Introdução: A esclerodermia é rara doença do tecido conectivo que se manifesta através da esclerose cutânea e variável acometimento sistêmico. Duas categorias de esclerodermia são conhecidas: esclerose sistêmica, caracterizada por esclerose cutânea e acometimento visceral e a esclerodermia localizada ou morfeia que classicamente apresenta evolução benigna e autolimitada, confinada a pele e/ou tecidos subjacentes. Estudos recentes demonstram que a forma localizada possa eventualmente apresentar acometimento de órgãos internos e morbidade variável. Objetivo: Neste estudo objetivamos determinar as características demográficas, a prevalência de manifestações sistêmicas e alterações laboratoriais, bem como a associação com doenças autoimunes, em pacientes com esclerodermia da face. Métodos: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada, incluindo os casos de esclerodermia em golpe de sabre, síndrome de Parry-Romberg e morfeia em placas com acometimento facial, foram avaliados e submetidos à investigação neurológica, incluindo exame clínico neurológico e ressonância magnética de crânio, e avaliação oftalmológica. Após 3 anos, o subgrupo de pacientes disponível para seguimento foi ressubmetido à ressonância magnética. Resultados: Foram estudados 34 pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face. Deste total, 64,7% apresentavam uma ou mais manifestações extracutâneas, sendo cefaleia a queixa mais frequente, encontrada em 61,8% dos pacientes. Dos 23 pacientes submetidos à avaliação neurológica, 56,5% apresentaram alterações neurológicas possivelmente associadas à esclerodermia. Alterações à ressonância magnética foram observadas em 50% dos casos. O achado mais frequente foi a presença de lesões parenquimatosas com alteração de sinal em 50% dos pacientes. Dos pacientes que apresentavam alteração neurológica, 80% também apresentavam alguma alteração à ressonância magnética. Doze pacientes foram ressubmetidos a novo exame após 3 anos. Em todos os pacientes os achados de imagem se mantiveram inalterados. Durante esse intervalo de 3 anos, 25% dos pacientes apresentaram sinais de atividade da esclerodermia. Quanto à avaliação oftalmológica, 67,9% dos pacientes avaliados apresentaram alteração, sendo os achados mais frequentes a ocorrência de alterações orbiculares da esclerodermia (20,6%) e xeroftalmia (10,7%). Conclusão: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face apresentam alta prevalência de alterações neurológicas e oftalmológicas. Baseado nestes achados, sugerimos que todos os casos de esclerodermia localizada da face devam ser detalhadamente examinados quanto à presença de alterações sistêmicas / Introduction: Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disease that manifests as skin sclerosis and variable systemic involvement. Two categories of scleroderma are known: systemic sclerosis, characterized by cutaneous sclerosis and visceral involvement and localized scleroderma or morphea which classically presents benign evolution and selflimited, confined to the skin and / or underlying tissue. Recent studies show that the localized form may possibly course with involvement of internal organs and variable morbidity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics, the prevalence of systemic manifestations and laboratory findings, as well as the association with autoimmune diseases, in patients with scleroderma of the face. Methods: Patients with localized scleroderma, including cases of scleroderma en coup de sabre, Parry-Romberg syndrome and morphea plaque with facial involvement were evaluated and underwent neurological examination, including neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmology evaluation. After 3 years, the subgroup of patients available for follow-up was subjected again to MRI. Results: We studied 34 patients with localized scleroderma of the face. Of this total, 64,7% had one or more extracutaneous manifestation, headache being the most frequent complaint found in 61,8% of patients. Of the 23 patients undergoing neurological evaluation, 56,5% had neurological changes possibly associated with scleroderma. MRI changes were observed in 50% of cases. The most frequent was the presence of parenchymal lesions with signal alteration in 50% of patients. Of the patients who had neurological deficits, 80% also had a change to MRI. Twelve patients were subjected again to another MRI scan after 3 years. In all patients, imaging findings were unchanged. During this interval of 3 years, 25% of patients showed signs of activity of scleroderma. As for ophthalmologic evaluation, 67,9% of patients showed abnormalities, with the most frequent findings being the occurrence of orbicular changes of scleroderma (20.6%) and xerophthalmia (10.7%). Conclusion: Patients with localized scleroderma face have a high prevalence of neurological and ophthalmological changes. Based on these findings, we suggest that all cases of localized scleroderma of the face should be thoroughly examined for the presence of systemic changes

