Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 113649.pdf.jpg: 16610 bytes, checksum: eda331d79771633a415277266073f8e3 (MD5) 113649.pdf: 908029 bytes, checksum: c199e48e73267fa8bcc531d04ba4bdb5 (MD5) 113649.pdf.txt: 429085 bytes, checksum: fe95b877840bfcd2f7f3af85881fb9af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-16T00:00:00Z / Os processos de downsizing tornaram-se tão freqüentes que é raro atualmente conhecer alguém que nunca tenha sido demitido. As demissões em massa se intensificaram no final da década de 80, atingiram seu ápice na década de 90 e continuam ocorrendo com freqüência (TOMASKO, 1992; CALDAS, 2000; WEISENFELD, BROCKNER e THIBAULT, 2000). Poderíamos pensar que, já que ser demitido tornou-se quase corriqueiro, isso tornaria as demissões menos traumáticas para as pessoas. Porém isso não é atestado por vários estudos sobre demissões, que mostram que os processos de downsizing trazem, em geral, conseqüências bastante dramáticas para os indivíduos. Vários estudos já foram realizados sobre os efeitos das demissões para os demitidos e para os remanescentes. Este trabalho visa entender como as pessoas que demitem dão sentido à prática de demitir, ou seja, quais as justificativas que usam ao praticarem atos que geralmente causam dor e sofrimento a outras pessoas. A pesquisa investiga também como os profissionais de recursos humanos, responsáveis pelas políticas e práticas relacionadas às pessoas dentro das organizações, dão sentido às demissões em massa, atividade que hoje é, muitas vezes, mais comum do que a própria contratação de pessoas. Para desvendar os sentidos produzidos pelos demissores e profissionais de recursos humanos em processos de downsizing, foram analisadas, com a metodologia de análise de conteúdo, entrevistas com 12 demissores e 13 profissionais de recursos humanos, no total de 25 entrevistas. A coleta do material de pesquisa ocorreu com entrevistas em profundidade semi-estruturadas. A análise das entrevistas nos permite dizer que as demissões, em geral, trazem conseqüências muito dramáticas para as pessoas: demitidos, remanescentes e demissores. Para que seja possível lidar com as demissões, os demissores constroem sentidos e percebem as práticas de downsizing como resultado da objetivação da globalização. Além disso, os demissores reforçam a promessa de ajuda aos demitidos na busca de uma nova posição, seja por meio de programas de recolocação profissional, seja no esforço individual dos demissores. Os demissores revelaram também sua percepção de que, de alguma maneira, os demitidos encontrarão novas oportunidades de trabalho. Nossa pesquisa também desvendou maneiras de legitimação dos processos de downsizing, com a contribuição da retórica da administração de recursos humanos diante desses processos. Para praticar atos que, em geral, trazem dor e sofrimento, os demissores precisam amenizar, de alguma maneira, as conseqüências do próprio ato. / Firms downsize their work force so frequently that it is rare to meet someone nowadays who has never been fired. The number of layoffs increased at the end of the eighties and had their pick in the nineties, and layoffs continue to be commonly implemented (TOMASKO, 1992; CALDAS, 2000; WEISENFELD, BROCKNER e THIBAULT, 2000). One could think that since layoffs have become so common, this would make dismissals less traumatic to individuals. However, this has not been verified in many studies about dismissals. These studies show that downsizing processes usually have dramatic consequences to individuals. Many studies have been conducted about dismissal effects on layoff victims and survivors. The objective of this work is to understand how managers who fire their employees in downsizing processes make sense of their dismissal practices, which are their explanations for implementing actions that usually bring pain and suffering to other people. This research also investigates how human resources professionals, responsible for policies and practices related to employees in the organizations, make sense of layoffs, activities that have become more common than recruiting and selection in many firms. To review the meanings produced by managers and human resources professionals in downsizing processes, twenty-five people were interviewed and the content of the interviews analyzed: twelve layoffs implementing managers and thirteen human resources professionals. We used the content analyses methodology to analyze the material, which was colleted via semi-structured interviews. The interview analysis allows us to say that usually the layoffs consequences are very dramatic to individuals: victims, survivors and implementing managers. To be able to deal with dismissals, managers make sense and perceive layoffs as a result of objectivation of globalization. Besides that, managers usually promise to help dismissed employees to find other work positions, via outplacement programs or via their own individual help. The implementing managers also reveled their perception that, somehow, the dismissed employees would find new work opportunities. Besides that, our research reveled that the human resources rhetoric is a mean to legitimize layoffs. To implement actions that usually bring pain and suffering to individuals, implementing managers need to find ways that somehow diminish the consequences of their own actions.

