No description available.

No description available.

Best execution obligations weigh on brokers when they execute orders to trade in shares for clients. These obligations have been seen as an outflow of general agency duties, and have been complemented by regulatory requirements related to best execution, dissemination of trading data, the handling of client orders and – in the United States – an obligation to execute at the best publicly available price or better (price protection). Here, different sets of real-world rules are analyzed with regard to transactional efficiency. Economic analyses are used to compare the effects of different rules, and are underpinned by a detailed analysis of relevant rules in the United States, the European Union, France, Sweden and England & Wales. Several normative conclusions can be drawn. Best execution rules that impose an agency duty on brokers do not seem to contribute in a discernible way to increased transactional efficiency. In contrast, disclosure rules that require both brokers and trading venues to provide ex post information about execution quality, and about how client orders have been routed, may contribute to mitigating the information asymmetry between brokers and clients. The compliance costs associated with such rules are outweighed by the positive effects on transactional efficiency. Lastly, a solution such as the US National Market System, which entails consolidated collection and dissemination of market data as well as price protection, can deliver significant efficiency gains through the virtual consolidation of trading venues. It also allows for more detailed regulations on different aspects of order execution, allow order execution regulations to function better, and is conducive to deeper integration of trading. However, creating such a system entails large initial investments. In the end, the choice whether to create a tightly-knit market system or not has wide-ranging implications for market structure, the design of regulatory rules and market integration.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2005. / Chair: Laurent L. Jacque. Submitted to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-114). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo tratar do regime jurídico da informação no mercado de valores mobiliários brasileiro. De modo geral, em um mundo marcado pela assimetria informacional, a informação, por ser definida em termos de sua (i) relevância e (ii) novidade, se presta, invariavelmente, às funções de conferir segurança e de reduzir as incertezas dos indivíduos que a possuem. Em razão destas características, a informação exerce um papel fundamental no mercado de valores mobiliários, vez que permite a tomada de decisão, a formação de preços, e o exercício de direitos, deveres e poderes de conteúdo patrimonial. Contudo, por conta das características do mercado de valores mobiliários, nele a natureza da informação como expressão de poder e dominação se revela de forma mais aguda do que em outros mercados. É dever do Estado brasileiro zelar pela existência e evolução do regime jurídico da informação no mercado de valores mobiliários, disciplinando a atuação dos participantes do mercado de modo a garantir interações mais ordenadas, seguras e justas. Somente assim poderá o mercado de valores mobiliários atingir suas finalidades constitucionais de promoção do desenvolvimento nacional e do bem-estar. / The purpose of this masters degree dissertation is to discuss the legal framework for information (particularly disclosure rules) in securities markets. Information can be defined in terms of its (i) relevance and (ii) novelty to individuals. Generally, in a world where information asymmetry is the rule, information can be said to reduce uncertainty and confer safety to act to the person that possesses it. Due to its characteristics, information plays a central role in securities markets. It allows for decision making, price formation and the exercise of rights, duties and powers by investors. Information can be understood as an expression of power and domination over others. This nature is revealed more prominently in the securities markets context, however, because of characteristics inherent to this market, as compared to other markets. It is therefore the duty of the Brazilian State to care for the existence and development of a legal framework for information in the national securities market, disciplining the conduct of market participants to ensure more orderly, safer and juster interactions. Only through the States action can the securities market achieve its constitutionally prescribed purposes of furthering national development and the well-being of the Brazilian people.

No description available.