Introdução: A esclerodermia é rara doença do tecido conectivo que se manifesta através da esclerose cutânea e variável acometimento sistêmico. Duas categorias de esclerodermia são conhecidas: esclerose sistêmica, caracterizada por esclerose cutânea e acometimento visceral e a esclerodermia localizada ou morfeia que classicamente apresenta evolução benigna e autolimitada, confinada a pele e/ou tecidos subjacentes. Estudos recentes demonstram que a forma localizada possa eventualmente apresentar acometimento de órgãos internos e morbidade variável. Objetivo: Neste estudo objetivamos determinar as características demográficas, a prevalência de manifestações sistêmicas e alterações laboratoriais, bem como a associação com doenças autoimunes, em pacientes com esclerodermia da face. Métodos: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada, incluindo os casos de esclerodermia em golpe de sabre, síndrome de Parry-Romberg e morfeia em placas com acometimento facial, foram avaliados e submetidos à investigação neurológica, incluindo exame clínico neurológico e ressonância magnética de crânio, e avaliação oftalmológica. Após 3 anos, o subgrupo de pacientes disponível para seguimento foi ressubmetido à ressonância magnética. Resultados: Foram estudados 34 pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face. Deste total, 64,7% apresentavam uma ou mais manifestações extracutâneas, sendo cefaleia a queixa mais frequente, encontrada em 61,8% dos pacientes. Dos 23 pacientes submetidos à avaliação neurológica, 56,5% apresentaram alterações neurológicas possivelmente associadas à esclerodermia. Alterações à ressonância magnética foram observadas em 50% dos casos. O achado mais frequente foi a presença de lesões parenquimatosas com alteração de sinal em 50% dos pacientes. Dos pacientes que apresentavam alteração neurológica, 80% também apresentavam alguma alteração à ressonância magnética. Doze pacientes foram ressubmetidos a novo exame após 3 anos. Em todos os pacientes os achados de imagem se mantiveram inalterados. Durante esse intervalo de 3 anos, 25% dos pacientes apresentaram sinais de atividade da esclerodermia. Quanto à avaliação oftalmológica, 67,9% dos pacientes avaliados apresentaram alteração, sendo os achados mais frequentes a ocorrência de alterações orbiculares da esclerodermia (20,6%) e xeroftalmia (10,7%). Conclusão: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face apresentam alta prevalência de alterações neurológicas e oftalmológicas. Baseado nestes achados, sugerimos que todos os casos de esclerodermia localizada da face devam ser detalhadamente examinados quanto à presença de alterações sistêmicas / Introduction: Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disease that manifests as skin sclerosis and variable systemic involvement. Two categories of scleroderma are known: systemic sclerosis, characterized by cutaneous sclerosis and visceral involvement and localized scleroderma or morphea which classically presents benign evolution and selflimited, confined to the skin and / or underlying tissue. Recent studies show that the localized form may possibly course with involvement of internal organs and variable morbidity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics, the prevalence of systemic manifestations and laboratory findings, as well as the association with autoimmune diseases, in patients with scleroderma of the face. Methods: Patients with localized scleroderma, including cases of scleroderma en coup de sabre, Parry-Romberg syndrome and morphea plaque with facial involvement were evaluated and underwent neurological examination, including neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmology evaluation. After 3 years, the subgroup of patients available for follow-up was subjected again to MRI. Results: We studied 34 patients with