Syfte och frågeställningar Studiens syfte var att undersöka manliga elittennisspelares antropometri under de senaste 30 åren. De fyra frågeställningarna var: Vad är den genomsnittliga åldern för de hundra bäst rankade manliga tennisspelare i världen och har åldern förändrats över de senaste 30 åren? Vad är den genomsnittliga vikten för de hundra bäst rankade manliga tennisspelare i världen och har vikten förändrats över de senaste 30 åren? Vad är den genomsnittliga kroppslängden för de hundra bäst rankade manliga tennisspelare i världen och har kroppslängden förändrats över de senaste 30 åren? Vad är det genomsnittliga BMI-värdet för de hundra bäst rankade manliga tennisspelare i världen och har BMI-värdet förändrats över de senaste 30 åren? Metod I studien undersöktes antropometriska data för de hundra bäst rankade tennisspelare var tredje år mellan åren 1986–2016. Till undersökningen samlades data in från Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) öppna tillgång till information (www.atpworldtour.com), då ett urvalskriterium var att endast bearbeta data från den absoluta världseliten inom manlig tennis. Studien hade en kvantitativ ansats i form av en linjär regressionsanalys där rådata analyserades i programmet SPSS. Resultat Resultaten visade att åldern ökat från 23,6 till 28,1 år, vikten från 76,4 till 80,4kg, kroppslängden från 183,4 till 186,8cm och BMI från 22,7 till 23,0 mellan åren 1986 och 2016. Resultaten visade en statistiskt signifikant förändring inom samtliga undersökta områden, förutom BMI som inte visade någon statistisk signifikant förändring över studiens undersökta år. Slutsats Resultatet för studien tyder på att vägen till den yttersta världseliten inom tennis blivit tuffare då medelåldern bland de hundra bäst rankade manliga tennisspelare markant ökat under de senaste 30 åren. Resultatet beträffande vikt tyder på att tennisspelare tycks ha nått en optimal vikt som ligger omkring 80kg. Tennisspelares genomsnittliga kroppslängd har ökat signifikant under de senaste 30 åren. / <p>Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott</p>

[pt] As empresas têm percebido que certos clientes, apesar de consumirem em grande escala, não são lucrativos e demandam grandes esforços de atendimento. Adotar métodos que permitam diferenciar os clientes de acordo a sua participação nos resultados da empresa contribui para o aperfeiçoamento do processo gerencial. O presente estudo visa apresentar a utilização da metodologia de Custo de Servir (CSC) na análise da lucratividade dos clientes e seu uso como ferramenta de estratégia comercial, demonstrando como pode-se aplicá-la em uma carteira de consumidores de uma distribuidora de Gás Liquefeito de Petróleo (GLP) no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho discorre sobre a forma de calcular o CSC de cada cliente, adotando conceitos derivados do método de custeio por atividade e seu impacto na margem de contribuição. São abordados critérios para a segmentação de clientes e como todos esses conceitos subsidiam as decisões gerenciais considerando as forças de mercado presentes no setor de atuação. O estudo empírico é suportado pela revisão da literatura e está baseado nos dados obtidos da empresa de GLP. A análise do CSC busca melhorar a eficiência da gestão, reduzir custos e aumentar a lucratividade da empresa. As conclusões oferecem um instrumento para a gestão do portfólio da empresa e abordam aspectos logísticos, comerciais, financeiros e competitivos que afetam o mercado de distribuição de GLP. / [en] Companies have realized that certain customers, despite consuming on a large scale, are not profitable and demand great service efforts. Adopting methods that make it possible to differentiate customers according to their share of the company s results contributes to improving the management process. The present study aims to present the use of the Cost of Serving (CSC) methodology in the analysis of customer profitability and its use as a commercial strategy tool, demonstrating how we can apply it in a consumer portfolio of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas distributor (LPG) in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The work discusses how to calculate the CSC of each client, adopting concepts derived from the activity costing method and its impact on the contribution margin. Criteria for customer segmentation are discussed, and all these concepts support managerial decisions considering the market forces present in the sector it operates. The literature review supports the empirical study and is based on data obtained from the LPG company. The CSC analysis seeks to improve management efficiency, reduce costs and increase the company s profitability. The conclusions offer an instrument for the management of the company s portfolio and address logistical, commercial, financial and competitive aspects that affect the LPG distribution market.

No description available.

