Common pool resource management systems are complex to manage due to the absence of a clear understanding of the effects of users’ behavioral characteristics. Non-cooperative decision making based on individual rationality (as opposed to group rationality) and a tendency to free ride due to lack of trust and information about other users’ behavior creates externalities and can lead to tragedy of the commons without intervention by a regulator. Nevertheless, even regulatory institutions often fail to sustain natural common pool resources in the absence of clear understanding of the responses of multiple heterogeneous decision makers to different regulation schemes. While modeling can help with our understanding of complex coupled human-natural systems, past research has not been able to realistically simulate these systems for two major limitations: 1) lack of computational capacity and proper mathematical models for solving distributed systems with self-optimizing agents; and 2) lack of enough information about users’ characteristics in common pool resource systems due to absence of reliable monitoring information. Recently, different studies have tried to address the first limitation by developing agent-based models, which can be appropriately handled with today’s computational capacity. While these models are more realistic than the social planner’s models which have been traditionally used in the field, they normally rely on different heuristics for characterizing users’ behavior and incorporating heterogeneity. This work is a step-forward in addressing the second limitation, suggesting an efficient method for collecting information on diverse behavioral characteristics of real agents for incorporation in distributed agent-based models. Gaming in interactive virtual environments is suggested as a reliable method for understanding different variables that promote sustainable resource use through observation of decision making and iii behavior of the resource system beneficiaries under various institutional frameworks and policies. A review of educational or "serious" games for environmental management was undertaken to determine an appropriate game for collecting information on real-agents and also to investigate the state of environmental management games and their potential as an educational tool. A web-based groundwater sharing simulation game—Irrigania—was selected to analyze the behavior of real agents under different common pool resource management institutions. Participants included graduate and undergraduate students from the University of Central Florida and Lund University. Information was collected on participants’ resource use, behavior and mindset under different institutional settings through observation and discussion with participants. Preliminary use of water resources gaming suggests communication, cooperation, information disclosure, trust, credibility and social learning between beneficiaries as factors promoting a shift towards sustainable resource use. Additionally, Irrigania was determined to be an effective tool for complementing traditional lecture-based teaching of complex concepts related to sustainable natural resource management. The different behavioral groups identified in the study can be used for improved simulation of multi-agent groundwater management systems.

This study explores an experimental design methodology to circumvent issues with gathering behavioural data through serious games in citizen science. Public transportation research is used as a case, as it offers a complex problem for the game to solve. Four players were interviewed and observed playing a prototype of a serious game intended on gathering data on public transportation use in Gothenburg. Alongside this, a definition of different types of behaviours in games was developed to examine whether the players were playing rationally with regards to the game context (the magic circle) and the real world. The results show promise for the simplified real world mechanics utilized, to enable engaging serious game experiences. However, many issues and challenges were also observed, revolving around the players tendency to fluctuate between different types of behaviours. The implications of these challenges and the usefulness of the experimental design are discussed at the end.

This thesis covers an experiment which explores how effectively skills that are gained in a digital serious game can be transferred to a real situation. The context of the experiment is the casual restaurant industry, with focus on the task of a food runner. The results showed to be unreliable when ruling out the chance element with the use of t-tests, which points to that the data produced were coincidental, however the limited deviation in the groups’ performances indicate that there is potential in the addition of a digital game to the traditional training material. This is learned from the reports of the experiments and the analysis of the questionnaires filled out by all the participators.

Les musées et centres de sciences se sont historiquement constitués comme des institutions scientifiques et culturelles détentrices d'un savoir savant qui leur confère une certaine autorité. Actuellement, des problèmes socioscientifiques (controverses sociotechniques ou questions socialement vives) et de nouveaux rapports entre sciences et société interrogent les modes de médiations de ces institutions. Dès lors, comment traitent-elles ces sujets ? Comment les professionnels du secteur se positionnent-ils ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, cette thèse prend l'exemple du changement climatique et mobilise deux cadres d'étude : les courants sur la médiation des sciences inspirés du champ STS (Sciences and Technology Studies) qui interrogent le deficit model et la théorie des arènes dans le cadre des études sur les problèmes publics. Quatre musées et centres de sciences sont étudiés : Science Animation à Toulouse, Cap Science à Bordeaux, la Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie de Paris et le Science Museum de Londres. Le changement climatique, du moins en France jusqu'en 2009, fait l'objet d'une construction consensuelle dans les arènes scientifiques, politiques ou encore médiatiques. En effet, divers opérateurs convergent autour d'une même définition du problème. Les institutions muséales étudiées s'en détachent peu : relais du consensus incarné par les conclusions du GIEC, dépolitisation du problème, alerte et appel à l'action mais absence de focalisation sur la dimension individuelle des enjeux. Quatre modes de médiation muséale du changement climatique sont identifiés : un mode de rupture, un mode informatif, un mode réflexif et critique et un mode résolutique. Les professionnels rencontrés lors de l'enquête adoptent des postures diverses. Néanmoins, la plupart s'attachent à présenter des connaissances validées dans une posture d'impartialité et refusent les approches interventionnistes. Cependant, certains éléments des productions étudiées relèvent d'un tel mode de médiation en articulation avec des discours du type alerte et appel à l'action. Cette contradiction pourrait témoigner du poids de la définition dominante du problème climatique institué comme cause sans adversaire et plus largement de la prégnance du développement durable comme nouvelle norme sociopolitique.