localized scleroderma of the face. Of this total, 64,7% had one or more extracutaneous manifestation, headache being the most frequent complaint found in 61,8% of patients. Of the 23 patients undergoing neurological evaluation, 56,5% had neurological changes possibly associated with scleroderma. MRI changes were observed in 50% of cases. The most frequent was the presence of parenchymal lesions with signal alteration in 50% of patients. Of the patients who had neurological deficits, 80% also had a change to MRI. Twelve patients were subjected again to another MRI scan after 3 years. In all patients, imaging findings were unchanged. During this interval of 3 years, 25% of patients showed signs of activity of scleroderma. As for ophthalmologic evaluation, 67,9% of patients showed abnormalities, with the most frequent findings being the occurrence of orbicular changes of scleroderma (20.6%) and xerophthalmia (10.7%). Conclusion: Patients with localized scleroderma face have a high prevalence of neurological and ophthalmological changes. Based on these findings, we suggest that all cases of localized scleroderma of the face should be thoroughly examined for the presence of systemic changes

Objectif : Déterminer la prévalence de la Sclérose systémique (SSc) chez les patients atteints de cirrhose biliaire primitive (CBP) et décrire les caractéristiques cliniques, pronostiques, immunologiques et capillaroscopiques chez les patients avec et sans SSc. Méthode : Étude descriptive de 100 patients avec CBP naïfs de SSc référés par les gastroentérologues. Un examen physique ainsi qu’un prélèvement sanguin et une capillaroscopie ont été réalisés. Résultats : Parmi les 22 patients diagnostiqués avec SSc, 13 n’avaient pas d’atteinte cutanée. Trente-neuf patients présentaient un phénomène de Raynaud. Dix-neuf étaient anticentromères (ACAs) positifs dont 18 avaient une SSc. Le groupe de CBP avec SSc avait un score Mayo meilleur et une atteinte histologique moins sévère. Une capillaroscopie anormale était retrouvée chez 29/100 patients. Les patients sans ACAs avaient une hypertension portale légèrement plus fréquente 14/81 (17,28%, p= 0,876) et une atteinte histologique hépatique plus sévère (89,5%, p=0,125). Le score Mayo était globalement meilleur dans le groupe des ACAs positifs. La sensibilité et la spécificité du test immunologique sont 95,45% et 93,59% respectivement. La capillaroscopie a une sensibilité de 78% et une spécificité de 94% pour le diagnostic de la SSc dans la population de CBP.   Conclusion : La SSc est fréquente dans la CBP, d’où l’intérêt de rechercher systématiquement les signes cliniques subtiles de la SSc, notamment le phénomène de Raynaud, et de demander une sérologie spécifique et une capillaroscopie pour identifier une SSc débutante. / Objective : To determine the prevalence of systemic scleroderma (SSc) in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and to describe the clinical, prognostic, immunologic and nailfold capillaropscopy characteristics in patients with and without SSc. Study design : In this descriptive cohort study, 100 patients with PBC who were unknown for any connective tissue disease, in particular for SSc, were referred by their gastroenterologist. Physical examination with collection of serum samples and nailfold capillaroscopy examination were performed. Results : Twenty-two patients had been diagnosed with SSc of which 13 had no cutaneous manifestations of scleroderma. Thirty-Nine patients had Raynaud’s phenomenon. Of the 19 patients with anticentromères antibodies (ACAs), 18 had SSc. Patients with PBC and SSc had a better Mayo score and less severe liver damage. Twenty-nine patients had abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. More frequent portal hypertension 14/81 (17,28%, p= 0,876) and severe liver tissue damage (89.5%, p=0.125) seen in patients with positive ACAs. Mayo score was better in patients with positives ACAs. The sensitivity and specificity of the immunologic tests were 95,45% and 93,59% respectively. The sensitivity of nailfold capillaroscopy was 78% and specificity was 94% for the diagnosis of SSc in patients with PBC.   Conclusion : SSc is more prevalent in PBC. This study highlights the importance of screening for subtle clinical signs of SSc in patients with PBC, in particular Raynaud’s phenomenon, hence requiring immunologic tests and nailfold capillaroscopy to diagnose scleroderma at earlier stages.