O trabalho teve por objetivo investigar processos formativos inerentes à condição de aluno do professor, em um programa de educação em serviço, da perspectiva do processo de socialização/educação familiar e escolar. Busca analisar as relações entre os ofícios discente e docente quando exercidos de forma simultânea, examinando em que medida viver tal situação favorece processos de formação docente mais significativos, e verificar as implicações dessa formação no trabalho do professor, na escola. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa. O trabalho etnográfico envolveu observações em contextos de ensino on-line e off-line durante 18 meses. O referencial empírico foi o PEC Formação Universitária Municípios/São Paulo (2003-2004), caracterizado como um curso presencial com forte apoio de mídias interativas, que teve por finalidade oferecer a licenciatura plena aos docentes que tinham apenas a formação para o magistério em nível médio. Os dados da investigação constituíram-se de documentos oficiais, notas de campo, entrevistas, além de um conjunto de memórias produzidas pelos professores. O referencial teórico fundamenta-se na teoria do habitus de Bourdieu, problematizada por alguns de seus críticos contemporâneos. Os resultados obtidos apontam que os professores, em determinadas ocasiões, recorrerem às artimanhas de alunos para enfrentar as exigências do curso, afastando-se do que formalmente deles se espera quando investidos no ofício discente. Tais comportamentos estão relacionados a diversos fatores que no contexto investigado se mostraram mais associados a determinadas modalidades de ensino, ao habitus escolar e às condições de existência do professor, tal como a escassez de tempo decorrente da dupla ou até tripla jornada de trabalho. Por outro lado, vivenciar tais situações incitou os professores a refletirem sobre o exercício dos ofícios discente e docente, facultando-lhes compreender vários aspectos tanto das condutas quanto dos processos de aprendizagem de seus alunos. Além disso, permitiu-lhes o entendimento de algumas de suas práticas docentes, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atitudes em relação ao aluno e à proposição de certas atividades escolares. Muitas dessas reflexões surgiram a partir de um processo formativo não previsto pelo programa, possibilitado pelo que foi chamado neste trabalho de simetria invertida às avessas. Tendo em vista as relações com o tutor e a experiência de certas atividades, notadamente as avaliações, os alunos-professores observavam, e aprendiam, o que não deveriam fazer em sala de aula, em virtude do baixo ou inadequado potencial formativo de tais situações de aprendizagem, contrariando assim o princípio da simetria invertida, um dos eixos do modelo focalizado. As análises revelaram que o contexto em estudo fez aflorar aspectos latentes da cultura escolar, explicitados especialmente nas tensões entre o ofício de aluno e o de professor, recolocando em pauta o exame sobre as potencialidades e expectativas da formação em serviço. / Considering the perspective of the processes of school and family socialization/education, this work investigates the formative processes inherent to the student situation in which teachers find themselves during an in-service teacher education program. It aims to analyze the relationships between the teacher and the student crafts when carried out simultaneously, examining to what extent such situation promotes more meaningful processes of teacher education, and also to investigate the implications of this formation to the teacher work at school. The research is of a qualitative nature; the ethnographic fieldwork involved systematic observations in contexts of online and offline teaching during 18 months. The empirical framework was given by the PEC Municípios [PEC University Formation Municipalities/São Paulo] (2003-2004), characterized as a presence course with strong support of interactive media, which had as its purpose to offer full licentiateship to teachers who till then had only secondary level teacher training. The data for the investigation consisted of official documents, field notes, interviews and also a set of memoirs created by the teachers during the course. The theoretical framework is based on Bourdieus theory of habitus, problematized by some of his contemporary critics. The results obtained point to the fact that teachers, in some situations, resort to student stratagems to face the demands of the course, deviating from the behavior expected of them when invested of the office of students. Such behavior is related to several factors that, in the context studied here, turned out to be more associated to some modalities of teaching, to the school habitus, and to the conditions of existence of the teacher. On the other hand, going through these situations allowed teachers to reflect upon the exercise of teacher and student crafts, helping them to understand various aspects of pupil conduct and of their learning processes. Additionally, it made them comprehend some of their own teaching practices, particularly in what concerns their attitudes towards the students, and the proposition of some types of school activities. Many of these reflections emerged from a formative process unforeseen by the program, made possible by what was called in this research backward inverted symmetry. Considering the relations with their tutor and the experience of some activities, notably the examinations, the studentteachers observed and learned what they should not do in the classroom due to the low or inadequate formative potential of such learning situations, thereby subverting the principle of inverted symmetry, one of the mainstays of the PEC. The analyses carried out revealed that the context under study brought forward latent aspects of the school culture, made explicit specially by the tensions between the role of student and that of teacher, rekindling the issue of the potentialities and expectations about in-service teacher education.