This dissertation consists of five separate and self-contained essays. They have been written as distinct papers. Although there is a fair amount of overlap and cross-reference in analysis and discussion, the intention is that potential readers should be able to read them separately. Essay 1: An Empirical Analysis of the Trading Structure at the Stockholm Stock Exchange.This essay describes and analyzes the trading structure at the Stockholm Stock Exchange. In the empirical part, we report stylized facts based on intraday transaction and order book data, focusing on the intraday behavior of returns, trading activity, order placement and bid/ask spread, on the importance of the tick size and finally on some characteristics of the limit order book. Our main empirical conclusions are that a) the intraday U-shape in trading activity found in earlier U.S. studies on the whole also pertains to the Stockholm Stock Exchange, b) the limit order placement also follows an intraday U-shape, c) there is no distinct intraday pattern in returns, d) the volatility and bid/ask spread seems to be higher at the beginning of the trading day, e) the tick size is economically important, and f) the price impact of an order is a nonlinear function of its quantity, implying price inelastic demand and supply. Essay 2: An Empirical Analysis of the Trading Structure at the Stockholm Options and Forwards Exchange, OM.We first describe and analyze the trading structure at the Stockholm Options and Forward Exchange, OM Stockholm. It is characterized by some interesting market microstructure features, such as a high degree of transparency in a fully computerized trading system and a possibility to submit combination orders. We also present empirically results from tests on the intra- and interday trading volume of the OMX index derivatives, both in terms of number of contracts traded and in terms of number of transactions. There is evidence of a high degree of intraday variation in trading volume and some interday variation. The extension of trading hours of the underlying stocks, during the studied period should, according to modern trade concentration models, affect the distribution of trading across the day. Although no formal test of the models is possible with this data set, we are able to shed some supportive additional light on all of these models. Essay 3: Tick Size, Market Liquidity and Trading Volume: Evidence from the Stockholm Stock Exchange. (This essay was co-authored with Patrik Sandås.)The regulated tick size at a securities exchange puts a lower bound on the bid/ask spread. We use cross-sectional and cross-daily data from the Stockholm Stock Exchange to assess if this lower bound is economically important and if it has any direct effect on market depth and traded volume. We find a) strong support that the tick size is positively correlated to market depth and c) some support that it is negatively related to traded volume. We identify different groups of agents to whom a lower tick size would be beneficial and to whom it would be detrimental. Essay 4: An Analysis of the Lead-Lag Relationship between the OMX Index Forwards and the OMX Cash Index.This essay investigates the intraday lead-lag structure in returns between on the one hand the OMX cash index and on the other hand the OMX index forwards and the OMX synthetic index forwards in Sweden. The data set includes 22 months of data, from December 1991, to September 1993. It is divided into three sub-periods. The main conclusion is that there is a high degree of bidirectional interdependence, with both series Granger causing each other. Using a Sims-test, we find that the forwards as well as synthetic forwards lead the cash index with between fifteen and thirty minutes, while the cash index leads the forwards with about ten to fifteen minutes.. This implies a longer lead from the cash index to the forwards than in previous studies. The large interdependence could possibly be due to higher transaction costs, lower liquidity in the forward market and the specific trading environments used for Swedish securities. Essay 5: Order Flow Dynamics: Evidence from the Helsinki Stock Exchange. (This essay was co-authored with Kaj Hedvall.)This essay investigates the dynamics of the order flow in a limit order book. In contrast to previous studies, our data set from the Helsinki Stock Exchange encompasses the entire order book structure, including the dealer identities. This enables us to focus on the order behavior of individual dealers. We classify the events in the order book and study the structure of subsequent events using contingency tables. In specific, the structure of subsequent events initiated by the same dealer is compared to the overall event structure. We find that order splitting is more frequent than order imitation. Furthermore, if the spread increases as a result of a trade, other dealers quickly restore the spread, by submitting new limit orders. One conclusion is therefore that there exists a body of potential limit orders outside the formal limit order book and that there is a high degree of resiliency in our limit order book market. As a logical consequence, a large dealer strategically splits his order, in order for the market to supply additional liquidity. One interpretation of our results is that a limit order book market can accommodate larger orders than is first apparent by the outstanding limit orders. Another interpretation is that a limit order book structure gives room for informed traders to successively trade on their information. A third interpretation is that prices only slowly incorporate new information. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1994

本文探討退休金發展程度與投資策略對股票市場發展的影響，並同時採用「縱橫門檻迴歸模型」（panel threshold model, PTM）及結合縱橫門檻模型與穩健迴歸的「穩健縱橫門檻迴歸模型」（robust panel threshold model, ROPTM）來研究此一議題。我們用退休基金投資證券市場的金額佔總額的比例為分類標準，將樣本分為高投資比例與低投資比例兩部分。對部分OECD國家及台灣的panel data分析後之結果顯示：在股票市場方面，若基金採高投資比例之投資策略，則退休金發展或投資股市比例越高，越能促進股市發展；採低投資比例策略的基金，對股市發展的影響並不顯著。 / This paper analyzes the impact of pension fund investment on securities markets using a panel threshold model (PTM) and a robust panel threshold model (ROPTM) which combines a panel threshold model with a robust regression model. We use panel data for some OECD countries and Taiwan to test the validity of our propositions. The data is divided into low and high investment regions based on the value of securities as a percentage of total financial assets of the pension fund. Our results are the following. In the high stock investment region, pension funds have a positive impact on stock markets. Whereas, in the low stock investment region, the positive impact seems to disappear.

Submitted by Liana Issa Lima (liana.issa@gmail.com) on 2018-08-15T18:29:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana Issa Lima - versao 20180815.pdf: 1652303 bytes, checksum: e320b696d4c47845489f2f667e0aa766 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Katia Menezes de Souza (katia.menezes@fgv.br) on 2018-08-15T19:43:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana Issa Lima - versao 20180815.pdf: 1652303 bytes, checksum: e320b696d4c47845489f2f667e0aa766 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-08-16T13:25:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana Issa Lima - versao 20180815.pdf: 1652303 bytes, checksum: e320b696d4c47845489f2f667e0aa766 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T13:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana Issa Lima - versao 20180815.pdf: 1652303 bytes, checksum: e320b696d4c47845489f2f667e0aa766 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-18 / Esta dissertação pretende abordar os arranjos institucionais de governança corporativa em empresas estatais listadas existentes na Nova Zelândia, Índia, Argentina e Arábia Saudita. Para tanto, será analisado como é moldado o ambiente institucional no qual operam tais empresas, os problemas de governança corporativa enfrentados e as soluções adotadas em cada uma dessas jurisdições. O objetivo da pesquisa é o de verificar que lições podem ser extraídas e, eventualmente, aplicadas para a melhoria do ambiente institucional brasileiro. Tem a finalidade, portanto, de entender as alternativas institucionais existentes em outros países e que potencialmente poderiam servir de inspiração para os legisladores e reguladores brasileiros, quando da (re)formulação de normas de governança para as empresas estatais listadas no país. / This dissertation aims at approaching the institutional arrangements of corporate governance in listed state-owned companies in New Zealand, India, Argentina, and Saudi Arabia. In order to do that, the structuring of the institutional environment in which such companies operate will be analyzed, including the corporate governance issues they face and the adopted solutions in each one of these jurisdictions. The objective of the research is verifying which lessons can be learned and, at some point, be applied to the improvement of the Brazilian institutional environment. It has the aim, therefore, to understand the institutional alternatives present in other countries and that could potentially serve as inspiration to Brazilian legislators and regulators when considering the (re)formulation of corporate governance norms to listed stateowned companies in the country.

No description available.