La sclérodermie (SSc) est une maladie rare affectant les personnes génétiquement prédisposées d’une réponse immunitaire défectueuse. Malgré les derniers avancements et développements dans le domaine, l’étiologie et la pathogénèse de la maladie demeurent peu comprises. Par ailleurs, il y a un ralentissement dans la compréhension de cette maladie à cause du manque de modèle animal représentatif de la SSc humaine. Malgré plusieurs lacunes, les souris traitées avec la bléomycine ou portant des modifications génétiques (TSK-1) sont très utilisées dans les études précliniques de la SSc mais elles ne présentent pas toutes les caractéristiques de cette maladie. Pour contribuer à la recherche sur la SSc, la stagiaire postdoctorale Dre Heena Mehta a développé dans le laboratoire du Dre Sarfati en collaboration avec le Dr Senécal, un modèle de souris expérimental induit par l’immunisation de cellules dendritiques (DCs) chargées de peptides de la protéine topoisomérase I (TOPOIA et TOPOIB). Dans le but de caractériser ce modèle murin et d’établir un profil immunitaire, j’ai concentré mes analyses principalement sur les caractéristiques de la SSc telles que la fibrose, l’inflammation, l’hyper-γ-globulinémie polyclonale, la vasculopathie ainsi que de l’expression de cytokines. Brièvement, l’immunisation de souris avec les DCs chargées avec la topoisomérase I (TOPOI) a induit l’inflammation pulmonaire et cutanée, en plus de la fibrose sous forme diffuse (dcSSc). Les souris présentaient également des symptômes de la vasculopathie ainsi que des taux élevés d’anticorps polyclonaux. Les résultats démontraient que les peptides TOPOIA étaient efficaces dans l’induction de la fibrose et de la réponse inflammatoire alors que les peptides TOPOIB étaient surtout impliqués dans la fibrose cutanée. En plus de nos résultats, les observations préliminaires sur le profil de cytokines tissulaires suggéraient que ce modèle pourrait remplacer ou complémenter les autres modèles animaux de SSc. / Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare disease of unknown etiology that affects people that have a genetic predisposition to autoimmunity. Despite the latest advancement and development in the field, the mechanisms underlying disease development remain poorly understood. The lack of animal model that encompasses the cardinal features of human systemic sclerosis is a major cause of the slowdown in the understanding of this disease. In fact, some mouse models such as the bleomycin induced-SSc and TSK-1 mouse are widely used in preclinical studies of scleroderma. However, these models have several shortcomings since these mice do not display all the cardinal features of the disease found in humans. To contribute to the research of SSc, postdoctoral fellow Dre Heena Mehta has developed in Dre Sarfati’s laboratory in collaboration with Dr Senécal, an experimental murine model of SSc induced by dendritic cells loaded with topoisomerase I peptide. In order to characterise the model and establish an immune profile of our experimental mice, my analysis focused mainly on the cardinal features of scleroderma such as fibrosis, inflammation and polyclonal hyper-γ-globulinemia, vasculopathy and cytokines gene expression. Hence, immunization with dendritic cells loaded topoisomerase I peptides (TOPOIA and TOPOIB) induced pulmonary and dermal inflammation together with diffuse form of fibrosis. The mice also showed symptoms of vasculopathy and high levels of polyclonal antibodies. These results showed that TOPOIA peptides are effective in inducing fibrosis and inflammatory response while TOPOIB peptides are involved in skin fibrosis. Together with the results, the preliminary data on cytokine profile in tissue suggested that our mouse model could possibly replace/complement other current animal models of scleroderma.

