Introdução. Pacientes neutropênicos febris, particularmente os portadores de doenças hematológicas, podem ter como causa de sua descompensação clínica afecções abdominais e anorretais. O acompanhamento do quadro infeccioso é motivo de angústia para o cirurgião coloretal, pois a literatura sobre o tema é restrita e quadros oligosintomáticos eventualmente evoluem para óbito em curto espaço de tempo. Objetivos. Descrever, estratificar e comparar com a literatura a casuística de pacientes hematológicos neutropênicos febris com foco abdominal ou anorretal identificado. Estudar o risco absoluto e relativo de mortalidade de algumas variáveis associadas com a condição. Propor um escore de gravidade das afecções abdominais e anorretais em pacientes hematológicos neutropênicos febris. Materiais e Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo a partir da análise retrospectiva de 897 prontuários médicos de pacientes internados para as equipes de Hematologia e Transplante Células Tronco Hematopoéticas, no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, entre os anos de 2008-2013. Foram elegíveis para o estudo 74 episódios de neutropenia febril com foco infeccioso abdominal ou anorretal, ocorridos em 69 pacientes. Após coletadas as características a respeito da amostra, foram estratificados os dados, comparados com a literatura sobre o tema, realizados os cálculos de medidas de efeito e análise estatística. Por fim, considerando os resultados obtidos, a experiência clínica dos autores e critérios de plausibilidade biológica comum, foram selecionados cinco aspectos como sendo os principais preditores de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes hematológicos neutropênicos febris, com afecção abdominal ou anorretal. Resultados. O escore proposto demonstrou possuir mortalidade crescente conforme o quadro se agrava e a pontuação se eleva (teste exato de Fischer: 0,001). Ao considerar o modelo logístico de probabilidade de óbito por nível do escore, o valor encontrado AUC foi de 0,82 (0,72-0,925) e o valor de Estatística de Hosmer-Lemeshow de 2,3, com p=0,806. Discussao. Os escores contribuem na prática clínica diária para a tomada objetiva de decisões. De forma semelhante ao escore APACHE e seus refinamentos, o sistema prognóstico proposto possui variáveis de fácil acesso e traduz de maneira satisfatória o comportamento e a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos, através da AUC>0,8 e estatística de Hosmer-Lemeshow com p> 0,05. Conclusão. O sistema de escore proposto permite predizer a chance de óbito durante a internação em pacientes neutropênicos febris com afeccção abdominal ou anorretal. Novos estudos sobre o tema são necessários e o escore proposto necessita e deve ser validado em uma amostra maior e distinta de pacientes. / Introduction. Febrile neutropenic patients, particularly those with haematological diseases, may have abdominal and anorectal conditions as a cause of their clinical decompensation. The follow-up of the infectious condition is a cause of distress for the colorectal surgeon, because the literature on the subject is restricted and oligosymptomatic conditions can lead to death within a short period of time.Goals. To describe, stratify and compare with the literature the casuistry of febrile neutropenic haematological patients with abdominal or anorectal focus identified. To study the absolute and relative risk of mortality of some variables associated with the condition. To propose a severity score of abdominal and anorectal conditions in neutropenic hematologic febrile patients. Materials and Methods. This is a study based on the analysis of 897 medical records of inpatients for hematology and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) teams at the Hospital de Clínicas of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, between the years of 2008-2013. A total of 74 episodes of febrile neutropenia with infectious abdominal or anorectal conditions occurred in 69 patients. After collecting the characteristics regarding the sample, the data were stratified, compared to the literature on the subject, the calculations of effect measures and statistical analysis were performed. Finally, considering the results obtained, the author\'s clinical experience and criteria of common biological plausibility, five aspects were selected as the main predictors of hospital mortality in febrile neutropenic haematological patients with abdominal or anorectal disease. Results. The proposed score showed an increasing mortality rate as the condition worsens and the score rises (Fischer\'s exact test: 0.001). When considering the logistic model of death probability by level of the score, the AUC value found was 0.82 (0.72-0.925) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic value was 2.3, with p = 0.806. Discussion. The scores contribute to daily clinical practice for objective decision making. Similar to the APACHE score and its refinements, the proposed prognostic system has easily accessible variables and satisfactorily translates the behavior and reliability of the results obtained through AUC> 0.8 and Hormer-Lemeshow statistics with p> 0,05. Conclusion. The proposed score system allows predicting the chance of death during hospitalization in febrile neutropenic patients with abdominal or anorectal disease. New studies on the subject are necessary and the proposed score needs and must be validated in a larger and different sample of patients.

