Magistro studijų baigiamasis darbas, 53 puslapiai, 12 paveikslų, 6 lentelės, 50 literatūros šaltinių, lietuvių kalba. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: paslaugų sektorius, užimtumas, užimtumo lygis, poindustrinė visuomenė, transformacija. Tyrimo objektas: paslaugų sektorius kaimo vietovėse. Darbo tikslas: įvertinti paslaugų sektoriaus poveikį užimtumui kaimo vietovėse. Uždaviniai: • atskleisti vyraujančius požiūrius į gyventojų užimtumo teorines nuostatas; • išanalizuoti paslaugų sektorių ir gyventojų užimtumo struktūros transformacijas poindustrinėje visuomenėje; • išanalizuoti gyventojų užimtumo pokyčius kaimo vietovėse; • įvertinti gyventojų užimtumo problemas ir didinimo galimybes kaimo vietovėse; • pateikti paslaugų sektoriaus plėtros perspektyvas kaimo vietovėse . Tyrimo metodai: • gyventojų užimtumo teorinės nuostatos, paslaugų sektorius ir užimtumo struktūros transformacijos poindustrinėje visuomenėje pateikiami naudojant abstrakcinį, mokslinės literatūros, teisinių dokumentų, straipsnių, konferencijų bei interneto puslapiuose surinktos medžiagos analizės metodus; • analizuojant gyventojų užimtumo struktūros pokyčius kaimo vietovėse naudojami statistiniai duomenų rinkimo bei analizės metodai; • statistinės informacijos sisteminimui naudoti grupavimo, palyginimo bei grafinio vaizdavimo metodai. / Final work of Postgradeduate studies, 53 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables, 50 references, Lithuanian language. KEY WORDS: service sector, employment, employment rate, post-industrial society, transformation. The object of research: service sector in rural areas. The aim of work: evaluate the impact of service sector on employment in rural areas. Objectives: • to reveal the dominating theoretical attitudes of population employment; • to analyse the service sector and the structure transformations of population employment in post-industrial society; • to analyse the changes of population employment in rural areas; • to evaluate the problems and possibilities of population employment in rural areas; • to prefer the perspectives of development of service sector in rural areas. Research methods: • theoretical attitudes of population employment, service sector and the transformations of employment structure in post-industrial society are preferred according to such analysis methods as abstractic, nonfictions, legal documents, articles, conferences and internet material; • analysing the changes of population employment structure in rural areas are used the statistical accumulation and analysis of data methods; • the methods of grouping, comparison and graphic depiction are used for statistical systematize of information.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T18:05:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 1713642 bytes, checksum: f7d6e5ae62f70bef7f2b039b56b3516b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T12:48:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 1713642 bytes, checksum: f7d6e5ae62f70bef7f2b039b56b3516b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T12:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 1713642 bytes, checksum: f7d6e5ae62f70bef7f2b039b56b3516b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Durante vários séculos, o setor de serviços foi considerado improdutivo por grande parte dos autores. Sua importância começou a se tornar percebida a partir de meados do século XX, quando sua participação, em termos de Produto Interno Bruto e emprego, aumentou nos diversos países do mundo. Apesar de representar mais de dois terços do PIB brasileiro, alguns autores têm questionado a forma com que se é mensurado a participação dos setores, não se sabendo qual é a verdadeira contribuição que o setor de serviços traz para os outros setores da economia. Utilizando a metodologia de insumoproduto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo medir a real participação dos setores de serviços na economia. Para isto, algumas atividades pertencentes aos setores de serviços das matrizes insumo-produto dos anos de 2000 e 2005 foram desagregadas. Desta forma, uma contribuição deste trabalho é a possibilidade de analisar o setor de forma mais detalhada, ou seja, com atividades que apesar de terem significativas contribuições no Produto, não têm seus fluxos inter e intra setoriais divulgados de forma desagregada. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Anual de Serviços (PAS) e para que a matriz insumo-produto ficasse consistente, foi aplicado o método RAS. A matriz desagregada foi composta de 65 setores da economia, sendo 24 setores de serviços. A partir da matriz foi possível calcular os multiplicadores de produto e emprego da economia brasileira para os anos de 2000 e 2005, além dos encadeamentos produtivos. Observou-se que os setores de serviços apresentaram alta capacidade de geração de emprego e baixa capacidade na geração do produto. Destaca-se também, a inexistência de setores de serviços como setor-chave para a economia para os dois anos pesquisados. Os setores de serviços mostraram ter, em grande parte, um baixo poder de compra e venda de insumos para o restante dos setores da economia, e na maioria das vezes, a compra e venda se dá de forma concentrada em poucos setores. Percebeu-se que os elos dentro dos setores de serviços se mostraram abaixo da média da economia, enquanto os elos entre os setores industriais mostraram-se muito fortes. Quando são hipoteticamente retirados os setores de serviços da economia, observou-se que estes impactam em maior quantidade no produto dos setores industriais, mostrando a importância que os setores de serviços apresentam na economia, principalmente, para os setores industriais. / For centuries, the service sector was considered unproductive by most authors. However, in the mid-twentieth century, when its share in terms of GDP and employment increased in several countries, its importance began to be perceived. Despite the fact that this sector represents more than two thirds of Brazil's GDP, some authors have been questioning how is measured the share of sectors, as it is not clear which is the real contribution that the service sector provides to other sectors in the economy. Using the input-output methodology, this study aims to measure the real participation of the service sectors in the economy. For that, some activities of the service sectors in the input-output matrices for the years 2000 and 2005 were disaggregated. Thus, a contribution of this paper is the possibility to analyze the service sector in a more detailed form, ie, using activities that does not have their inter-and intra-sectoral flows disclosed in disaggregated form even though they have significant contributions in the Product. To achieve this goal, we used data from the Pesquisa Anual de Serviços (PAS) and so that the input-output matrix stay consistent, we applied the RAS method. The disaggregated matrix was composed of 65 sectors of the economy, 24 being service sectors. From the matrix it was possible to calculate, for the Brazilian economy, the output and employment multipliers, and the production chain for the years 2000 and 2005. It was observed that service sectors have had a high employment creation capability and a low product generation capacity. It is worth mentioning the absence of service sectors as key sector in the economy at the two years surveyed. Most of the service sectors have a low power of sale and purchase of inputs from the remaining sectors of the economy, and in most cases, buying and selling are concentrated in few sectors. It was shown that the links within the service sectors were below the economy's average, while the links between the industrial sectors were very strong. When the service sectors were hypothetically removed from the economy, it was noted that their impacts were higher in the industrial sectors' product, proving the importance of service sectors to the economy, mainly to the industrial sectors.

MAAS / Centre for African Studies / The purpose of this research project was to explore the impact of language in public services in terms of service delivery. The study was steered by the fundamental question that required the researcher to assess the extent to which language impacts on service delivery. Previous research focused much on the challenges in service delivery that culminated in riots and demonstrations by communities. Complaints ranged from poor service delivery, lack of effective service delivery, to corruption, all of which affected quality service delivery. On the contrary, this study seeks to broaden the horizon by bringing in a new dimension that looks into the interrelation between service delivery and language, and the impact thereof. The study intends to provide a better understanding of the significance of language in the public service sector. The nature of the study is both exploratory and descriptive. The study is underpinned by two theoretical frameworks, namely, the Critical Theory and the Social Identity Theory; which were used as the lenses through which interactions between the municipality and communities were perceived. The analysis of both interviews and document study analysis outlined the importance of dissecting information through various modes of communication: in this case, orally and also in a written form. The language of the communities was also adopted in order to address the challenges of service delivery. The study elicited the importance of language in the partnership between municipalities, as the local governing structure, and its communities. This study recommends that Thulamela Municipality should, in its organisational structure, incorporate a language service (like a language desk) which would handle all issues related to language - for instance, translation and interpreting - to ensure effective communication with its communities. In addition, the study also recommends that the Thulamela Municipality should adhere to the laws and legislation of South Africa, in terms of language use in its jurisdiction. / NRF