Os modelos experimentais reproduzem doenças que acometem seres humanos, sendo de extrema importância porque possibilitam o estudo da patogênese e abordagem terapêutica dessas enfermidades. Nesse grupo inclui-se o modelo experimental de esclerodermia induzida pela imunização de coelhos com colágeno V humano provocando alterações histológicas (pele, pulmão e rim) similares àquelas observadas em humanos. As doenças auto-imunes têm sua etiologia desconhecida e são particularmente caracterizadas pela presença de auto-anticorpos no soro. Nesse aspecto, 90 a 95% dos pacientes com esclerodermia apresentam algum auto-anticorpo contra antígenos intracelulares (proteínas nucleolares RNA polimerase I, II e III, Scl-70, centriolares ou golginas) ou da matriz extracelular (colágeno). O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a resposta imunológica nos animais do modelo experimental de esclerodermia. Para tanto, o soro dos animais foram testados quanto à presença de auto-anticorpos e de outros fatores imunológicos séricos que indicassem um processo imunológico ativo paralelo às lesões teciduais em desenvolvimento e incluiu: pesquisa de anticorpos anticolágenos V, III e I, imunocomplexos circulantes, fator reumatóide, níveis de complemento, fatores antinucleares (FAN) por imunofluorescência indireta em células HEp-2 e caracterização dos antígenos alvos por immunoblot. A análise da resposta imune revelou que as alterações histológicas do pulmão, rim e pele se desenvolviam com o aumento dos níveis séricos de anticorpos anti-colágeno V. Além disso, todos os animais imunizados com Col V apresentavam anticorpos para outros tipos de colágeno. Esses animais desenvolveram uma marcante resposta imunológica a antígenos intracelulares com 100% de positividade para o FAN e presença de imunocomplexos nos soros obtidos 30, 75 e 120 dias pós-imunização quando comparados a dois grupos controles (albumina e adjuvante completo de Freud). Todos os animais do grupo Col V apresentaram na IFI padrão citoplasmático Golgi símile e, em 10% deles, reatividade adicional aos centríolos. Ambos auto-anticorpos são raros, mas já descritos em pacientes com esclerodermia. A pré-absorção dos soros desses animais com Col V não interferiu no resultado do FAN. A caracterização dos antígenos alvos mostrou uma reatividade uniforme a proteínas de alto peso molecular de células epiteliais humanas (maior ou igual 175 kDa) que progredia com o tempo de imunização. Eluatos ácidos contendo os anticorpos anti-fração 175 kDa reproduziram o padrão de IFI igual ao soro original. As análises demonstram que a imunização com Col V humano em coelhos resulta numa resposta imunológica exuberante e que se caracteriza pela presença de auto-anticorpos a componentes intracelulares. / Experimental models for human diseases are of utmost importance, since they allow the study of their pathogenesis and therapeutic approach. In this group we can include the experimental model of collagen V-induced scleroderma, in rabbits, with histological alterations (skin, lung and kidney) similar to those observed in humans. Auto-immune diseases have an unknown etiology, and are characterized by the presence of auto-antibodies in serum. In this aspect, 90%-95% of the patients with scleroderma present some kind of auto-antibody against intracellular antigens (RNA polymerase I, II and III nucleoproteins, Scl-70, centriolar or golgins) or to components of the extracellular matrix (collagen). This study aims to assess the immune response of the animal subjects in a scleroderma experimental model. The animals sera were tested for auto-antibodies and other serum immunological factors that would point to an active immunological process, parallel to the developing tissue lesions, including anti-collagen V, III and I antibodies, circulating immune complexes, rheumatoid factor, complement levels, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence in HEp-2 (IFI) cells, and characterization of target antigens with an immunoblot. The analysis of the immune response in the studied animals revealed that histological alterations in lungs, kidneys and skin developed with an increase of the serum levels of anti-collagen V antibodies. Furthermore, all the Col Vimmunized animals presented antibodies against other types of collagen as well. These animals also developed a strong immune response against intracellular antigens, being 100% positive for ANA, showing also immune complexes in sera obtained 30, 75 and 120 days after immunization with Col V, when compared to the control groups (albumin and Freunds complete adjuvant). All the animals from the Col V group showed a cytoplasmic pattern at the IFI, Golgi simile and, in 10% of the cases, additional reactivity to the centrioles. Both auto-antibodies are rare, yet were already described in patients with scleroderma. The pre-absorption of these animals sera with Col V did not interfere with the ANA reactivity. The characterization of the target antigens showed a uniform reactivity to high molecular weight proteins of human epithelial cells (> or = 175 kDa), which progressed with the immunization time. Acid eluats containing antibodies against the 175 kDa fraction reproduced the same IFI reactivity pattern of the original serum. The results demonstrate that immunization of rabbits with human Col V results in an exuberant immune response, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against intracellular components.