台灣目前已邁入高齡化社會，因高齡人口持續攀升，面對中高齡者認知能力衰退，我們提議利用遊戲的方式進行注意力訓練。相較於一般以娛樂為主要目的的遊戲，悅趣化學習遊戲(Serious Game)是在遊戲設計除時以娛樂為目的外，另附加學習目標，這種遊戲設計方式常廣泛運用於教育、軍事、健康、都市規劃、宗教、工程與政治等領域上，以達成某種訓練或觀察目的。我們以心理學理論為基礎，透過悅趣化學習遊戲在平板電腦上設計了一個系統，邀請年長者分為兩組來擔任此一系統的受試者，並觀察使用我們所設計的遊戲系統前後其注意力變化的狀況。我們在此系統上進行了視覺搜尋(Visual Search)和注意力網絡作業(Attention Network Task, ANT)的前後測驗，並加入了自適應性(Adaptive)及導入干擾(Interference)以觀察受試者排除干擾的狀態。我們觀察此系統是否能影響測試者的認知能力與其影響的程度，並比較受試者之注意力在實驗前後變化是否因遊戲系統而改變。而經過實驗後共有21位高齡受試者完成所有實驗流程，實驗組的受試者經過分析後發現他們在視覺搜尋的在正確率以及在注意力網絡作業中的正確率、警覺性分數和導向性分數皆有顯著的改變，而在實驗後透過問卷調查另可發現高齡受試者對於遊戲學習亦是給予正面的回饋且有意願繼續使用。因此我們認為我們所設計的悅趣化學習遊戲系統能提升高齡受試者的使用意願並進而有效提升其注意力。 / Since the last decade, Taiwan has entered the aging society. However, the proportion of the elderly population has continued to increase in recent years. Our primary purpose is to use serious game as a means of training the attention of the elderly and delay the decline of cognition. Serious game has a primary purpose other than pure entertainment and has been used in the past for various applications such as national defense, education, scientific exploration, healthcare, emergency management, city planning, engineering, religion, and politics. Our goal in this work is to design a customizable serious game based on cognition psychology on the Android tablet PC platform for the elderly. We invited 21 elderly subjects to play the game and perform tests done before and after the playing. In the pre- and pro-tests, we adopted a Visual Search task and the Attention Network Task (ANT) tests to study how the proposed serious game can affect the cognition abilities, especially attention, of a subject. The experimental results reveal that the accuracy of visual search, accuracy of attention network test, scores of alerting and orienting of the participants in the experiment group have significantly improved after the trainings on the serious game system. We also have received positive feedback on the gameplay from the participants, which shows that the proposed system is well accepted and can serve as an effective means for cognition training.