A growing body of research has emphasised the social processes by which teachers – who are curriculum policy implementing agents – are trained and supported on how to practically implement policies in the classroom. Yet, little attention has been paid to the factors that influence teachers’ interpretation of curriculum policy and how their understanding of policy implementation influences the ways in which they respond to policies. Some research has already been done on the implementation of curriculum policies in schools, with findings centred largely on the disjuncture between policy and practice. Research has also established that much of what teachers are doing in the classroom does not reflect policy. Although teachers have opportunities to enhance the implementation of policy, there are also factors that negatively influence their implementation of educational policy. This is basically because of the gap between the policy makers and the implementing agents. The lack of a shared understanding between these two stakeholders’ results in a perception of policy as a set of strict rules and procedures meant to be followed by teachers. This study aims to develop an understanding of what influences teachers in their attempts to implement the curriculum policy on environmental education in the classroom. The study further aims to gain an understanding, from the practitioners’ perspectives, of how policy implementation challenges their habitual patterns of teaching and schooling and whether, to them, this implementation seems to threaten the conventional disciplinary curricular structures of fixed timetables and depending on textbooks, and leaves little room for outdoor or hands-on activities. The focus on teachers is motivated by the fact that they are the primary curriculum implementers in schools and as such, are expected to play a significant role in implementing the curriculum according to policy. This study advocates an interdisciplinary approach to implementing environmental education policy in teaching and learning in the Natural Sciences. This entails environmental education becoming part of the curriculum, and being taught as a cross-curricula component. In this context, environmental education will form part of teaching and learning in every learning area of the curriculum for the General Education and Training band of the South African education system. What this means for teachers is that they have to integrate environmental concepts or topics within their respective learning areas, and that they have to follow a learner-centred approach that allows learners the opportunity to become active participants, responsible for their own learning. This implies that, for learners to develop knowledge, skills, and correct attitudes regarding the environment, teachers have to use available, local teaching materials or resources. As the classroom becomes free from traditional teaching styles, learners become active and take responsibility for their own learning. They discuss and share ideas with one another, and the teacher becomes the facilitator of the teaching and learning process. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Submitted by Rodrigo Miranda (rodmiranda02@gmail.com) on 2013-12-09T18:33:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Miranda.pdf: 612478 bytes, checksum: 71e496507dd2bce8ec290a067a967714 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-12-10T17:29:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Miranda.pdf: 612478 bytes, checksum: 71e496507dd2bce8ec290a067a967714 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-10T17:31:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Miranda.pdf: 612478 bytes, checksum: 71e496507dd2bce8ec290a067a967714 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-08 / The creative industries became to be focus of studies in the business field due to the interest awaken by the so called new economy, in the end of the 90’s. However, little has been explored about their forms of organization, in special the daily work of the people working in these companies. These people by lifestyle seek in the creative process your core activity. The notion of common sense one gets is that creative organizations are more flexible and dynamic than those of other sectors. Thus, studying how is the process of organizing and sense making in these organizations can bring practical and theoretical contributions on this perception. Considering this context, our goal in this thesis is to investigate the creation of meaning in the process of organizing companies in the creative industry in São Paulo. We surveyed 18 companies and four professional freelancers, adding up the total of 32 women working directly in the creative economy, in order to seek understanding about what they do, how they do and what meaning they attach to the creation and (re) creation their daily work and companies. This