Objetivos: A FCL é um novo padrão de doença intersticial pulmonar idiopática associado ao refluxo gastro-esofágico. Nós investigamos sua presença na ES com envolvimento pulmonar. Métodos: 28 pacientes com ES foram submetidos à biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto. As amostras foram classificadas conforme o novo consenso de classificação das pneumonias intersticiais idiopáticas e de acordo com os critérios do padrão FCL. Tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) de tórax, prova de função pulmonar (PFP), esofagograma de contraste e/ou endoscopia digestiva alta também foram realizadas. Resultados: Na ES, o padrão NSIP (67,8%) e a FCL (75%) foram os padrões mais freqüentemente encontrados e na maioria dos casos, eles co-existiam. Todos, exceto um paciente com FCL tinha a característica distribuição broncocêntrica das lesões, sendo mais extensa nos casos com FCL isolada (p=0,001). Da mesma forma, o conteúdo basofílico foi mais freqüente nos pacientes com FCL e completamente ausente no grupo NSIP (p<0,001). Na TCAR, a distribuição central do envolvimento pulmonar foi o achado mais prevalente nos pacientes com FCL isolada (57,14%) contrastando com a 10 predominância do padrão periférico nos outros grupos (p=0,02). Além disso, uma tendência quanto à distribuição segmentar na TCAR foi observada no grupo com FCL isolada (85,71%) e FCL+NSIP (71,43%), enquanto que 80% dos pacientes com NSIP tinham uma distribuição difusa das lesões pulmonares (p=0,08). Anormalidades esofágicas foram um achado quase universal. Conclusão: Está é a primeira descrição de fibrose centrilobular em pacientes com ES e envolvimento pulmonar. Este padrão tem características histológicas e tomográficas distintas e a identificação deste subgrupo de pacientes irá certamente contribuir para uma melhor abordagem terapêutica. / Objectives: CLF is a new histological pattern of idiopathic ILD associated to esophageal reflux. We have investigated its presence in SSc with lung involvement. Methods: 28 SSc patients were submitted to open lung biopsy. The specimens were classified according to the new consensus classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and to the diagnostic criteria for CLF. High Resolution Computer Tomography (HRCT), Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT), contrast esophagogram and/or upper digestive endoscopy were also performed. Main Results: In SSc, the NSIP (67.8%) and the centrilobular (75%) patterns were the most frequent and in the majority of the cases, they co-existed. All, except one patient with CLF had the characteristic bronchocentric distribution and this lesion was more extensive in those with isolated CLF (p=0.01). Likewise, the basophilic content was more frequent in patients with CLF and completely absent in NSIP group (p<0.001). The central distribution of lung involvement on HRCT was the most prevalent finding in patients with isolated CLF (57.14%) contrasting with the predominant peripheral pattern in the other groups (p=0.02). Moreover, a trend towards a patchy distribution on HRCT was observed for CLF group (85.71%) and CLF+NSIP group (71.43%) whereas 80% of the NSIP group had diffuse distribution (p=0.08). Esophageal abnormalities were almost a universal finding. Conclusions: This is the first report of centrilobular fibrosis in SSc patients with lung involvement. This new pattern has distinct histological and tomographic features. The identification of this subgroup of patients will certainly contribute for a more appropriate therapeutic approach.

Os modelos experimentais reproduzem doenças que acometem seres humanos, sendo de extrema importância porque possibilitam o estudo da patogênese e abordagem terapêutica dessas enfermidades. Nesse grupo inclui-se o modelo experimental de esclerodermia induzida pela imunização de coelhos com colágeno V humano provocando alterações histológicas (pele, pulmão e rim) similares àquelas observadas em humanos. As doenças auto-imunes têm sua etiologia desconhecida e são particularmente caracterizadas pela presença de auto-anticorpos no soro. Nesse aspecto, 90 a 95% dos pacientes com esclerodermia apresentam algum auto-anticorpo contra antígenos intracelulares (proteínas nucleolares RNA polimerase I, II e III, Scl-70, centriolares ou golginas) ou da matriz extracelular (colágeno). O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a resposta imunológica nos animais do modelo experimental de esclerodermia. Para tanto, o soro dos animais foram