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-04T17:00:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilia Cassia Teixeira Saliba.pdf: 8375561 bytes, checksum: ca544bb33bb33ae32e528a0222a7dc38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T17:00:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilia Cassia Teixeira Saliba.pdf: 8375561 bytes, checksum: ca544bb33bb33ae32e528a0222a7dc38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / In recent years, Public Administration has undergone several changes aimed at controlling public spending and accountability of public officials with public resources. Such changes started with the publication of Law 101/2000, and, concomitantly to these legal changes, came the Brazilian Accounting Standards Applied to the Public Sector (NBCASP) that began in 2008 with the publication of the first standards. In this sense, the roles of the Public Management and Public Accountant become imperative. The judicious decision-making processes in the public sphere became critical and, combined with the tools of Public Accounting, are essential to make the best decision. It is important to note that with the participatory management, decisions are proposed, in many cases, wit the participation council members, elected by the population, who generally do not have sufficient expertise to make the most priority decision and need a tool to assist them in the decision making process. It was for this reason that the present work was developed, with the intention to make a contribution in these times of great change. One of the major problems in public management is the mechanism used in the decision making process, so the paper proposes a method of prioritizing it, adapting the work of Nunes and Pinheiro (2008) for financial and banking institutions, that can be used for all sectors. The work of Jannuzzi, Miranda and Silva (2009) that shows the method of Multi-criteria Decision Support (MDS) for Public Policy was also incorporated. The adapted method studied projects or demands, and actions, submitting them to a multiple criteria evaluation that consisted in the use of five criteria, each composed of five attributes that received scores from 1 to 5, in order to measure the degree of priority of each attribute. In the end, the data set was organized in a table that shows be which project should prioritized first. The composition of the prioritization criteria has taken into account the concept of cost to serve in the reverse perspective used in private accounting, meaning that projects that require greater resources in the view of the customer-citizen can get the biggest priority, because they indicate the need for public policies for a given region. Another criterion was the Expected Benefits that assesses, both quantitatively and qualitatively, how that particular project will contribute to the purposeful development of that particular action for the population. The method was tested in Chapel of Socorro neighborhood public administration office, taking the 11 approved projects for the year 2014 and checking which of these had the highest priority / A Administração Pública nos últimos anos tem passado por várias mudanças que visam o controle de gastos públicos e a responsabilidade dos gestores públicos com os recursos públicos. Tais mudanças se principiaram com a publicação da Lei n⁰ 101/2000 e, concomitantemente a essas mudanças legais sobreveio a padronização das Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade Aplicadas ao Setor Público – NBCASP, que teve início em 2008 com a publicação das primeiras normas. Neste sentido, os papéis do Gestor Público e do Contador Público tornaram-se imperativos. A tomada de decisão criteriosa, no âmbito público, passou a ser fundamental e, aliada às ferramentas da Contabilidade Pública, são essenciais para se tomar a melhor decisão. Importante ressaltar que com a gestão participativa as decisões são propostas, em muitas das vezes, por conselheiros participativos, eleitos pela população, que, em geral, não têm conhecimentos técnicos suficientes para tomar a decisão mais prioritária e precisam de uma ferramenta que os auxiliem na tomada de decisão. Foi por essa razão que o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido, com a intenção de dar uma contribuição neste momento de grandes mudanças. Um dos grandes problemas na gestão pública é o mecanismo no processo de tomada de decisão, assim, o trabalho propõe um método de priorização de tomada de decisão, adaptação do trabalho de Nunes e Pinheiro (2008) para instituições financeiras e bancárias, porém, podendo ser utilizada para todos os setores. Também foi utilizado o trabalho de Jannuzzi, Miranda e Silva (2009), que apresenta o método do Apoio Multicritério à Decisão (AMD) para Políticas Públicas. O método adaptado estudou projetos ou demandas, ações, e os submeteram a uma avaliação de multicritério, que consistiu na elaboração de 5 critérios, cada um composto por 5 atributos que receberam notas de 1 a 5, objetivando medir o grau de priorização de cada atributo. No final, os dados foram parametrizados em uma Tabela na qual resulta o projeto prioritário. Para a composição dos critérios de priorização foi tomado o conceito de Custo para Servir na perspectiva inversa da usada na contabilidade privada, ou seja, os projetos que requerem maior recurso na visão do cliente-cidadão podem ser os prioritários, pois indicam a necessidade de políticas públicas para uma dada região. Outro critério utilizado foi o de Benefícios Esperados que avalia, tanto de forma quantitativa quanto qualitativa, o quanto aquele determinado projeto vai contribuir para o desenvolvimento propositivo daquela determinada ação para a população. O Método foi testado na Subprefeitura Capela do Socorro, tomando-se os 11 projetos aprovados para o Exercício 2014 e verificando quais destes eram os prioritários