Orientador: Rinaldo Poncio Mendes / Resumo: Introdução. A correlação entre gravidade da paracoccidioidomicose e patogenicidade e imunogenicidade dos fungos causadores tem sido pouco investigada e foi o objetivo deste estudo. Metodologia. As cincos cepas Pb192, Pb234, Pb326, Pb417 e Pb531 foram identificadas pelo seqüenciamento da região Exon 2 da gp43. A patogenicidade foi determinada pelo cálculo da dose letal 50% (DL50%) e pela contagem do número de unidades formadoras de colônias, realizada na sexta semana pós-infecção de camundongos BALB/c. A imunogenicidade foi determinada pela avaliação da resposta imune humoral específica, utilizando-se a reação de imunodifusão dupla em gel de ágar e da imunidade celular, determinada pela concentração das citocinas interleucina -2, interleucina-10, interferon-γ, fator de necrose tumoral – α e do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular, em tecido pulmonar. Quatro amostras clínicas foram recém-isoladas de pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose, provenientes da Região de Botucatu - os isolados Pb234 e Pb417, de pacientes com a forma crônica moderada; o Pb326 de um caso com a forma aguda grave; e o Pb531, de um caso com a forma crônica grave. As demais cepas Pb192, Pb01 e 8334 foram cedidas pelo laboratório de Moléstias infecciosas. Resultados. As cepas Pb417 e Pb326 agruparam-se às cepas identificadas como P. brasiliensis S1a, a Pb531 às P. brasiliensis S1b e as cepas Pb234 e Pb192 às cepas depositadas como P. restrepiensis (PS3). Os resultados demonstraram correlação direta entre ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction. The investigation of paracoccidioidomycosis and pathogenicity and immunogenicity of the provoking fungi has been little investigated and was the objective of this study. Methodology. As strains, Pb192, Pb234, Pb326, Pb417 and Pb531 were included by sequencing the Exon 2 region of gp43. The pathogenicity was determined by calculating the 50% lethal dose (LD50%) and by counting the number of colony forming units performed in the sixth week post-infection of BALB / c mice. Immunogenicity was determined by the humoral immune response, using the agar gel immunodiffusion reaction and the cellular immunity, determined the concentration of cytokines interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interferonγ, tumor necrosis factor - and factor of vascular endothelial growth in lung tissue. Surgical has been associated with patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, derived from the Botucatu - the Pb234 and Pb417; the Pb326 of a case with a severe severe form; and Pb531, of a case with severe chronic form. The other strains Pb192, Pb01 and 8334 were transferred by the laboratory of Infectious Diseases. Results. Pb417 and Pb326 strains were grouped into the associated strains P. brasiliensis S1a, Pb531 to P. brasiliensis S1b and strains Pb234 and Pb192 to strains deposited as P. restrepiensis (PS3). The results demonstrate the pathogenicity of disease error and severity. The small LD 50 values were measured in the following cases: severe disease, Pb531 and Pb326. Pb531 strain was considered to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Cough in lung cancer (LC) is a significant unmet need. There are no evidence-based effective antitussives for its treatment and a lack of well-designed trials incorporating validated cough assessment tools and placebo controls. There is little research on its underlying mechanisms, perhaps with the assumption that it is simply 'due to the cancer'. Therefore, we have sought to characterise cough in terms of its severity, impact on quality of life, frequency and prevalence using LC specific subjective and objective assessment tools for the first time. We have also explored its potential mechanisms and treatment. Published preclinical data show that the substance P/neurokinin-1(NK1) pathway is implicated in cough in 5 different species. This pathway is targeted by the antiemetic aprepitant in humans. Data on the use of aprepitant as a novel antitussive are presented. To characterise cough and assess cough assessment tools in a cohort of patients with LC attending outpatient clinics, subjective and objective cough assessment tools including 24-hour ambulatory cough monitoring (ACM), were used to determine the cough severity, frequency, impact and cough- associated clinical factors in a longitudinal study. To determine cough prevalence, a cross sectional study of all patients attending thoracic oncology outpatient clinics in a single centre over a defined period were approached to determine whether they had a cough, to provide demographic and cancer related data and if applicable, to complete the Manchester Cough in Lung Cancer Scale (MCLCS) cough impact questionnaire and the cough