L’organisation fonctionnelle des entreprises impose un fonctionnement en mode projet. Ces projets sont menés par des experts de différentes spécialités et d’origine diverses. Ces équipes ont besoin d’outils pour être performant et proposer des solutions adaptées aux multiples besoins des marchés de plus en plus exigeants. Au cours de leurs réunions et activités, ils se créé une conscience de groupe qui s’enrichit à travers les interactions et s’appuie sur divers représentations externes. Cette thèse aborde l’étude des mécanismes permettant la performance des équipes de conception collaborative en réunion synchrone. Elle a essayé de démontrer les liens entre leur Système de Mémoire Transactive (TMS), leurs Activités de Conception Collaboratives (CDA) et leurs Objets désignés Ressources (RSC), et d’identifier les éléments favorisant ces liens. Nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé une enquête auprès des équipes de conception collaborative en environnement universitaire. Puis dans un second temps nous avons réalisé une expérimentation sur deux équipes en situation de conception collaborative synchrone autour du Serious Game Delta Design déployé sur une table interactive. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que si la performance est favorisée par la TMS ou la CDA, leur lien statistique est établit, de même que le lien entre les activités de conception et les ressources mobilisées. Cependant, l’absence de lien statistique fort TMS CDA montre que les équipes ne semblent conscientes de l’utilisation des objets dans la construction de leur TMS, alors que les artefacts de la table interactive sont les plus sollicités et les activités de prise de décision semblent les plus importantes dans ces séances.Cette thèse contribue au corpus de connaissance sur l’étude des équipes de conception collaborative et mets à disposition des outils d’évaluation de la performance des équipes de conception collaboratives synchrone. / Today functional structure of enterprises requires teamwork and project mode organization. These projects are carried out by experts from different domains of expertise. Besides the teams need supporting tools in order to improve the efficiency of their design process and to propose adapted solutions to complex design problems. In the course of their meetings and collaborative activities they create group awareness through their interactions and creation of various artifacts. This thesis studies mechanisms that underlie performance of collaborative design team in synchronous meeting. In this thesis we demonstrate the links between Transactive Memory System (TMS), Collaborative Design Activities (CDA) and Objects called Resources (RSC), and identify the elements that drive these links. A survey has been used to study collaborative design teams in academic environment. Then, we performed direct observation of two teams during synchronous collaborative design meetings with a serious game Delta Design on interactive table. Results show that if performance is enhanced statistically by good TMS or CDA, and the link is demonstrate, so is the links between CDA RSC. However, the lack of statistical strong correlation between TMS and RSC seems to show that team members are not conscious of using artifacts during TMS building. While artifacts on interactive table are more solicited and decision making activities seems to be more important during their session. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of collaborative design teams and offers tools to evaluate collaborative design activities.

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The article describes a teaching innovation proposal for the IT service management course that is currently taught at the Liberal Arts and Humanities school of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). The innovation consists of a new teaching method based on a board game (designed as a “serious game”) as the main learning strategy.  The update addresses the need to create didactic situations for a competence-based approach to teaching in the aforementioned course. Its development involved research, testing (on both recently graduated students and current students), and other enhancements. The resulting proposal is versatile, sustainable in the long term and can be also used in management education in other specializations. / El presente artículo describe una propuesta de innovación para la enseñanza del curso Gestión de Servicios de Información dictado en la Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). Esta innovación consta de una metodología de enseñanza, apoyada en un juego de mesa (diseñado bajo el concepto de “juego serio”) como principal recurso de aprendizaje. La innovación propuesta responde a la necesidad de crear situaciones didácticas para la formación basada en competencias en el curso antes mencionado, y su desarrollo involucró un proceso de investigación, pruebas (con egresados recientes y estudiantes actuales) y ajustes de mejora. El resultado ha sido una propuesta versátil y sostenible en el tiempo, con potencial de poder utilizarse también para la formación en gestión de otras especialidades.

Les Jeux Sérieux (Serious Games) sont des jeux vidéo qui sont conçus avec un objectif premier qui n'est pas le divertissement. Les jeux sérieux sont de plus en plus utilisés dans le domaine de la santé en tant qu'outil éducatif dans le cadre de la formation à la médecine, ou pour aider au rétablissement des patients. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la conception d'un jeu sérieux pour la formation des médecins généralistes, en nous intéressant tout particulièrement à l'apprentissage des compétences communicationnelles et interpersonnelles qui jouent un rôle très important dans le métier de médecin, et qui sont assez peu présentes dans les programmes des cursus de formation. Nous nous intéressons en particulier aux méthodologies de conception d'un tel jeu qui doit délivrer un contenu utilitaire tout en équilibrant apprentissage et divertissement. Afin de mener ce travail, nous présentons dans la première partie de la thèse une analyse des méthodes existantes de conception de jeux sérieux en étudiant en particulier les mécanismes permettant de motiver le joueur ainsi que les principaux design patterns de conception. Nous expliquons en quoi les jeux sérieux nécessitent une architecture particulière dont la principale caractéristique est de séparer clairement les concepts nécessaires à l'apprentissage de ceux liés à l'aspect ludique. Nous proposons ensuite une modélisation de la consultation médicale qui en plus de rendre compte du processus métier auquel elle correspond, permet de représenter les différents éléments nécessaires à l'implémentation algorithmique d'un moteur de dialogue entre un joueur et un patient virtuel. Cette modélisation utilise les ontologies pour décrire les connaissances impliquées et nous montrons comment un scénario de consultation médicale peut se décrire en termes d'instances de ces ontologies. Ces ontologies incluent quatre niveaux qui décrivent le profil du patient, le résultat de consultation, le scénario et la phrase. Cette description est accessible aux experts formateurs qui disposent donc d'un outil leur permettant de définir les objectifs pédagogiques que le joueur-apprenant doit atteindre au cours de la simulation. Ces analyses sont enfin appliquées au cas de la consultation médicale et nous décrivons l'architecture d'un jeu que nous avons conçu appelé AgileDoctor. Ce jeu a pour objectif de permettre à un apprenant de jouer le rôle d'un médecin qui mène des consultations médicales en accueillant des patients aux profils divers. / Serious games are games designed for a primary purpose other than pure entertainment. More and more, serious games are developed and used in the health area as educational tools dedicated to medical knowledge training, or helping with the recovery of the patients. Communication and interpersonal skills for general practitioners in medical consultation play an important role in providing high-quality health care and establishment of good doctor-patient relationship. However, specific trainings on communication skills for doctors and medical school students are often overlooked. Comparing to traditional training approaches by using role-playing and standardized patients, an educational tool in form of a game can maximize the variety of scenario, reduce the limitation and enhance learner's motivation. For the above purposes, in this thesis we are interested in the design of a serious game for training general practitioners, in particular on communication skills learning. We are particularly interested in design methodologies of such a game, which is able to deliver a utility content while balancing learning and entertainment. To conduct this work, firstly we present an analysis of existing methods of serious games design by studying the mechanisms to motivate the player as well as the main design patterns. We explain how serious games require a special architecture in the design phase whose main characteristic is to clearly separate the concepts necessary for learning to those associated with the fun aspect. We then propose a model of medical consultation based on our analyses of identification of key concepts in the medical consultation process. This model is used to represent the different elements required for algorithmic implementation of a dialogue engine between a doctor and a patient. Our modeling uses ontologies to describe involved domain knowledge and show how a medical consultation scenario can be described in terms of instances of these ontologies. The proposed ontologies include four levels which describe the patient's profile, the result of consultation, the scenario and the phrase respectively. This description is available to the trainers and domain experts by using the authoring tool thus allows them to define the educational objectives for the player-learner during the simulation process. Finally these models are implemented and applied to the case of medical consultation. We represent the architecture of a serious game that we've designed called AgileDoctor. This game aims to enable a learner to play the role of a doctor who conducts medical consultations facing the patients of various profiles.