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Alvares.pdf: 2247051 bytes, checksum: 0ebe5955afba8838ebd0743301cf478c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-25 / The knowledge of the customer profitability is important information to define specific policies and actions. The profitability analysis indicates the portion of profit that each customer contributes to the result of the company. Customers have different needs and therefore consume company resources differently. Measuring the Cost to Serve answers to the company how much it costs to serve each customer, distribution channel, region etc. The Activity Based Costing (ABC) came in the late 80s, with the aim of measuring the cost of products, customers and other costing objects with greater accuracy, thus avoiding distortions caused by the use of criteria for apportionment, based on volume, the allocation of indirect costs. However, even with the benefits provided by ABC, many companies withdrew their application in practice, pointing out several difficulties. Kaplan and Anderson (2004) presented as a solution to the difficulties encountered in using the ABC, Activity Based Costing and Time (TDABC), whose purpose is to simplify the costing process, using time as a major driver of costs. In that sense, this paper presents an exploratory case study with a single company in the food industry, located in São Paulo. We analyzed the 248 enterprise customers in order to verify if the TDABC can simplify the measurement of the cost of processing applications and provide relevant information to the analysis of customer profitability. The paper presents as the main objective the use and analysis of TDABC in measuring the cost of processing applications. In general, the study showed that TDABC can simplify the process of costing, however, care is needed to calculate the rate of capacity cost and the development of equations of time. Whereas the findings and results of this study were obtained from a single company, it is suggested to future researchers to apply the subject in companies in other sectors / O conhecimento da lucratividade do cliente é uma informação relevante para a definição de ações e políticas específicas. A análise da lucratividade indica a parcela com que cada cliente contribui para o resultado da empresa. Os clientes apresentam necessidades diversas e, consequentemente, consomem recursos da empresa de forma diferente. A mensuração do Custo para Servir responde à empresa quanto custa servir cada cliente, canal de distribuição, região etc. O Custeio Baseado em Atividade (ABC) surgiu no final dos anos 80, com o objetivo de mensurar o custo dos produtos, clientes e de outros objetos de custeio com maior acurácia, evitando, assim, distorções causadas pela utilização de critérios de rateio, baseados no volume, na alocação dos custos indiretos. Entretanto, mesmo com os benefícios proporcionados pelo ABC, muitas empresas desistiram de sua aplicação na prática, apontando diversas dificuldades. Kaplan e Anderson (2004) apresentaram como solução às dificuldades encontradas na utilização do ABC, o Custeio Baseado em Atividade e Tempo (TDABC), cujo propósito é simplificar o processo de custeio, usando o tempo como principal direcionador de custos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa exploratória com estudo de caso único numa empresa do setor alimentício, localizada no estado de São Paulo. Foram analisados os 248 clientes da empresa no intuito de verificar se o TDABC pode simplificar a mensuração do custo do processamento dos pedidos e proporcionar informações relevantes na análise da lucratividade dos clientes. A dissertação apresenta como objetivo principal a utilização e análise do TDABC na mensuração do custo do processamento dos pedidos. Em linhas gerais, o estudo demonstrou que o TDABC pode simplificar o processo de custeio, entretanto, é necessário cuidado no cálculo da taxa do custo da capacidade e na elaboração das equações de tempo. Considerando que as conclusões do estudo e os resultados desta pesquisa foram obtidos de uma única empresa, sugere-se aos futuros pesquisadores que o tema seja aplicado em empresas de outros setores

Le complexe articulaire de l'épaule est extrêmement sollicité au cours de la pratique du tennis. Le service, notamment, impose des contraintes mécaniques importantes et requiert des positions articulaires extrêmes plaçant l'épaule dans des situations à risque de blessures. La pratique intensive du tennis conduit à des adaptations musculo-squelettiques et fonctionnelles qui seraient bénéfiques à la performance. Cependant, il est difficile de savoir quand elles deviennent excessives ou déséquilibrées ce qui augmenterait les risques de blessures. Alors que la détection des futurs talents commence dès 5-6 ans, peu d'informations sur les caractéristiques de leur épaule, des facteurs de risque de blessures et de la pathomécanique spécifique sont actuellement disponibles. De telles connaissances seraient utiles pour optimiser leur prise en charge par les entraîneurs. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse était de caractériser l'épaule du jeune joueur de tennis, d'identifier des facteurs de risque de blessures et décrire la pathomécanique de l'épaule en lien avec le service du tennis. Afin de caractériser l'épaule du jeune joueur de tennis, 67 joueurs de tennis asymptomatiques âgés de 7 à 13 ans ont été répartis en trois groupes en fonction de leur âge biologique. En comparant les amplitudes articulaires et les forces des muscles de l'épaule, il a été observé que ces caractéristiques musculo-squelettiques s'adaptaient dès le plus jeune. Par la suite, afin d'identifier des facteurs de risque de blessures à l'épaule, ces mêmes caractéristiques ont été comparées entre 31 joueurs avec antécédent de douleur et 60 joueurs asymptomatiques. Les joueurs avec antécédent de douleur présentaient une plus grande amplitude de rotation de l'articulation glénohumérale ainsi qu'une faiblesse des muscles rotateurs externes de l'articulation glénohumérale et des muscles fixateurs de la scapula. Cependant, il restait difficile de savoir si ces maladaptations étaient la cause ou la conséquence de la blessure à l'épaule. Un suivi longitudinal par les analyses de transitions des profils latents a été réalisé pour apporter un éclairage. Par ailleurs, afin de mieux décrire la pathomécanique de l'épaule en lien avec le service, la cinématique des articulations glénohumérale et scapulothoracique enregistrée lors du service a été comparée entre 13 joueurs sans antécédent de douleur et 15 avec antécédent de douleur. Ces joueurs avec antécédent de douleur modifiaient leur cinématique glénohumérale et scapulothoracique à la fin de la phase d'armer du service afin probablement d'éviter la douleur et de poursuivre leur pratique du tennis. Enfin, l'étude précédente a été complétée par une analyse biomécanique du service avant et après affaiblissement du trapèze inférieur par fatigue avec électrostimulation. La faiblesse des fixateurs de la scapula, décrite chez des joueurs avec antécédent de douleur, conduisait à une cinématique scapulaire inappropriée et une diminution d'activation des muscles antérieurs de l'épaule pouvant mettre en péril les structures anatomiques du complexe articulaire de l'épaule. Ces résultats apportent des informations essentielles pour améliorer la qualité des entraînements et la prévention des blessures à l'épaule chez les jeunes joueurs de tennis. Ils soulignent notamment l'importance d'un travail de renforcement des muscles stabilisateurs de l'épaule (muscles rotateurs de l'articulation glénohumérale et stabilisateurs de la scapula) / The shoulder joint complex is largely involved in the tennis strokes. Particularly, the tennis serve applies high mechanical constraints and requires extreme joint positions making the shoulder vulnerable to injuries. Intensive tennis practice leads to musculoskeletal and functional adaptations that are thought to be beneficial to performance. However, it remains unclear when they become unbalanced or excessive that increases the risk of injury. The prospects are scouted from 5 years old, but little is known on their specific shoulder characteristics, risk factors for injury and pathomechanics. Such knowledge would be useful to optimize their monitoring by coaches. This thesis aimed to characterize the young tennis player's shoulder, identify risk factors for injury and describe the shoulder pathomechanisms related to the tennis serve. To characterize the young tennis player’s shoulder, 67 asymptomatic tennis players aged 7 to 13 years old were divided into three groups according to their biological age. The comparison between our three groups highlighted that the glenohumeral ranges of motion and the shoulder muscle strength adaptions occurred from an early age. Then to bring risk factor for shoulder injuries to light, these parameters were also compared between 31 players with a history of shoulder pain and 60 asymptomatic players. Players with a history of shoulder pain presented a larger glenohumeral joint total rotation range of motion as well as a weakness of the glenohumeral external rotator muscles and the scapular stabilizer muscles. A longitudinal study, using a latent profile transition analysis, was conducted to determine whether the factors previously identified were the cause or consequence of the shoulder injury. Furthermore, in the aim to describe the shoulder pathomechanisms related to the tennis serve motion, the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic kinematics of the tennis serve were compared between 13 players without and 15 with a history of shoulder pain. Players with a history ofshoulder pain adapted their glenohumeral and scapulothoracic kinematics at the end of the cocking phase to probably preserve the sub-acromial space and the rotator cuff tendons during the tennis serve. Finally, the previous study was completed by a study analyzing the shoulder biomechanics of a tennis serve before and after the fatigue of the lower trapezius. The weakness of the scapular stabilizer muscles impaired the scapular kinematics and decreased the activation of the anterior shoulder muscles that may jeopardize the shoulder joint anatomical structures. These findings bring new knowledge to improve the young players monitoring and the injury prevention. Particularly, it highlights the importance to strengthen the stabilizer muscles (glenohumeral external rotator muscles and scapular stabilizer muscles)