thesis greatly influenced by the ethnomethodological studies of the everyday life. Keeping this in view, we used the Process Theory and Ethnomethodology as foundations, which begins with the idea that the routine phenomenon and imperceptible day to day activities are fundamentals to understanding a larger temporal and spatial reality. It is in the everyday life that social relations are truly built. Following this guidance, this study sought to identify biographical elements of the participants of these companies and in the everyday life of creative industries, through non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews and document analysis. With this, we seek to establish an understanding of the process of organizing and sense making in this specific sector of the economy in order to contribute to the understanding of these organizations and the complexity of their dynamics. As a result, we could identify the sense making about the process of organizing in different occupational groups: professionals who work as managers move away from the creative process, artists deviate from the activities of management and organization, and managers seeking management activities for the development of organizations. We also observed that complex relationships are established in informal networks and new forms of labor exploitation that makes the sector is weak. Some organizations achieve stability because they are organized around networks of relationships, knowledge and action, so that the information and experiences circulate enabling reflections on what is made. Despite the perception that these organizations are flexible, the professionals themselves need much effort to keep the group together in the face of environmental uncertainties and difficulties. The organization, the people and the creative process remain uncertain and susceptible to changes that impact negatively in the maintenance of groups and social relations. / As indústrias criativas passaram a ser foco de estudos na área de Administração em virtude do interesse despertado pela chamada nova economia, no final dos anos 1990. No entanto, pouco foi explorado a respeito de suas formas de organização, em especial, o cotidiano do trabalho das pessoas que trabalham nessas empresas e que, por opção de vida, buscam no processo criativo sua atividade principal. A noção de senso comum que se tem é que as organizações criativas são mais flexíveis e dinâmicas do que aquelas de outros setores. Assim, estudar como se dá o processo de organizar e a criação de sentido nessas organizações pode trazer contribuições práticas e teóricas sobre essa percepção. Considerando esse contexto, nosso objetivo nesta tese é investigar a criação de sentido no processo de organizar em empresas da indústria criativa no município de São Paulo. Foram pesquisadas 18 empresas e quatro profissionais free-lancers, somando o total de 32 mulheres atuantes diretamente na economia criativa, com o intuito de buscar entendimento sobre o que fazem, como fazem e qual o sentido que atribuem ao à criação e (re)criação do seu cotidiano de trabalho. Esta tese teve grande influência dos estudos etnometodológicos sobre o cotidiano. Tendo isso em vista, utilizamos a Teoria do processo e a Etnometodologia como fundamentos, na qual se parte da ideia de que os fenômenos rotineiros e imperceptíveis do dia a dia são fundamentais para a compreensão de uma realidade espacial e temporal maior. É no cotidiano que as relações sociais são verdadeiramente construídas. Seguindo essa orientação, este estudo buscou a identificação de elementos biográficos dos participantes dessas empresas e do cotidiano das indústrias criativas, por meio de observação não participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. Com isso, buscamos estabelecer um entendimento sobre o processo de organizar e a criação de sentido nesse setor específico da economia, a fim de contribuir para o entendimento dessas organizações e da complexidade de sua dinâmica. Como resultados, podemos identificar a criação de sentidos no processo de organizar em grupos profissionais distintos: profissionais que trabalham como gestores se distanciam do processo criativo, artistas se afastam das atividades de gestão e organização, e gestores buscam atividades de gestão para o desenvolvimento das organizações. Observou-se também que relações complexas se estabelecem em redes de informalidade e de novas formas de exploração do trabalho que faz com que o setor se enfraqueça. Algumas organizações conseguem a estabilidade pelo fato de se organizarem em torno de redes de relacionamentos, de conhecimento e de ações, de modo que as informações e as experiências circulem possibilitando reflexões sobre o que se faz. Apesar da percepção de que essas organizações são flexíveis, os próprios profissionais necessitam de muito esforço para manter o grupo coeso frente às incertezas e dificuldades ambientais.