testados quanto à presença de auto-anticorpos e de outros fatores imunológicos séricos que indicassem um processo imunológico ativo paralelo às lesões teciduais em desenvolvimento e incluiu: pesquisa de anticorpos anticolágenos V, III e I, imunocomplexos circulantes, fator reumatóide, níveis de complemento, fatores antinucleares (FAN) por imunofluorescência indireta em células HEp-2 e caracterização dos antígenos alvos por immunoblot. A análise da resposta imune revelou que as alterações histológicas do pulmão, rim e pele se desenvolviam com o aumento dos níveis séricos de anticorpos anti-colágeno V. Além disso, todos os animais imunizados com Col V apresentavam anticorpos para outros tipos de colágeno. Esses animais desenvolveram uma marcante resposta imunológica a antígenos intracelulares com 100% de positividade para o FAN e presença de imunocomplexos nos soros obtidos 30, 75 e 120 dias pós-imunização quando comparados a dois grupos controles (albumina e adjuvante completo de Freud). Todos os animais do grupo Col V apresentaram na IFI padrão citoplasmático Golgi símile e, em 10% deles, reatividade adicional aos centríolos. Ambos auto-anticorpos são raros, mas já descritos em pacientes com esclerodermia. A pré-absorção dos soros desses animais com Col V não interferiu no resultado do FAN. A caracterização dos antígenos alvos mostrou uma reatividade uniforme a proteínas de alto peso molecular de células epiteliais humanas (maior ou igual 175 kDa) que progredia com o tempo de imunização. Eluatos ácidos contendo os anticorpos anti-fração 175 kDa reproduziram o padrão de IFI igual ao soro original. As análises demonstram que a imunização com Col V humano em coelhos resulta numa resposta imunológica exuberante e que se caracteriza pela presença de auto-anticorpos a componentes intracelulares. / Experimental models for human diseases are of utmost importance, since they allow the study of their pathogenesis and therapeutic approach. In this group we can include the experimental model of collagen V-induced scleroderma, in rabbits, with histological alterations (skin, lung and kidney) similar to those observed in humans. Auto-immune diseases have an unknown etiology, and are characterized by the presence of auto-antibodies in serum. In this aspect, 90%-95% of the patients with scleroderma present some kind of auto-antibody against intracellular antigens (RNA polymerase I, II and III nucleoproteins, Scl-70, centriolar or golgins) or to components of the extracellular matrix (collagen). This study aims to assess the immune response of the animal subjects in a scleroderma experimental model. The animals sera were tested for auto-antibodies and other serum immunological factors that would point to an active immunological process, parallel to the developing tissue lesions, including anti-collagen V, III and I antibodies, circulating immune complexes, rheumatoid factor, complement levels, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence in HEp-2 (IFI) cells, and characterization of target antigens with an immunoblot. The analysis of the immune response in the studied animals revealed that histological alterations in lungs, kidneys and skin developed with an increase of the serum levels of anti-collagen V antibodies. Furthermore, all the Col Vimmunized animals presented antibodies against other types of collagen as well. These animals also developed a strong immune response against intracellular antigens, being 100% positive for ANA, showing also immune complexes in sera obtained 30, 75 and 120 days after immunization with Col V, when compared to the control groups (albumin and Freunds complete adjuvant). All the animals from the Col V group showed a cytoplasmic pattern at the IFI, Golgi simile and, in 10% of the cases, additional reactivity to the centrioles. Both auto-antibodies are rare, yet were already described in patients with scleroderma. The pre-absorption of these animals sera with Col V did not interfere with the ANA reactivity. The characterization of the target antigens showed a uniform reactivity to high molecular weight proteins of human epithelial cells (> or = 175 kDa), which progressed with the immunization time. Acid eluats containing antibodies against the 175 kDa fraction reproduced the same IFI reactivity pattern of the original serum. The results demonstrate that immunization of rabbits with human Col V results in an exuberant immune response, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against intracellular components.