severity visual analogue scale. To explore the role of the NK1 pathway in cough in patients with LC, a single-arm randomised placebo controlled pilot trial assessing aprepitant for the treatment of cough was conducted. The presented data demonstrated that cough affects over half of patients with LC, representing a huge unmet clinical need. Over 2/3rds of patients felt that their cough was severe enough to warrant treatment and over 1/4 described it as painful. Patients with LC suffer from a very severe and frequent cough. Its impact is considerable, with effects on physical, psychological and social domains. The longitudinal study is the first to report that cough severity and impact is predicted by gastro-intestinal co-morbidities rather than cancer related factors. The presented data demonstrate that ACM is feasible and acceptable to patients with LC. This provides researchers with an objective endpoint for use in clinical trials. The MCLCS performs well and is valid. The cough intervention trial is the first to demonstrate that aprepitant is associated with lower subjective cough scores and cough frequency using validated cough assessment tools. No antitussive therapy study has ever shown a positive antitussive effect using both types of cough assessment tools in the LC population. This suggests that the substance P/NK1 pathway is implicated in cough in LC and identifies this as a potential new therapeutic target, providing exciting data and hope for future patients with LC.

La dengue est une maladie virale des régions tropicales et subtropicales, transmise par les moustiques du genre Aedes. Le virus de la dengue (DENV) appartient à la famille des Flaviviridae, genre Flavivirus. Si la plupart des infections sont asymptomatiques ou se traduisent par un syndrome fébrile sans gravité, le virus peut aussi causer une maladie plus sévère caractérisée par une fuite plasmatique, avec ou sans hémorragie. Sans prise en charge adéquate, les formes les plus sévères peuvent évoluer vers un syndrome de choc, potentiellement mortel. Il n’existe pas de traitement spécifique de la dengue mais une réhydratation adaptée et débutée précocement permet de réduire la survenue de formes sévères de la maladie. Malheureusement, les symptômes initiaux de la dengue avant la survenue des éventuelles complications ne sont pas spécifiques et seul un diagnostic biologique basé sur la détection du génome viral, de l’antigène NS1 ou des anticorps anti-DENV dans le sang des patients permet de confirmer la nature exacte de l’infection. La dengue constitue à l’heure actuelle un problème majeur de santé publique du fait de son expansion mondiale et de l’augmentation annuelle du nombre de cas sévères. Pour assurer la surveillance épidémiologique et le contrôle de la maladie, il est indispensable de développer des outils diagnostiques performants et faciles à mettre en œuvre, à la fois utilisables par les médecins de toutes les structures médicales, des simples centres de soins de santé primaire aux centres de référence, et utilisables lors d’enquêtes épidémiologiques pour l’investigation de nouvelles épidémies. Le travail de cette thèse a porté sur plusieurs aspects de cette problématique. Dans une première partie, un test commercial de diagnostic rapide (TDR) permettant la détection simultanée de la NS1 et des IgG et IgM anti-DENV, a été évalué, en laboratoire spécialisé et sur le terrain, afin de comparer, à partir des mêmes échantillons, les performances du test dans deux situations différentes. La sensibilité s’est révélée plus faible lors de l’utilisation sur le terrain que lors de l’utilisation en laboratoire de référence. La majorité des discordances a été observées pour la détection des IgG et des IgM. L’impact de la mise à disposition du test sur la prise en charge des patients a également été évalué et il s’est avéré qu’au cours de cette étude les pédiatres cambodgiens ont ignorés les résultats du test rapide et ont préféré suivre leur instinct clinique.Un second volet a porté sur la faisabilité d’utiliser les urines et la salive en remplacement du sang veineux pour les tests employés en routine pour le diagnostic de la dengue. Les urines et la salive sont des fluides biologiques plus faciles à prélever que le sang veineux ce qui présente un avantage majeur pour les enquêtes épidémiologiques mais peut également secourir les médecins lorsqu’un prélèvement de sang veineux est difficile à obtenir, par exemple chez les enfants. Bien que les performances des différentes méthodes de diagnostic ne soient pas aussi bonnes avec de l’urine et la salive qu’avec du plasma, les résultats obtenus par PCR en temps réel et avec les ELISAs de détection des anticorps anti-DENV démontrent l’intérêt potentiel de ces deux fluides biologiques pour détecter les infections par le DENV lorsqu’il