De miljörelaterade utmaningarna som världen står inför medför en ökad press på företag från intressenter att bedriva sin verksamhet på ett sätt som inte skadar miljön utan berikar den. En förutsättning för att kunna möta miljöutmaningarna anses vara att företag i högre utsträckning bedriver innovation där hänsyn tas till dessa miljörelaterade problem, så kallade miljöinnovationer. En förutsättning för att företag ska lyckas implementera miljöinnovationer på ett framgångsrikt sätt är att deras befintliga företagskultur stödjer detta. Företagskulturen ses därför som en viktig faktor för innovation, där den både kan gynna och förhindra innovation. Detta har bevisats i tidigare forskning där sambandet mellan företagskultur och miljöinnovation studerats. I dessa studier ges som förslag till vidare forskning att göra liknande studier i andra länder för att förbättra generaliserbarheten. Forskning visar vidare på att det finns ett ömsesidigt samband mellan den nationella kulturen och företagskulturen i ett land, varpå resultatet i denna studien kan bidra med viktiga insikter kring hur företagskultur och miljöinnovation förhåller sig till varandra i en svensk kontext. Det övergripande syftet med studien var att analysera hur företagskulturen är av betydelse för att bedriva miljöinnovation. Studien genomfördes genom en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en tvärsnittsdesign som forskningsdesign. En enkätundersökning som vände sig till relevanta chefer inom tillverknings- och tjänstebranschen låg till grund för datainsamlingen. Vidare konstruerades en faktoranalys för att identifiera olika företagskulturer i Sverige. Slutligen genomfördes logistiska regressionsanalyser för att studera sambandet mellan företagskultur och miljöinnovation. Om ett företag vill bedriva miljöproduktinnovation, miljötjänsteinnovation och miljöprocessinnovation, vare sig den är radikal eller inkrementell, är det av stor vikt att dessa företag eftersträvar en kombination av marknadskulturen och klan/adhokratikulturen. Dessa resultat stämmer överens med tidigare studiers resultat och kan därför tänkas förklara sambandet mellan företagskultur och miljöinnovation i en bredare kontext. / The environmental challenges facing the world bring increased pressure on companies from stakeholders to conduct their business in a way that instead of harming enriches the environment. A prerequisite for being able to meet the environmental challenges is that companies to a greater extent engage in innovation that takes into account environmental issues, so-called environmental innovations. A prerequisite for companies to successfully implement environmental innovations is that their existing corporate culture supports this. The corporate culture could therefore be an important factor for innovation, both by promoting and by preventing innovation. Previous research has found a relationship between company culture and environmental innovation. In these studies, suggestions for further research is to conduct similar studies in other countries to improve generalizability. Research further shows that there is a mutual connection between the national culture and the corporate culture in a country, where the results of this study can contribute with important insights about how the relationship between corporate culture and environmental innovation relate to each other in a Swedish context. The overall purpose of the study was to analyze the importance of corporate culture for implementing environmental innovation. The overall purpose of the study is to analyze the importance of corporate culture for implementing environmental innovation. The study was conducted through a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional design as a research design. A survey that addressed relevant managers in the manufacturing and service industries was the basis for data collection. Furthermore, a factor analysis was designed to identify different corporate cultures in Sweden. Finally, logistic regression analysis was conducted to study the relationship between corporate culture and environmental innovation. If a company wants to pursue environmental product innovation, environmental service innovation and environmental process innovation, whether it is radical or incremental, it is of great importance that these companies strive for a combination of the market culture and the clan / adhocracy culture. These results are consistent with the results of previous studies and can therefore explain the relationship between company culture and environmental innovation in a broader context.