O trabalho teve por objetivo investigar processos formativos inerentes à condição de aluno do professor, em um programa de educação em serviço, da perspectiva do processo de socialização/educação familiar e escolar. Busca analisar as relações entre os ofícios discente e docente quando exercidos de forma simultânea, examinando em que medida viver tal situação favorece processos de formação docente mais significativos, e verificar as implicações dessa formação no trabalho do professor, na escola. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa. O trabalho etnográfico envolveu observações em contextos de ensino on-line e off-line durante 18 meses. O referencial empírico foi o PEC Formação Universitária Municípios/São Paulo (2003-2004), caracterizado como um curso presencial com forte apoio de mídias interativas, que teve por finalidade oferecer a licenciatura plena aos docentes que tinham apenas a formação para o magistério em nível médio. Os dados da investigação constituíram-se de documentos oficiais, notas de campo, entrevistas, além de um conjunto de memórias produzidas pelos professores. O referencial teórico fundamenta-se na teoria do habitus de Bourdieu, problematizada por alguns de seus críticos contemporâneos. Os resultados obtidos apontam que os professores, em determinadas ocasiões, recorrerem às artimanhas de alunos para enfrentar as exigências do curso, afastando-se do que formalmente deles se espera quando investidos no ofício discente. Tais comportamentos estão relacionados a diversos fatores que no contexto investigado se mostraram mais associados a determinadas modalidades de ensino, ao habitus escolar e às condições de existência do professor, tal como a escassez de tempo decorrente da dupla ou até tripla jornada de trabalho. Por outro lado, vivenciar tais situações incitou os professores a refletirem sobre o exercício dos ofícios discente e docente, facultando-lhes compreender vários aspectos tanto das condutas quanto dos processos de aprendizagem de seus alunos. Além disso, permitiu-lhes o entendimento de algumas de suas práticas docentes, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atitudes em relação ao aluno e à proposição de certas atividades escolares. Muitas dessas reflexões surgiram a partir de um processo formativo não previsto pelo programa, possibilitado pelo que foi chamado neste trabalho de simetria invertida às avessas. Tendo em vista as relações com o tutor e a experiência de certas atividades, notadamente as avaliações, os alunos-professores observavam, e aprendiam, o que não deveriam fazer em sala de aula, em virtude do baixo ou inadequado potencial formativo de tais situações de aprendizagem, contrariando assim o princípio da simetria invertida, um dos eixos do modelo focalizado. As análises revelaram que o contexto em estudo fez aflorar aspectos latentes da cultura escolar, explicitados especialmente nas tensões entre o ofício de aluno e o de professor, recolocando em pauta o exame sobre as potencialidades e expectativas da formação em serviço. / Considering the perspective of the processes of school and family socialization/education, this work investigates the formative processes inherent to the student situation in which teachers find themselves during an in-service teacher education program. It aims to analyze the relationships between the teacher and the student crafts when carried out simultaneously, examining to what extent such situation promotes more meaningful processes of teacher education, and also to investigate the implications of this formation to the teacher work at school. The research is of a qualitative nature; the ethnographic fieldwork involved systematic observations in contexts of online and offline teaching during 18 months. The empirical framework was given by the PEC Municípios [PEC University Formation Municipalities/São Paulo] (2003-2004), characterized as a presence course with strong support of interactive media, which had as its purpose to offer full licentiateship to teachers who till then had only secondary level teacher training. The data for the investigation consisted of official documents, field notes, interviews and also a set of memoirs created by the teachers during the course. The theoretical framework is based on Bourdieus theory of habitus, problematized by some of his contemporary critics. The results obtained point to the fact that teachers, in some situations, resort to student stratagems to face the demands of the course, deviating from the behavior expected of them when invested of the office of students. Such behavior is related to several factors that, in the context studied here, turned out to be more associated to some modalities of teaching, to the school habitus, and to the conditions of existence of the teacher. On the other hand, going through these situations allowed teachers to reflect upon the exercise of teacher and student crafts, helping them to understand various aspects of pupil conduct and of their learning processes. Additionally, it made them comprehend some of their own teaching practices, particularly in what concerns their attitudes towards the students, and the proposition of some types of school activities. Many of these reflections emerged from a formative process unforeseen by the program, made possible by what was called in this research backward inverted symmetry. Considering the relations with their tutor and the experience of some activities, notably the examinations, the studentteachers observed and learned what they should not do in the classroom due to the low or inadequate formative potential of such learning situations, thereby subverting the principle of inverted symmetry, one of the mainstays of the PEC. The analyses carried out revealed that the context under study brought forward latent aspects of the school culture, made explicit specially by the tensions between the role of student and that of teacher, rekindling the issue of the potentialities and expectations about in-service teacher education.