est difficile d’obtenir du sang veineux. Plusieurs TDR commerciaux développés pour permettre la détection de la NS1 et des anticorps anti-DENV (IgM, IgG et IgA) dans les urines et la salive ont été évalués mais les performances obtenues se sont révélées peu satisfaisantes.Une dernière partie du travail a été consacrée à l’étude de la protéinurie comme marqueur pronostic potentiel de sévérité de la dengue. Ce marqueur biologique ne s’est pas révélé être utile pour diagnostiquer précocement les formes sévères de la maladie. / Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes, in tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue virus (DENV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. Although most DENV infections are asymptomatic or result in a self-limited febrile illness, severe diseases characterized by plasma leakage, with or without hemorrhage, can also occur. Patients with a severe dengue can rapidly progress into a life-threatening shock syndrome if no efficient clinical management is provided. There is no specific treatment available for dengue but an accurate and early fluid therapy substantially reduces the occurrence of severe forms of the disease. Dengue symptoms are typically non-specific until or unless complications develop. Only a biologic diagnosis based on DENV genome, NS1 antigen or anti-DENV antibodies detection enables to confirm dengue cases. Dengue is now a major public health problem due to both its geographical spread and the increase in the number of severe cases. New diagnostic tools are necessary to ensure epidemiological surveillance and control of the disease. These tools need to be effective and easy to use in every medical settings, from the smallest primary health centers to the biggest reference centers, and also usable for epidemiologic studies, e.g. for epidemic investigations. The work presented in this thesis was dedicated to this problematic.In a first part of the work, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), designed to detect NS1 antigen, anti-DENV IgG and IgM, was evaluated, both in a specialized laboratory and in the field, in order to compare the test performances in two different settings, with the same samples. Interestingly, sensitivity was lower when the test was used in the field compared to the sensitivity of the test when performed in the specialized laboratory. Discordances were mainly observed for IgM and IgG detection. Impact of the use of the RDT on clinical management was also assessed during the field study and it revealed that Cambodian pediatricians ignored the results of the RDT and followed their clinical instinct.A second part of the work was dedicated to the assessment of the usefulness of urine and saliva for dengue diagnostic. Dengue diagnostic normally requires a venous blood sample that can be difficult to obtain in certain conditions such as in children or during epidemiological studies. Urine and saliva are easier to collect as the procedure is non-invasive. We showed that, although the performances of the different diagnostic methods were not as good in saliva and urine as in plasma specimens, the results obtained by qRT-PCR and by anti-DENV antibody ELISA could well justify the use of these two body fluids to detect dengue infection in situations when the collection of blood samples is difficult. Performances of commercial RDTs developed for NS1 and anti-DENV antibodies (IgM, IgG and IgA) detection in urine and saliva specimens were not satisfactory.In the last part of the thesis, the potential use of proteinuria as a prognostic marker of severity was assessed but it didn’t prove to be a useful marker for risk prediction.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-20T15:01:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch.pdf: 694087 bytes, checksum: 27f67eb702a71e64c5b03780e75fe68e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T15:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch.pdf: 694087 bytes, checksum: 27f67eb702a71e64c5b03780e75fe68e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The brassica cultivation has been of high importance in Brazil. However, the profitable crop production can be limited by occurrence of diseases such as Alternaria black spot, caused by Alternaria brassicicola and/or Alternaria brassicae, and black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. In that context, the present study had as objectives to evaluate the intensity of Alternaria black spot and of black rot diseases on brassica under organic cultivation in the states of Pernambuco and Santa Catarina, and the spore production longevity of A. brassicicola in leaf debris of broccolis. The intensity of the diseases was evaluated from November 2001 to February 2002, in 103 fields under organic farming systems, including broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, kale and cabbage. High prevalence of the diseases was registered in both states, except on Chinese cabbage in Santa Catarina. Prevalence of Alternaria black spot was 100% on broccoli fields in Pernambuco, as well as on cauliflower in the two states, while the black rot reached that level on broccoli and cauliflower fields in Santa Catarina. In the average of the different brassica species, the diseases were more prevalent in Pernambuco than in Santa Catarina. However, when considered severity averages of each disease, no significant differences were verified between the two states, although the climatic conditions have been sharply different. The levels ofdisease severity were low, considering that 98% of the fields presented severity lower than 5%. The Alternaria black spot severity varied among the brassica species in Pernambuco, being higher on Chinese cabbage and lower on kale. In Santa Catarina no significant differences were verified among the brássicas species. In relation to the black rot, only in Santa Catarina there was difference in the disease severity among the brassicas, being registered the lowest level on Chinese cabbage. No significant correlations were verified between severity levels of Alternaria black spot and black rot, neither between disease severity and total number of plants or plant age. The spore production longevity of A. brassicicola was investigated in leaves debris of broccoli, considering different depths of debris incorporation, periods of the year, and systems of soil handling, in two experiments carried out in Urussanga city, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Infected leaves debris of broccoli were conditioned in bags of polyethylene and distributed in portions in the field, on the soil surface and at depths of 5 and 10 cm. Periodically, the debris in the bags were collected and conidia concentrations were quantified for longevity of spore production andextinction rate. In both experiments there was higher spore production longevity in leaves debris in the period I, characterized by lighter temperatures, higher air relative humidity and lower pluvial precipitation than in the period II. Depth of debris incorporation influenced directly on A. brassicicola spores production, being lower when incorporation was made at 10 cm depth. In relation to soil handling systems, when the inoculum source was deposited on the soil surface there was not difference in the rate of spore production extinction between the soils under conventional and organic handling. However, at depths of 5 and 10 cm, the rate was significantly higher in the soil under conventional handling. The management of Alternaria black spot on broccoli at the area under study can be accomplished by integrated control, including the incorporation of infected leaves debris in the soil, at least 10 cm depth, along with crop rotation, for no less than a 60-day interval in subsequent brassica plantings. / O cultivo de brássicas tem destacada importância na olericultura brasileira. No entanto, a produção dessas olerícolas pode ser limitada pela ocorrência de doenças, dentre as quais se destacam a alternariose, causada por Alternaria brassicicola e/ou Alternaria brassicae, e a podridão negra, causada por Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivos realizar o levantamento da intensidade da alternariose e da podridão negra em cultivos orgânicos de brássicas nos Estados de Pernambuco e Santa Catarina, bem como avaliar a longevidade da esporulação de A. brassicicola em restos foliares de brócolis. Os levantamentos foram realizados no período de novembro de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, num total de 103 cultivos orgânicos, incluindo brócolis, couve-chinesa, couve-flor, couve-manteiga e repolho. Foram registradas elevadas prevalências das doenças nos dois Estados, com exceção em couve-chinesa em Santa Catarina. A prevalência da alternariose foi de 100% nos cultivos de brócolis em Pernambuco, bem como em couve-flor nos dois Estados, enquanto a podridão negra atingiu esse nível nos cultivos de brócolis e couve-flor em Santa Catarina. Na média das diferentes espécies de brássicas, as doenças foram mais prevalentes em Pernambuco que Santa Catarina. Entretanto,quando consideradas as médias de severidade de cada doença no conjunto das brássicas, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os dois Estados, embora as condições climáticas tenham sido nitidamente distintas. Os níveis de severidade das doenças foram baixos, tendo em vista que 98% dos cultivos apresentaram severidade inferior a 5%. A severidade da alternariose variou entre as espécies de brássicas em Pernambuco, com maior severidade registrada em couve-chinesa e menor em couve-manteiga, enquanto