The purpose of this study is to understand how business intelligence and the information it provides is interpreted by two different groups of people - the business users and the technical team in a BI system. To fulfill the purpose of the research an analytical process with an interpretive approach has been used. Through the Gioia methodology the study was conducted as a single case study at a staffing agency located in Sweden with approximately 800 employees. Eight interviews were conducted at the company with four members from the technical team and four members from the business users. The findings of this study shows that two aggregated dimensions have emerged - Use of BI and Nature of BI. The empirical investigation show a clear difference between the technical team and the business users perception of BI, which is highlighted by the emerged aggregated dimensions and the coherent second order themes. To conclude, this demonstrates that there are not only technical challenges with BI, but also intangible challenges. This means that there are disparities in understanding BI, as well as there are disparities in interpreting the information it provides. / Syftet med denna studie är att förstå hur Business Intelligence och den tillhörande informationen tolkas av två olika grupper av människor - the business users och the technical team i ett BI system. För att uppfylla syftet med forskningen har en analysprocess med en tolkningsmetod utförts. Genom Gioia-metoden har studien genomförts som en enskild fallstudie hos en bemanningsbyrå i Sverige med cirka 800 anställda. Åtta intervjuer genomfördes på företaget med fyra medlemmar från the technical team och fyra medlemmar från the business users. Resultatet av denna studie visar att två aggregerade dimensioner har uppstått - Use of BI och Nature of BI. Den empiriska undersökningen visar en tydlig skillnad mellan the technical team och the business users uppfattning om BI, vilket framhävs av de uppkomna aggregerade dimensionerna och de sammanhängande andra ordningens teman. Avslutningsvis visar detta att det inte bara finns tekniska utmaningar med BI utan även immateriella utmaningar. Det betyder att det finns skillnader i att förstå BI, och att det finns skillnader i tolkningen av den information som BI tillhandahåller.

Purpose – This study aims to explore, and suggest solutions to, the gap between the supply of information from organic meat producers and the demand of information from consumers regarding traceable characteristics (attributes) of meat in a limited geographical area in order to maximize the utilization and value of collected data. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed methods research design is applied to collect both quantitative data from consumers and qualitative data from suppliers to produce empirical results of the supply and demand of information. A theoretical framework of organic food purchase intent is used for the quantitative study as well as the correlation between consumers’ perceived importance of attributes and their willingness-to-pay for meat. The results of the empirical studies are compared to each other in an effort to expose a possible gap using a gap analysis. Findings – Meat is shifting from a price based commodity to a product based on characteristics. This study reveals that there is now a gap between the information made available by organic meat producers and the demand of information from consumers that needs to be recognized in order to maximize the value of collected data. Information regarding environmental impact of raising and transporting the animals is not extensively collected. A substantial amount of data about attributes of perceived importance, such as safety and handling, animal welfare and medication or other treatments is collected but not extensively shared with consumers. Research limitations/implications – The small sample size in a unique area and the scope of the survey data does not provide a result that can be truly generalized. It is therefore suggested that future studies produce results from a larger sample that incorporates the perceived accessibility of important information for consumers. Practical implications – This contributes to the emerging literature of organic food production by comparing both the supply and the demand of information regarding attributes of meat. This information is valuable to organic meat producers and marketers as well as developers of agricultural systems