Service innovation is an important component for service business through its applicability in development and accretion that promotes business operations. The service innovation process can be created and maintained through interaction between the actor and the customer, where mutual value is being created through collaboration. However, disruptive external forces that reconfigure businesses environment and changes behavior of customers can have an impact on the conditions for service processes, where the need for innovative solutions increases to continue to reach customer satisfaction. In addition, it may further impact the underlying processes of innovating services, not at least within the facility service sector since interacting and operating within customer’s sites. Therefore, the authors want to contribute with knowledge regarding how service innovation processes are being affected by disruptive external forces, investigated through a single case study. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with six respondents within a global market-leading provider of facility services where the study has addressed the Swedish market. The empirical findings acknowledged that a changed customer behavior imposed by disruptive external forces causes challenges and changes to the business environment of facility services. The collected data highlighted disruptive forces such as technological, environmental and, especially prominent, the pandemic as particularly influential to the processes of facility service innovation. Business environment in a reconfigured state has, among other, affected the parts of developing, testing, and implementing innovative solutions, thereby influencing the implementation process of service innovation. In conclusion, disruptive external forces imposed new areas of focus and requirements from customers, leading to customers becoming more involved in the process of facility service innovation. The case company has been required to adopt a form of Service-Dominated (S-D) logic on the approach of developing value propositions, implicating that the customers are taking an increased and active part in the facility service innovation process. In relation to a changing customer need imposed by disruptive external forces, psychological senses and perceptions have been distinguished to be a requirement of facility service innovation and have therefore constituted an active component of the innovation process.

Over the past decades, globalisation dynamics have experienced a shift in regard to their driving economic sectors. At the beginning of the 21st century, the global economy will no longer be primarily driven by manufacturing companies but by companies in the service sector. Among them are large retail companies that, with their demand-driven supply chains, organise the global economy to a significant degree. The retail sector represents a particular case within internationalisation dynamics. With its special characteristics and logics it poses special challenges to internationally expanding companies. This is reflected in the facts that the intensive expansion phase of retail trade began relatively late compared to other sectors and that the sector’s level of internationalisation is still comparatively low. This paper focuses on two aspects of retail internationalisation that are underrepre-sented in research. (1) International expansion is by no means the final stage of international economic integration. Coe and Wrigley (2017) speak of a new era of globalised distribution, characterised by, among other things, the concentration of leading retailers on their strong foreign markets and the withdrawal of their operations from other countries. However, our understanding of these dynamics, their drivers, and their effects is inconsistent. This dissertation contributes to closing this gap and brings a new empirical perspective into the research literature by discussing the perspective of the market of inward for-eign direct investment (FDI). This is novel as, until now, research in this area has largely been based on the view of internationalizing companies’ Western home markets. In addition, this dissertation adds a new level of investigation through the exhaustive examination of a market (for the sub-sector of grocery retailing). (2) Beyond the import of financial capital, potential knowledge transfers into the local economy are an important argument for opening up to FDI. The extent to which the knowledge base of an economy is actually improved and upgrading processes of local companies are driven by the entry of a transnational company (TNC), seems to depend strongly on the degree of a TNC’s local embeddedness. This varies according to the sector and the corporate strategy. We know very little about knowledge transfer and up-grading in the context of internationalisation processes in the retail sector, as the discussion on cross-border knowledge transfer through FDI and the discussion on the internationalisation of the retail sector have so far largely been conducted separately. This dissertation contributes to the connection of these research strands. In this respect, it helps to correct the ‘production bias’, the strong orientation of the scientific discourse on knowledge transfer and upgrading towards the manufacturing, technology-intensive industry. The overall goal of the dissertation is to make an empirically derived contribution to research on retail internationalisation and its local effects in emerging markets from the perspective of relational economic geography. The dissertation addresses the dynamics, drivers, decision-making processes, and traces of FDI in the retail sector. In addition, it examines horizontal and vertical knowledge transfers and the upgrading processes of local suppliers of fresh food triggered by FDI. The study is based on the global production network-approach (Henderson et al. 2002), which conceptualises TNCs as networks whose subsidiaries are embedded in a particular context. The global value chain-approach (Gereffi et al. 2005) and the concept of up-grading, which is discussed in its context, are used as a framework for analysis. This approach is helpful to analyse the mobility of actors within a value chain toward a more advantageous position and the role of buyer companies in these developments. The dissertation combines the GVC research with the literature on (local) knowledge transfer. It uses the distinction between explicit and implicit knowledge developed by Polanyi (1958) to analyze the extent to which knowledge is transferred by FDI across national borders. Thus, the dissertation contributes to the link between GVC/GPN research and