em Santa Catarina não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre as brássicas. Em relação à podridão negra, somente em Santa Catarina houve diferença na severidade entre as brássicas, sendo registrados os menores níveis em couve-chinesa. Não foram constatadas correlações significativas entre os níveis de severidade da alternariose e da podridão negra, bem como da severidade destas com o número total de plantas e a idade das plantas nos cultivos. Foi também investigada a longevidade da esporulação de A. brassicicola em restos foliares de brócolis, considerando diferentes profundidades de incorporação dos restos, períodos do ano e sistemas de manejo do solo, em dois experimentos realizados em Urussanga - SC. Restosfoliares de brócolis infectados pelo patógeno foram acondicionadas em sacolas de polietilenoperfuradas e distribuídos em parcelas no campo, na superfície do solo e nas profundidades de 5 e 10 cm. Nos dois experimentos foi verificada uma maior longevidade da esporulação nos restos foliares no período I, caracterizado por temperaturas mais amenas, maior umidade relativa do ar e menor precipitação pluvial que no período II. A profundidade de incorporação dos restos influiu diretamente na esporulação de A. brassicicola, que foi inferior quando a incorporação foi efetuada a 10 cm de profundidade. Em relação aos sistemas de manejo, quando a fonte de inóculo foi depositada na superfície do solo não houve diferença na taxa de extinção da esporulação entre os solos sob manejo convencional e orgânico. No entanto, nas profundidades de 5 e 10 cm, essa taxa foi significativamente superior no solo sob manejo convencional. O manejo da alternariose em brócolis na região do estudo pode ser realizado pela combinação de vários métodos de controle, inclusive pela incorporação dos restos foliares infectados no solo, à profundidade mínima de 10 cm, combinado com rotação de culturas, visando um intervalo mínimo de 60 dias entre cultivos de brássicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael_Hansen_Alves.pdf: 691556 bytes, checksum: 76623d639903f7b4404dca73bdfe4314 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Caused by several species of fungus, fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease of great economic importance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing large losses in world grain production. In Brazil the main species of fungi responsible for disease is Gibberela zeae (Schwabe.), and its the anamorphic Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe). The control by chemical treatment of the disease with the use of fungicides has low efficiency due to the difficulty of identifying the exact time of application. Therefore, the use of resistant varieties is shown as a safe and economically viable alternative for the production of wheat scab-free. To contribute to the understanding of the behavior of some Brazilian wheat cultivars for FHB, the objectives were to assess the presence or absence of reaction to FHB resistance in wheat cultivars under inoculation in field conditions and greenhouse; and identify what kind of reaction that is acting (resistance type I or type II resistance). The proposed work was developed in the field, greenhouse and laboratory. Two methodologies inoculation were applied, depending on the type of resistance to be tested, and the targets of this work were to evaluate the resistance type I and type II resistance. Twenty eight genotypes with different responses to FHB resistance were used to both evaluations. The resistance of type I was measured by spraying the spikes with suspension. In the field, dispersal of inoculum in the area was used wheat grains colonized with perithecia previously inoculated. The assessment of disease severity in the 28 cultivars was made 21 days after inoculation (DAI), the green ear stage, taking on a note on a linear scale from zero to 100, based on the scale suggested by Stack and McMullen. The evaluation of resistance of type II was performed only in the greenhouse. Obtaining spore mass acquisition was performed by scraping the plates with PDA medium colonized by Fusarium graminearum. Conidia were washed with distilled water and received the inoculum. The concentration was adjusted to 5x104 spores per mL. The count was performed by an optical microscope with the aid of a Neubauer chamber. About 10μL of the suspension of spores (macroconidia) at a concentration of 5x104 mL-1 was injected between the lemma and palea of a spikelet located at the point of infection, on both sides of the ear, using a hypodermic syringe. Evaluations were performed at 7, 14 and 21 days after inoculation by counting the spikelets with symptoms of the disease, excluding the two infected spikelets. The FHB occurred in two periods in the field with greater