and databases that should shift their focus to consumer oriented traceability systems. Originality/value – This study goes beyond the substantial body of literature regarding attributes of organic food and consumers preferences by comparing these factors to the available supply of information by meat producers and by suggesting solutions to bridge the gap between them. Keywords – Organic meat, Organic agriculture, e-Agriculture, Traceability, Traceability systems, Consumer oriented, Consumer behavior, Willingness-to-pay, Supply and demand, Information gap, Gap analysis, Business development, United States of America, Sense-making theory, Mixed methods Paper type – Research paper, Bachelor’s thesis

由於許多企業對於LINE在號召年輕族群的能力寄與厚望，為了釐清目前企業對於評估LINE與操作LINE的策略是否合乎年輕族群的需求，本研究將聚焦於討論最早採用LINE的企業期待透過LINE進行品牌年輕化的歷程，以企業的實戰經驗切入，剖析早期採用LINE的企業進行品牌年輕化歷程與操作策略，同時透過釐清年輕族群對於使用LINE的經驗與需求兩相對照，試圖釐清目前企業使用LINE進行品牌年輕化的做法是否正確？是否有迷思存在的可能性？若因迷思存在而造成經營策略上的偏差，企業未來該如何修正與優化？ 由於意會本質上是人們對事務的主觀認知，並且是一個持續性的流程，是一種複雜且動態的觀念，因此將採用深度訪談法針對企業的相關部門成員進行歷程的研究。為呈現企業內部與外在社會環境相關的完整脈絡，本研究也會輔以消費者訪談、文獻資料法與二手資料法作為資訊搜集與驗證成效的方式。研究結果發現，個案對於透過LINE推動品牌年輕化的歷程上，確實存有許多囿於過往經驗或組織文化所形成的主觀認知，導致其對於新科技的理解與其目標族群的需求有所落差。研究結果也顯示，LINE確實能為企業接觸到年輕族群，但需要提供他們所需要的服務和資訊，才能爭取他們對品牌的認同和好感，同時與年輕族群的互動形式，相較於過往的單向式傳播，也必須因應LINE的科技特質有所調整。 / As many enterprises place great expectations in LINE’s ability to call out the youth, in order to find out whether the enterprises’ strategies in assessment and operation on LINE meeting the demand of the youth, this research looks into the experience of the first runner enterprises that promote brand rejuvenation with LINE. By introducing the real-world experience of the enterprise, this research analyzes the journey and operation strategies of rejuvenating brands by using LINE in early years. Meanwhile, by comparing the experiences and demand of using LINE among the youth, this research aims at whether the methods of rejuvenating brands by using LINE are satisfying. Does the myth really exist? If the myth does exist and bring diversified business strategies, how can the enterprises revise and improve their strategies in the future? Since sense making is people’s subjective perception of affairs by nature and it is both a persistent process and a complicated and dynamic concept, this research focuses on the experience from members of relevant departments of the enterprise by in-depth interview. To present the context of the internal and external environment of the enterprise, this research also utilizes consumer interview, documents, and literature as the main data sourses and effectiveness verification. The research results show that cases do have many subject perceptions generated from previous confined experience or organizational culture in the course of LINE’s promotion of brand rejuvenation, which gives rise to difference between the understanding of new technology and the demand of target groups. The research results also show that LINE really enables the enterprise to access to the young people, but provision of their necessary service and information is required to get their recognition and good impression of the brand. Meanwhile, the means of interaction with the youth must be adjusted according to LINE’s technological nature comparing with previous single-direction dissemination.

Following the decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011), which struck down the state of California’s appeal to restrict the sale of games deemed to have “deviant violence” to those 18 or older and the court’s recommendation that parents use the ESRB Ratings System instead, this ethnographic study sought to better understand what parents thought of laws on video games and how they used the recommended ratings system. A total of 30 interviews using semi-structured open-ended questions were conducted and analyzed to reveal what parents thought of laws on video games, how they used the ESRB Ratings System to assess video game content, and what other methods they used for video game content assessment in addition to the ratings system. This research utilized Dervin and Nilan’s (1986) sense-making methodology as a way to learn how parents bridged their knowledge gap when it came to learning about video game content and how they made sense of the knowledge gained to determine the content appropriateness for their children. Analyses of the collected data provided the foundation for a model on the effects of the parent-child relationship on parental information behavior.