Many Christians, including Christian leaders, are spiritually blind. They do not understand the purpose and implication of Jesus' Coming for each of His followers. So often Christians seek self-interest and their own honour and are not in the least concerned about their fellow believers and fellow man. They do not live up to God's purpose with them. The main research problem of this study is: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The main objective of this study is to determine what the implication is of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question posed. in Chapter 2 is the following: "What research has been done with reference to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" Research has shown that the disciples are portrayed negatively in the Gospel of Mark. Researchers offer different explanations for this negative portrayal of the disciples. There is concensus among researchers that this specific portrayal of the disciples should be explained from the angle of Christology and discipleship. This study examines the negative portrayal of the disciples focusing on the ? of Jesus and the discipleship of His followers. The intention is to propose an answer to the calling of each follower in the missionary church. Research has further shown that discipleship is not limited to the twelve disciples only, but includes all followers of Jesus. The specific question posed in Chapter 3 is the following: "What is the relevance of the socio-historic and literary context of the Gospel of Mark for this study regarding the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The socio-historic context indicates that the adressees of the Gospel of Mark probably suffered persecution. The relevance of the socio-historic context can be read from the fact that the author of the Gospel of Mark encourages the adressees in their unique situation(s) en guides them on their response as followers. This corresponds with Jesus' discipleship calling to bear one's own cross. From the literary context it becomes clear that the central discipleship section in Mark 8:27-10:52 forms a structural unit in the Gospel of Mark. Christology and discipleship are central themes in Mark 8:27- 10:52. These two themes are directly related to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The literary context also shows that the Gospel of Mark is a dramatic, apocalyptic, eschatologic narrative that is also a biography. As a biography of Jesus, the Gospel of Mark focuses on Jesus as Subject who serves, but also on his disciples who must deny themselves and serve God. The specific question posed in Chapter 4 is the following: "What is the relevance of the revelation-historic context of the "Son of man" enunciations in Mark 8:27-10:52 for the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark? In Chapter 4 it is shown that the "Son of man" enunciations should be understood within the revelation-historical relation between the Old and the New Testament. Jesus proclaims Himself, amongst other titles in the Gospel of Mark as the Son of man. The Son of man is a glorious and kingly figure (cf Dan 7:13 & 14), .but also a humble figure who suffers (cf Isaiah Jes 40-55; Sagaria; the Psalms). It is further more important to realize that there is a relationship between the Messiah and His servants in the Old Testament and the Son of man and his followers in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question, posed in Chapter 5 is the following: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" It is shown from Mark 8:27-9:1 that the ? of Jesus has redemptive, discipleship, as well as judgemental implication. Following Jesus means to serve Him as believer and saved person. Following Jesus is to serve Jesus and God with the same attitude as Jesus served His Father and people. It is shown from Mark 9:30-37 that humble and loving service is necessary between leaders and all followers. This service should be specifically aimed at the least ones in the community of faith. Humble service towards one another and the least ones is not degraded. It is extremely important work because it is at the same time service towards Jesus and God. At the feet of the least in church and society we receive the most humble Servant and our Supreme God, the most important of all. It is shown from Mark 10:32-45 that selfish behaviour and pride among leaders must be replaced with a humble attitude and submission to God, fellow believers and fellow man." This discipleship has its origin in the reconciliatory work of Jesus. It is shown from Mark 10:46-52 that Jesus sent people to the outsiders and sufferers along the road to call them to Him. His aim is to save them that they may join and serve Him and others. In Chapter 6 this study reaches its conclusion. God had according to the Gospel of Mark a specific purpose with the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation. Through His word proclamation Jesus reveals the will of His Father who sent Him to earth. This message of the Kingdom of God is a message of hope. Through His deed proclamation Jesus brings salvation to many people. The life of Jesus was a life of humble, sacrificing and loving service. His service makes their service possible. He calls all His followers to serve God until! He comes again. Every believer is a follower of Jesus and part of the missionary church as fishers of men. Each believer is sent out in the world with the sacrificing love of Jesus to serve God, fellow believers, his fellow man especially the least ones and those who suffer. Leaders and followers should live according to the same principle: Follow Jesus by serving God and your fellow man. Every follower is a servant not only at the feet of the least ones and those who suffer, but also at the feet of the greatest Servant and our Supreme God. / Thesis (Ph.D. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