variation among the 28 cultivars tested in the first season. For resistance type I, nine and nineteen cultivars had the lowest severity, respectively, in field and greenhouse conditions, showing that they are sources of resistance. In accessing the resistance of type II, BRS Umbu, CEP Nova Era, CEP Raizes, BRS 208 e Frontana not proved to be sources of resistance. Already BRS Guamirim, CD 120, Onix, Rubi, CEP 50, BRS 179, Pampeano, Abalone, CD 114, IPR 85, Safira, BRS Louro, CD 117, CDF 2002116, CD 115, BRS177, CD 0529 and BRS Camboim showed the lowest values for AUDPC thus demonstrating the potential for type II resistance to FHB / Causada por diversas espécies de fungo, a giberela e uma doença que possui grande importância econômica na cultura do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), ocasionando perdas sensíveis na produção mundial de grãos. No Brasil a principal espécie de fungo responsável pela moléstia e Gibberela zeae (Schwabe.), sendo sua forma anamófica Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe). O controle através de tratamento químico da doença com o uso de fungicidas apresenta baixa eficiência devido a dificuldade de identificação do momento exato da aplicação. Portanto, a utilização de variedades resistentes mostra-se como uma alternativa segura e viável economicamente para a produção de trigo livre de giberela. Visando contribuir para o conhecimento do comportamento de algumas cultivares brasileiras de trigo em relação a giberela, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a presença ou ausência da reação de resistência a giberela em cultivares de trigo, sob inoculação em condições de campo e casa de vegetação; e identificar qual e o tipo de reação que esta atuando (resistência tipo I ou resistência tipo II). O trabalho proposto foi desenvolvido a campo, casa de vegetação e em laboratório. Foram utilizadas duas metodologias de inoculação, conforme o tipo de resistência a ser testada, sendo que, foram alvo do presente trabalho a avaliação da resistência tipo I e resistência tipo II. Para ambas as avaliações foram utilizadas 28 genótipos de trigo com diferentes reações de resistência a giberela. A resistência do tipo I foi medida através da inoculação de plantas em casa de vegetação, através de borrifamento das espigas, com suspensão de esporos. No campo, para dispersão do inoculo na área foi utilizado grãos de trigo colonizados com peritécios previamente inoculados. A avaliação da severidade da doença nos 28 cultivares foi feita 21 dias apos a inoculação (DAI), no estádio de espiga verde, atribuindo-se uma nota em uma escala linear de zero a 100, baseada na escala sugerida por Stack e McMullen. A avaliação da resistência do tipo II foi realizada somente em casa de vegetação. A obtenção de esporos em massa foi realizada através da raspagem de placas com meio BDA colonizadas por Fusarium graminearum. Os conídios foram lavados com água destilada e obtido o inoculo. A concentração foi ajustada para 5x104 esporos por mL. A contagem foi realizada em microscópio óptico com o auxilio da Câmara de Neubauer. Aproximadamente 10μL da suspensão de esporos (macrogonídios) na concentração de 5x104 mL-1 foi injetada entre a lema e a palea de uma espigueta localizada no ponto de infecção, nos dois lados da espiga, utilizando uma seringa hipodérmica. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias apos a inoculação, contando-se as espiguetas com sintomas da doença, excluindo as duas espiguetas que foram inoculadas. A giberela ocorreu nas duas épocas a campo com maior variação entre as 28 cultivares testadas na primeira época. Para a resistência do tipo I nove e dezenove cultivares obtiveram os menores valores de severidade, respectivamente, em campo e em casa de vegetação, demonstrando serem fontes de resistência. Na avaliação da resistência do tipo II, as cultivares BRS Umbu, CEP Nova Era, CEP Raízes, BRS 208 e Frontana não demonstraram serem fontes de resistência. Já as cultivares BRS Guamirim, CD 120, Onix, Rubi, CEP 50, BRS 179, Pampeano, Abalone, CD 114, IPR 85, Safira, BRS Louro, CD 117, CDF 2002116, CD 115, BRS 177, CD 0529 e BRS Camboim apresentaram os menores valores para AACPD demonstrando assim, potencial para a resistência do tipo II a giberela

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abstract: There has been an ongoing debate between the relative deterrent power of certainty and severity on deceptive and criminal activity, certainty being the likelihood of capture and severity being the magnitude of the potential punishment. This paper is a review of the current body of research regarding risk assessment and deception in games, specifically regarding certainty and severity. The topics of game theoretical foundations, balance, and design were covered, as were heuristics and individual differences in deceptive behavior. Using this background knowledge, this study implemented a methodology through which the risk assessments of certainty and severity can be compared behaviorally in a repeated conflict context. It was found that certainty had a significant effect on a person’s likelihood to lie, while severity did not. Exploratory data was collected using the dark triad personality quiz, though it did not ultimately show a pattern. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2019