research on international knowledge transfer/the local acquisition of skills, which has been largely lacking. The dissertation uses the regional example of Turkey. The country stands as an example for the group of emerging countries. Due to dynamic economic development and significant FDI inflows, it represents a suitable and interesting case in the context of this thesis’s research interest. To gain a deeper understanding of the internationalisation dynamics of the retail sector, including their drivers and effects on local economic development, the study follows a qualitative research approach. The analyses are based on data collected in guideline-based, qualitative interviews. A total of 71 semi-structured interviews were conducted in Turkey between summer 2015 and spring 2016. Among the interviewees are 32 managers of transnational and local food retailers, 28 managers of supplier companies of fresh fruit and vegetables, and 10 experts of the retail and agricultural sector in Turkey. The study shows current dynamics and drivers of the retail sector’s internationalisation processes. At the beginning of the new millennium, the investment trend in Turkey reversed and foreign divestments (FD) started to dominate the sector. In the meantime, all transnational food retailers have divested from the market. This development illus-trates the dynamics of the new era of retail distribution to an extent not previously described. The actors in the (former) host market emphasise the defensive character of this FD. They see the operational challenges and the inability or unwillingness of the TNC to adjust to the market as reasons for the failures in the foreign market. This assessment contradicts the statements of the management in the TNC's home markets and partly also the scientific literature, which is mainly based on interviews with these actors. They emphasise the offensive character of FD. By bringing together the perspec-tives of the host- and the home market a holistic picture of the decision-making process behind FD emerges. It shows that the divestment decision is not only the reversal of an expansion decision, but follows its own logic (see Figure 8 on page 72). The dissertation demonstrates that foreign retailers import company-specific re-sources from their corporate networks into the host market and thus influence the development of the local retail sector. Comparing the results of this work on the channels of horizontal knowledge transfer with the results of the literature subject to a produc-tion bias, it becomes clear that demonstration and imitation effects are of particular importance due to the high visibility of retail practices. However, despite the compara-tively low-tech nature of retail, transfer processes go far beyond demonstration and imitation. All transfer channels discussed in the literature on the manufacturing sector are relevant to retail. The transfer of implicit knowledge takes place in particular through joint ventures/acquisitions and the fluctuation of personnel. The study further reveals vertical knowledge transfers from foreign retailers to local suppliers of fresh fruit and vegetables and shows that TNCs proactively shape the de-velopment of their suppliers in the host market. Motivated by an initial lack of adequate suppliers, transnational retailers are proving to be an important driver for the moderni-sation of this supplying industry. The deep (purchasing) network embeddedness of re-tail favours knowledge transfer through backward integration. In order to remain a permanent part of the modernizing supplier network, suppliers must vertically inte-grate functions up and down the value chain, including agricultural production. This is driven forward by retailers through direct involvement and through the targeted selection of suppliers. After TNCs withdraw their capital from the host market, the knowledge of the subsidiaries, in former employees and incorporated in established practices, remains in the host market. The dissertation shows that local companies that take over the TNCs’ subsidiaries use this knowledge in different ways. The successful among them develop hybrid business strategies. They use the TNCs' company-specific knowledge, in particular purchasing practices. But they also bring their local resources into the company which is particularly expressed in a deep sales-side network embeddedness and speed in decision-making processes. The dissertation makes conceptual contributions at various levels. First, it illustrates the broad spectrum from localisation to internationalisation within which the processes summarised under the term globalisation are classified. Localisation processes seem to overlap with internationalisation processes, especially when internationalisation is driven by market seeking motives, which are often central in the service sector. The dis-sertation further expands the research literature by linking the literature on retail internationalisation with the literature on local knowledge transfer in the context of FDI. It thereby contributes to a better understanding of the role of TNCs in the dissemination of knowledge in global networks or chains and the formation of local capabilities. Detached from the transnational and sectoral context, the study establishes causal links between FDI and local effects by providing insights into mechanisms of knowledge transfer that remain hidden in quantitative research. The work moreover contributes to the literature on upgrading in GVCs by refining the upgrading concept for the specific context of the agri-food sector. The results of the dissertation are of applied relevance for both actors from emerging countries receiving FDI and for managers of transnational retail companies. One of the most important findings for actors from FDI-receiving economies is that FDI in the re-tail sector can also be a constructive force. A certain degree of target compatibility can create advantages for all parties involved. Local retailers can acquire knowledge from international retailers operating in the country. The dissertation shows retail managers how they can make use of this possibility. It also shows managers of local suppliers of fresh food how they can take advantage of upgrading opportunities through cooperation with foreign retailers and how they can secure themselves a place in the supply network in the long term. The dissertation further provides orientation for managers of transnational retailers in their entry into foreign markets. It gives insights into how to actively embed in the host country in the context of cross-border expansion and which factors should be taken into account when deciding on a FD.