Many Christians, including Christian leaders, are spiritually blind. They do not understand the purpose and implication of Jesus' Coming for each of His followers. So often Christians seek self-interest and their own honour and are not in the least concerned about their fellow believers and fellow man. They do not live up to God's purpose with them. The main research problem of this study is: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The main objective of this study is to determine what the implication is of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question posed. in Chapter 2 is the following: "What research has been done with reference to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" Research has shown that the disciples are portrayed negatively in the Gospel of Mark. Researchers offer different explanations for this negative portrayal of the disciples. There is concensus among researchers that this specific portrayal of the disciples should be explained from the angle of Christology and discipleship. This study examines the negative portrayal of the disciples focusing on the ? of Jesus and the discipleship of His followers. The intention is to propose an answer to the calling of each follower in the missionary church. Research has further shown that discipleship is not limited to the twelve disciples only, but includes all followers of Jesus. The specific question posed in Chapter 3 is the following: "What is the relevance of the socio-historic and literary context of the Gospel of Mark for this study regarding the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The socio-historic context indicates that the adressees of the Gospel of Mark probably suffered persecution. The relevance of the socio-historic context can be read from the fact that the author of the Gospel of Mark encourages the adressees in their unique situation(s) en guides them on their response as followers. This corresponds with Jesus' discipleship calling to bear one's own cross. From the literary context it becomes clear that the central discipleship section in Mark 8:27-10:52 forms a structural unit in the Gospel of Mark. Christology and discipleship are central themes in Mark 8:27- 10:52. These two themes are directly related to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The literary context also shows that the Gospel of Mark is a dramatic, apocalyptic, eschatologic narrative that is also a biography. As a biography of Jesus, the Gospel of Mark focuses on Jesus as Subject who serves, but also on his disciples who must deny themselves and serve God. The specific question posed in Chapter 4 is the following: "What is the relevance of the revelation-historic context of the "Son of man" enunciations in Mark 8:27-10:52 for the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark? In Chapter 4 it is shown that the "Son of man" enunciations should be understood within the revelation-historical relation between the Old and the New Testament. Jesus proclaims Himself, amongst other titles in the Gospel of Mark as the Son of man. The Son of man is a glorious and kingly figure (cf Dan 7:13 & 14), .but also a humble figure who suffers (cf Isaiah Jes 40-55; Sagaria; the Psalms). It is further more important to realize that there is a relationship between the Messiah and His servants in the Old Testament and the Son of man and his followers in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question, posed in Chapter 5 is the following: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" It is shown from Mark 8:27-9:1 that the ? of Jesus has redemptive, discipleship, as well as judgemental implication. Following Jesus means to serve Him as believer and saved person. Following Jesus is to serve Jesus and God with the same attitude as Jesus served His Father and people. It is shown from Mark 9:30-37 that humble and loving service is necessary between leaders and all followers. This service should be specifically aimed at the least ones in the community of faith. Humble service towards one another and the least ones is not degraded. It is extremely important work because it is at the same time service towards Jesus and God. At the feet of the least in church and society we receive the most humble Servant and our Supreme God, the most important of all. It is shown from Mark 10:32-45 that selfish behaviour and pride among leaders must be replaced with a humble attitude and submission to God, fellow believers and fellow man." This discipleship has its origin in the reconciliatory work of Jesus. It is shown from Mark 10:46-52 that Jesus sent people to the outsiders and sufferers along the road to call them to Him. His aim is to save them that they may join and serve Him and others. In Chapter 6 this study reaches its conclusion. God had according to the Gospel of Mark a specific purpose with the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation. Through His word proclamation Jesus reveals the will of His Father who sent Him to earth. This message of the Kingdom of God is a message of hope. Through His deed proclamation Jesus brings salvation to many people. The life of Jesus was a life of humble, sacrificing and loving service. His service makes their service possible. He calls all His followers to serve God until! He comes again. Every believer is a follower of Jesus and part of the missionary church as fishers of men. Each believer is sent out in the world with the sacrificing love of Jesus to serve God, fellow believers, his fellow man especially the least ones and those who suffer. Leaders and followers should live according to the same principle: Follow Jesus by serving God and your fellow man. Every follower is a servant not only at the feet of the least ones and those who suffer, but also at the feet of the greatest Servant and our Supreme God. / Thesis (Ph.D. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010