Intra-articular fractures (IAFs) are challenging injuries to study and treat clinically. Following IAF, different joints and even different regions within joints have been shown to have varying degrees of tolerance to injury severity and surgical reduction accuracy. Therefore, to determine the true effects of surgical reduction accuracy on post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) development, more sensitive and objective measures of articular injury and restoration are needed. To that end, this work details the development of objective measures of injury severity and models of restoration. Two hypotheses were posed: that surgical reduction accuracy is correlated with injury severity, and that injury severity more greatly influences outcomes than the surgical reduction. To quantify the effects of acute injury severity on PTOA development, objective measures of the energy involved in fracturing as well as the degree of damage to the articular surface were created. Differences in the area over which the damage was delivered were also accounted for as a normalization of the fracture energy to a given joint. Inclusion of this latter factor enabled more accurate study of damage to the important areas of the bone. From these measures, a combined severity score was created that could be applied to any IAF. It was demonstrated to be predictive of the degree of PTOA development in the hip, hindfoot, and ankle. The effects of surgical reduction accuracy were measured through contact stress, a measure that detects when forces are concentrated over small areas. When these stresses are too high and persist over time, they are associated with chronic joint degeneration. Therefore, the exposure to the contact stresses during a simulated walking gait after fracture reconstruction was computed for each patient. The over-exposures computed over this gait cycle were strongly associated with PTOA development in all 3 joints studied. By measuring injury severity and reduction accuracy on the same patients with IAFs of the hip, hindfoot, or ankle, relative contributions to PTOA risk were determined for each joint. Significant correlations between injury severity and reduction accuracy were found supporting our first hypothesis. The second hypothesis was refuted, as reduction accuracy was also significantly associated with PTOA development in all 3 joints. An overall model combining the injury severity and reduction accuracy measure for each case was created to assess the total mechanical contributions to PTOA. This model achieved 100% accuracy in the ankle, 88% in the calcaneus, and 91% in the acetabulum.

Research has shown childhood sexual abuse (CSA) to be related to many negative outcomes in adulthood including psychopathology. Findings in this area, however, are very inconsistent, with the relationship between CSA and adult outcomes varying greatly across studies. This relationship is further complicated by the co-occurrence with CSA of other risk factors in childhood. The present study examines the prediction of adult psychopathology, measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1982), made by CSA, measured by the Early Sexual Experiences Survey (ESE; Bartoi & Kinder, 1998), childhood SES (Hollingshead, 1975), parental bonding, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979), and parental separation/divorce. It was hypothesized that CSA, SES, PBI, and parental separation/divorce would significantly predict BSI scores. It was also hypothesized that CSA would significantly predict BSI scores beyond the variance accounted for by the other variables. Results indicated that all predictor variables were significantly related to BSI score in the hypothesized direction, except for childhood SES which was found to be unrelated to BSI score in adulthood. A regression model including parental care, overprotection, and divorce/separation significantly predicted BSI score. When objective and subjective CSA severity scores were added to the equation, the amount of variance in BSI score accounted for significantly increased. Amounts of shared variance were quite high, but results indicated that CSA severity accounts for variance in adult psychological functioning beyond that accounted for by parental care, overprotection, and divorce.