A inovação no setor de serviços vem sendo estudada de modo mais intenso no meio acadêmico nas últimas décadas. Mas, a pesquisa sobre a inovação em micro e pequenas empresas de serviços ainda é baixa, embora esse grupo de empresas seja relevante em termos numéricos e por sua capacidade de gerar empregos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar a percepção dos proprietários de lavanderias domésticas sobre a influência da adoção da inovação na competitividade e produtividade de seus negócios. As práticas que conduzem à inovação nessas empresas, os tipos de inovação adotados e como a inovação impacta na melhora da competitividade e produtividade, são analisadas. As inovações de processo (com foco em sustentabilidade e tecnologia), de marketing e organizacional (com foco em modelos de negócios e linhas de frente e retaguarda), foram estudadas. A pesquisa também foi direcionada à análise do inter-relacionamento entre os diversos tipos de inovação adotados, a competitividade e a produtividade nas empresas. A metodologia escolhida usou a pesquisa bibliográfica teórico-documental, a pesquisa de campo qualitativa (por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com especialistas do segmento de lavanderias) e a pesquisa quantitativa (por meio de um questionário de campo com amostra das lavanderias da cidade de São Paulo, com perguntas fechadas e a escala Likert). As hipóteses formuladas foram oriundas da teoria, comparadas com os resultados quantitativos de campo e analisadas as relações entre a adoção dos diversos tipos de inovação, a competitividade e a produtividade. As entrevistas semiestruturadas, assim como a pesquisa quantitativa, foram organizadas para indicarem o inter-relacionamento entre os tipos de inovação e as variáveis competitividade e produtividade. As tipologias da inovação escolhidas da teoria foram aderentes às práticas de inovação das lavanderias domésticas. Os resultados indicaram que existem relações positivas entre todos os tipos de inovação estudados, a competitividade e a produtividade das empresas. Assim como permitiram constatar que a adoção de mais de um tipo de inovação e o inter-relacionamento entre os diversos tipos têm uma relação positiva com o desempenho das empresas, expresso na melhora da competitividade e produtividade. Uma estrutura conceitual básica (framework) que inter-relaciona os diferentes tipos de inovação e estes com as variáveis competitividade e produtividade, foi desenvolvida. / The innovation in the service sector has been studied in a more intense way in the academic environment in the last few decades. However, the research about the innovation in micro and small services is still low, although this group of enterprises may be relevant in numeric terms and by its capacity of generating jobs. The purpose of this study is to verify the perception of the owners of commercial laundries over the influence in the adoption of competitiveness innovation and productivity of its business. The practices that lead to the innovation of process (with focus on sustainability and technology), of marketing and organizational (with focus on business models and front and back lines were studied. The research was also guided towards the analysis of the interrelationship among the many types of innovation adopted, the competiveness and the productivity in companies. The methodology chosen used the theoretical - documental bibliographic research, the qualitative field research (by demi-structured interviews with experts in the laundry area) and the quantitative research (by use of a field inquire with laundry samples in the city of São Paulo, with closed questions and the Likert scale). The hypothesis that were raised were originated from the theory, compared to the quantitative field results and analyzed the relationship between the adoption of several innovation types, the competiveness and productivity. The demi-structured interviews, thus as the quantitative research were organized as to show there are positive relations among these types of innovation studied, the competiveness and the productivity of the companies. Thus as allowed to infer that the adoption of one more type of innovation and the inter-relationship among its several types has a positive relation with the development of companies, expressed in the improvement of competiveness and productivity. A basic conceptual structure (framework) was developed that inter-relates the different types of innovation and these with the variants, competiveness and productivity