This thesis explores attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence within the Swedish Public healthcare system. The goal of the study was to attain a deeper understanding of how hospitals and healthcare officials perceive and think about the technology and what it means to them in their professional life. Our primary data was collected from ten interviews conducted with decision-makers at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm and Akademiska University Hospital in Uppsala. The material was analysed through a discourse analysis, through which four themes were identified, each of which describes a notable attitude among the respondents and how they were manifested. The results show that earlier organizational structures and approaches are more important to the organization members’ sense-making process, than the sense-making process of new technological innovations and implementation. Decision-makers' attitudes towards AI have less to do with the technology itself and more with how they perceive their organizations and what it means to perform healthcare. Furthermore, the results also show that pre-set notions and attitudes about how healthcare should be conducted affects implementation and use of AI in the healthcare sector. This thesis contributes by highlighting a social perspective of AI in healthcare and demonstrates that AI is more than just a technological phenomenon. / Denna uppsats undersöker attityder gentemot artificiell intelligens (AI) inom svensk sjukvård. Syftet med studien var att förstå hur beslutsfattare inom sjukvården uppfattar AI och vilka attityder de har gentemot teknologin. Vår primärdata samlades genom tio intervjuer med beslutsfattare på Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset i Stockholm och Akademiska Universitetssjukhuset i Uppsala. Materialet analyserades genom en diskursanalys som ledde fram till fyra olika teman där vardera tema beskriver en framträdande attityd hos respondenterna och hur dessa manifesteras. Resultatet visar att tidigare satta organisatoriska strukturer och förhållningssätt ger större mening för medlemmarna än vad nya teknologiska innovationer och implementeringar gör. Beslutsfattares attityder gentemot AI har mindre att göra med själva teknologin och mer med hur de uppfattar organisationen och vad det betyder att bedriva sjukvård. Därutöver visar resultatet att förinlärda idéer och attityder om hur sjukvård bör bedrivas, påverkar implementering och användning av AI inom vården. Denna uppsats bidrar med att belysa ett socialt perspektiv av AI i sjukvården och visar att det kan vara något mer än enbart ett tekniskt fenomen.

Palliative and end-of-life care (PEOLC) involves the use of an interprofessional approach to improve quality of life for patients facing life-threatening illness, and their informal caregivers (e.g. family, other loved ones). Though many patients with life-threatening illness report desires to die at home, people with PEOLC needs continue to die in hospital settings. Given the considerable differences between inpatient and outpatient PEOLC settings, and the potentially increased future need for inpatient PEOLC services, it is critical to explore how patients and caregivers experience and make sense of illness and care in such settings. To contribute to this gap in the literature, I conducted a scoping review on patient and informal caregiver experiences in inpatient specialist palliative care (SPC) settings and semi-structured interviews with patients and caregivers on the Bruyère inpatient SPC unit. I identified three overarching themes from included studies (n=104), including patient and informal caregiver: i) perceptions of care, the interprofessional palliative care team, and the care environment; ii) communication with the interprofessional team; and iii) impacts of illness and care on quality of life. I conducted interviews with three patients and four informal caregivers. Using an inductive thematic analysis approach, I identified three key themes of patient and informal caregiver experiences within the context of the Bruyère inpatient SPC unit: i) the journey of dealing with life-threatening illness; ii) impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; and iii) attempts to cope and find peace. Based on my findings, improvements are needed to the provision of person-centred care to address patients’ and informal caregivers’ supportive needs. Further work is needed to identify reforms to support improved education and awareness about palliative care to patients, informal caregivers, and the general public.

