ett så gott resultat. / In this degree project, I explore how one can work with design processes in furniture for a school environment with a broader focus than the furniture on the market today. By focusing on children in a classroom, all with a broad spectrum of different needs, I hope to design school furniture that suits more individuals. I have started this particular design process with the perspective, and working method, of "design for all"; and produced a piece of furniture that can be placed in a school environment in today's classroom. My hope is to be able to design school furniture that includes features which can stimulate and assist the student's work. The further purpose of this project is that I want to immerse myself in the world of today's pupils, getting to know the environments that the furniture they use is placed in. My hope is that this will aid me in my further desire to then work on creating customized furniture in my professional working life. My working process begins with a theoretical investigation where I make on-site visits to schools, have conversations with educators and with a physiotherapist named Ulrika Myhr, with whom I have also collaborated, as well as dialogue with supervisors. With a chosen focus on the ages of 9-12, which constitutes the Swedish school system's later primary school years, I work on-site with access to a fourth-grade class and classroom, consisting of two mentors and 34 students. There, I have a dialogue with the students and teachers about how they view and use their working environment. I then make my own analyzes from those results which leads to a proposal for new furniture intended for the classroom I worked with. I then move on to a practical investigation where I have an on-going dialogue about ergonomics with Ulrika Myhr, and I test how ergonomics and design meet in the form that ultimately becomes my design. My conclusion shows that it is difficult to include all necessary functions in a piece of furniture while still satisfying the needs of all students, even if you design it from the perspective of "design for all". But on the other hand, it is possible to design for more people than is currently being done. I also conclude that having involved the students themselves in the design process has shown that they clearly know what they want, and their opinions have given the results of my work a greater legitimacy in its relevance.