Objetivos: A FCL é um novo padrão de doença intersticial pulmonar idiopática associado ao refluxo gastro-esofágico. Nós investigamos sua presença na ES com envolvimento pulmonar. Métodos: 28 pacientes com ES foram submetidos à biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto. As amostras foram classificadas conforme o novo consenso de classificação das pneumonias intersticiais idiopáticas e de acordo com os critérios do padrão FCL. Tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) de tórax, prova de função pulmonar (PFP), esofagograma de contraste e/ou endoscopia digestiva alta também foram realizadas. Resultados: Na ES, o padrão NSIP (67,8%) e a FCL (75%) foram os padrões mais freqüentemente encontrados e na maioria dos casos, eles co-existiam. Todos, exceto um paciente com FCL tinha a característica distribuição broncocêntrica das lesões, sendo mais extensa nos casos com FCL isolada (p=0,001). Da mesma forma, o conteúdo basofílico foi mais freqüente nos pacientes com FCL e completamente ausente no grupo NSIP (p<0,001). Na TCAR, a distribuição central do envolvimento pulmonar foi o achado mais prevalente nos pacientes com FCL isolada (57,14%) contrastando com a 10 predominância do padrão periférico nos outros grupos (p=0,02). Além disso, uma tendência quanto à distribuição segmentar na TCAR foi observada no grupo com FCL isolada (85,71%) e FCL+NSIP (71,43%), enquanto que 80% dos pacientes com NSIP tinham uma distribuição difusa das lesões pulmonares (p=0,08). Anormalidades esofágicas foram um achado quase universal. Conclusão: Está é a primeira descrição de fibrose centrilobular em pacientes com ES e envolvimento pulmonar. Este padrão tem características histológicas e tomográficas distintas e a identificação deste subgrupo de pacientes irá certamente contribuir para uma melhor abordagem terapêutica. / Objectives: CLF is a new histological pattern of idiopathic ILD associated to esophageal reflux. We have investigated its presence in SSc with lung involvement. Methods: 28 SSc patients were submitted to open lung biopsy. The specimens were classified according to the new consensus classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and to the diagnostic criteria for CLF. High Resolution Computer Tomography (HRCT), Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT), contrast esophagogram and/or upper digestive endoscopy were also performed. Main Results: In SSc, the NSIP (67.8%) and the centrilobular (75%) patterns were the most frequent and in the majority of the cases, they co-existed. All, except one patient with CLF had the characteristic bronchocentric distribution and this lesion was more extensive in those with isolated CLF (p=0.01). Likewise, the basophilic content was more frequent in patients with CLF and completely absent in NSIP group (p<0.001). The central distribution of lung involvement on HRCT was the most prevalent finding in patients with isolated CLF (57.14%) contrasting with the predominant peripheral pattern in the other groups (p=0.02). Moreover, a trend towards a patchy distribution on HRCT was observed for CLF group (85.71%) and CLF+NSIP group (71.43%) whereas 80% of the NSIP group had diffuse distribution (p=0.08). Esophageal abnormalities were almost a universal finding. Conclusions: This is the first report of centrilobular fibrosis in SSc patients with lung involvement. This new pattern has distinct histological and tomographic features. The identification of this subgroup of patients will certainly contribute for a more appropriate therapeutic approach.

Comme dans la plupart des maladies auto-immunes une prédominance féminine est observée dans la polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR). Le chromosome X, présent en 2 exemplaires chez la femme, est intéressant puisque beaucoup de gènes à fonctions immunitaires y sont localisés. Dans ce travail, nous montrons que certains de ces gènes peuvent augmenter leur nombre de copies quand l'individu vieillit. En outre, cette variation est spécifique au sexe avec une augmentation chez les hommes et l'inverse chez les femmes. D’autre part, alors que généralement les femmes inactivent aléatoirement (50:50) le chromosome X d’origine maternel ou X d’origine paternel, nous montrons un biais d’inactivation (≥ 80:20) chez les femmes atteintes de PR. De plus ce biais est préférentiellement associé à celles qui portent les gènes de susceptibilité à la maladie. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance du chromosome X dans le développement de l’auto-immunité et aident à la compréhension du biais féminin dans ces maladies. / As in many autoimmune diseases, a female predominance is observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The X chromosome, present in 2 copies in females, is of particular interest as it contains many genes with immune functions. In this work, we show an increase with age in copy number of some X-linked genes in peripheral blood cells of men, healthy or with RA. Importantly, this increase is not observed in women. On the other hand, when in fact females generally randomly inactivate (50:50) either the paternally-derived or the maternally-derived X chromosome, we show a skewed inactivation (≥ 80:20) in women with RA. Moreover this skewing correlates preferentially with women carrying disease susceptibility genes. Altogether, our findings highlight the importance of this fascinating chromosome in the development of autoimmunity in a step forward to better understand female predilection to autoimmune diseases.

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