Les partisans de l’approche énactive soutiennent que la cognition se constitue à travers l’histoire des différentes formes d'interaction (biologique, sensorimotrice, intercorporelle, linguistique, etc.) entre un vivant et son environnement. Ces interactions ne sont pas aléatoires, mais des activités obéissant à certaines normes que les énactivistes appellent sense-making. La cognition est, de ce point de vue, une forme de sense-making. Malgré les avantages indéniables que confère une telle perspective pour étudier la cognition, la présente thèse développe un point de vue critique par rapport à l’approche énactive et soutient qu'il est nécessaire d'approfondir notre compréhension de la dimension écologique du sense-making. Le but principal de la thèse est en conséquence de montrer que l'environnement joue un rôle encore plus important que l’approche énactive ne lui attribue habituellement. En m'engageant de manière critique dans le répertoire conceptuel de la cognition énactive, de la phénoménologie et des approches écologiques de la cognition, l’objectif de cette thèse consiste à poser les bases conceptuelles d'une approche énactive-écologique de la cognition. Pour ce faire, la thèse s’attèle à mettre de l’avant trois idées principales. La première consiste à redéfinir le concept du sense-making : contrairement à la conception qui s’est traditionnellement imposée dans le mouvement énactif, nous allons démontrer qu’il s’agit d’un phénomène de développement (et non de création) de normes. La rencontre du corps et du monde est toujours ancrée dans un champ normatif prédéfini, de sorte que nous devons réévaluer le rôle que joue l'environnement dans les processus de sense-making. En effet, si les agents se retrouvent toujours-déjà plongés dans un champ normatif (et non dans un environnement purement causal et physique), il faut alors reconnaître que l'environnement joue un rôle actif dans la constitution et l'auto-transformation des normes de sense-making. La deuxième idée poursuit dans cette veine et porte sur cette nouvelle conception de l'environnement, qui est ici défini comme un champ normatif actif, incarnant une tension entre le passé habituel du système agent-environnement et les contingences incessantes des événements du monde qui poussent le système vers leur auto-transformation et développement. La troisième idée principale de cette thèse consiste en une description holistique du champ d'action des agents (un lieu énactif) et des normes édictées (enacted) par des processus de sense-making sur le terrain (normes de lieu). Une esquisse générale du lieu énactif montre que les activités de sense-making sont liées à des processus écologiques qui enchevêtrent de multiples agents et localités matérielles dans un réseau écologique local. Ces réseaux écologiques forment une unité systémique et résiliente qui se déploie dans le temps avec les habitants du lieu, et fonctionne comme un champ normatif qui contraint et motive l'auto-transformation de chaque système agent-environnement / Supporters of autonomist enactivism or the enactive approach claim that cognition is a phenomenon constituted by the historical development of different forms of interaction (biological, sensorimotor, intercorporeal, and linguistic) between living bodies and their environments. For autonomist enactivists, the nature of these interactions is not entirely predetermined by general laws of causation but by norms enacted in the historical path of the agent-environment system, and thanks to processes of sense-making. Cognition is, from the enactivist standpoint, a form of sense-making. While there are multiple advantages in holding such perspective to study mind and cognition, this thesis develops a critical point of view and argues that it is necessary to deepen our understanding of the ecological dimension of sense-making. Specifically, the thesis aims to show that the environment plays a more critical role than autonomist enactivism usually attributes to it. By drawing on and critically engaging with the conceptual repertoire of enactive cognition, phenomenology, and ecological approaches to cognition, my objective is to set the conceptual foundations for an enactive-ecological approach to cognition. For this task, I propose three interrelated ideas. The first redefines sense-making as a phenomenon of norm development. The most common descriptions of sense-making involve the emergence of meaning from raw physical matter thanks to the activity of living organisms. As norm development, by contrast, sense-making refers to a constant enactment and re-enactment of norms of interaction from other pregiven norms, previously enacted in the past of the agent-environment system. I argue that the encounter of the body and the world is permanently embedded in a pregiven normative field and never in an abstract void where raw physical interactions occur. From this standpoint, we need, however, to re-evaluate the role that the environment plays in sense-making processes. If agents find themselves immersed in normative fields and not in raw physical landscapes, then the environment has a more active role for the constitution and self-transformation of sense-making norms than autonomist enactivists have acknowledged. In this vein, the second main idea of this thesis concerns the environment as an active normative field that incarnates a tension between the habitual past of the agent-environment system and the ongoing contingencies of worldly events that push the system to their self-transformation and development. The third main idea of this thesis consists of a holistic description of the field of action of agents (enactive place) and the norms enacted by processes of sense-making in the field (place-norms). A general sketch of enactive place shows that sense-making is tied to processes that entangle multiple agents and material localities into a local ecological web. An enactive place constitutes a systemic and resilient unity that unfolds in time altogether with its inhabitants, working as a normative field that constrains and motivates the self-transformation of each agent-environment system. Bodies are therefore part of wider unities of historical development: places.