Submitted by Georgia Vaz (georgia.vaz@mackenzie.br) on 2016-07-06T19:39:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ARI FREUND.pdf: 2856706 bytes, checksum: 6960d4d721335f7152a54ba441237d9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T19:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ARI FREUND.pdf: 2856706 bytes, checksum: 6960d4d721335f7152a54ba441237d9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Considering the games eficiency for learning business this research proposes the development of a simulation game as an education tool for sales executives on financial techniques to sell. These techniques helps to maximize solution value by differentiating the way sales are performed. Initially a literature review has been held on the corporate universities evolution, epistemological and business games, adaptability and business financial structure. Then the SGDD (Serious Game Development Document) has been elaborated and the artificial intelligence technics required for the development of the game PHABRIKA have been defined. Developed in Game Maker Studio, the game is made up of two levels: on the first level the player learns about game dynamics, and on the second level the player is challenged to a series of strategic decisions-making into a competitive market environment. Finally, an observation session with sales executives (of electronic components for industry segment) has been held to validate the education of financial techniques to sell methodology through usage of the game PHABRIKA. Using observation session prior and subsequent questionnaires it was possible to compare participants' knowledge evolution and conclude that the game PHABRIKA is effective as education tool on financial techniques to sell. / Considerando a eficiência da utilização de jogos para aprendizagem de negócios, este projeto propõe o desenvolvimento de um jogo de simulação como instrumento para ensino de técnicas financeiras de venda para executivos de vendas. Estas técnicas auxiliam a maximizar o valor agregado da solução por meio da diferenciação da forma com que a venda é realizada. Em um primeiro momento, foi realizada uma revisão literária a respeito da evolução das universidades corporativas, jogos epistemológicos, jogos de empresas, adaptatividade e estrutura financeira de empresas. Em seguida foi elaborado o SGDD (Serious Game Development Document - Documento para desenvolvimento de serious games) e definidas as técnicas de inteligência artificial necessárias para o desenvolvimento do jogo PHABRIKA. O jogo, desenvolvido na plataforma Game Maker, é composto por dois níveis, sendo o primeiro para que o jogador entenda sua dinâmica e o segundo para que tenha desafio de tomar decisões estratégicas atuando em um mercado competitivo. Por fim, a metodologia de ensino de técnicas financeiras de vendas utilizando o jogo PHABRIKA foi validada por meio de uma sessão de observação com um grupo de executivos de vendas de componentes eletrônicos para segmento industrial. Utilizando-se de questionários anteriores e posteriores à observação foi possível comparar a evolução dos participantes, e concluir que o jogo PHABRIKA foi eficiente como instrumento de ensino de técnicas financeiras de vendas.