<p>The post-modern western city is going through two central changes in the organization of paid labour. One is the switch from production of goods to production of services, and the other is the increasing rift between well-paid labour with permanent jobs, and temporarily employed workers with low wages. Both of these processes are rasified and gendered, and strike harder against women, young persons and people of emigrant background. The flexible capitalism creates an informalization of the economy, breaking with earlier regulations of the labour markets, in which workers also need to find informal strategies in their individual and collective struggles. In this paper, I search for these “new” experiences of living and working in late capitalist society, by doing open interviews with three women of Latin-American origin, working without official permission (without documents) in the informal economy of Stockholm. Analyzing their narratives, I look for the agency and resistance that, according to my theoretical perspective, is part of everyday life of all suppressed subjects. I come to the conclusion that irregular systems of recruitment and other forms of interdependency could be useful for other groups of precarious workers. The interviewed women also use strategies such as fantasizing about a reversed world or focusing their thoughts on the future, and deceiving or avoiding the power(full), to cope with their everyday work situations and the contradictory class mobility they experienced in the migration. However, these strategies often reproduce an acceptance of power more than a resistance to it, and show us how the capitalism works as an hegemonic ideology incorporated in us all.</p>

<p>This dissertation explores the transformation of the industrial relations regime in Sweden during the 1990s. Four areas are studied; industrial relations of the growing service sector, industrial relations of small enterprises, effects of re-regulation and introduction of competition on industrial relations in telecommunications service and internationalisation of industrial relations in the metal sector, showing that in the 1990s, the labour market regime of Sweden changed into a new regime, as a result of altered conditions caused by the third industrial revolution. The changes took place within a certain context and were governed by a strong path dependence. The internationalisation or Europeanization of the economy, foremost the upsurge in ingoing foreign direct investments, increased the Swedish industry’s dependence on non-national actors and economy. The employers and the trade unions had strong incentives to come to an agreement (the Industrial Agreement in 1997), to achieve international competitiveness. The increasing dependence on (Western/European) trade and investments caused additional adjustments of industrial relations. The Europeanization of the political decision making process (EU membership) had also an impact, to which was added liberalisation, abandoning monopolies etc, but the effect were not as substantial as that of (economic) internationalisation.</p>

This dissertation explores the transformation of the industrial relations regime in Sweden during the 1990s. Four areas are studied; industrial relations of the growing service sector, industrial relations of small enterprises, effects of re-regulation and introduction of competition on industrial relations in telecommunications service and internationalisation of industrial relations in the metal sector, showing that in the 1990s, the labour market regime of Sweden changed into a new regime, as a result of altered conditions caused by the third industrial revolution. The changes took place within a certain context and were governed by a strong path dependence. The internationalisation or Europeanization of the economy, foremost the upsurge in ingoing foreign direct investments, increased the Swedish industry’s dependence on non-national actors and economy. The employers and the trade unions had strong incentives to come to an agreement (the Industrial Agreement in 1997), to achieve international competitiveness. The increasing dependence on (Western/European) trade and investments caused additional adjustments of industrial relations. The Europeanization of the political decision making process (EU membership) had also an impact, to which was added liberalisation, abandoning monopolies etc, but the effect were not as substantial as that of (economic) internationalisation.