En marge des recherches archéologiques traditionnelles, nous retrouvons aujourd’hui des compagnies privées qui contractent des accords et obtiennent des permis leur donnant le droit de prélever des objets à des fins lucratives sur les vestiges archéologiques submergés. Ces pratiques commerciales causent une controverse vive et enflammée au sein du monde archéologique. Le principal point de litiges concerne la mise en vente des objets extraits lors de fouille. La mise en marché du patrimoine archéologique éveille les fibres protectionnistes. Cela incite certains organismes à poser des gestes pour la protection du patrimoine. C’est le cas pour l’UNESCO qui fait la promotion depuis 2001 d’une Convention pour la protection du patrimoine submergé. Malgré tous les arguments à l’encontre des compagnies de « chasse aux trésors », cette Convention est loin de faire l’unanimité des gouvernements à travers le monde, qui ne semblent pas prêts à rendre ces pratiques illégales. Les méthodes utilisées par ces compagnies semblent aussi représenter un point de friction avec les archéologues. Toutefois, la connaissance de leurs pratiques sur le terrain semble très incomplète. De plus, contrairement à une certaine idée préconçue, ces compagnies ne sont pas des « pilleurs de tombes » œuvrant sous le couvert de l’anonymat, mais bien des compagnies dûment enregistrées, œuvrant en toute légalité et passant même des contrats avec les gouvernements. Ce mémoire a donc pour objectif de mettre en lumière les actions réelles des compagnies de chasse aux trésors subaquatiques en regardant leurs méthodes et leur fonctionnement, tels qu’on les voit dans les 10 dernières années. Pour mieux conceptualiser les pratiques de ces compagnies, nous nous interrogerons sur le rapport entre légalité et éthique et, plus précisément, sur l’éthique commerciale et archéologique. / Beyond the pole of traditional underwater archaeology, we find an industry composed of commercial companies that enter into contractual agreements and obtain permits which allow them to take objects from submerged sites for financial gain. Their practices create a lively and often heated controversy in the archaeological community. The principal disagreement concerns the sale of objects from sites. The marketing of archaeological heritage awakens protective instincts and actions for the protection of heritage, such as UNESCO’s campaign begun in 2001 for the adoption of a Convention on the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Unesco.org 2001). Despite all the arguments against « treasure hunting » companies, the Convention is far from being universally accepted by sovereign governments, who do not seem prepared to make the companies’ practices illegal. The methods used by the companies are also a source of friction with archaeologists. However, knowledge of their field methods seems rather incomplete, and contrary to some preconceived notions, these companies are not « grave robbers » working under the dark, but indeed duly registered companies working in full legality and even entering into contractual agreements with governments. This thesis aims to shed light on the activities of the underwater treasure hunting industry by studying their methods and operations as they have developed in the last ten years. In order to conceptualise the companies’ practices, we look at the relation between archaeological and business ethics.

This dissertation is rooted in one general question: what can the wood from ships reveal about the people and cultures who built them? Shipwrecks are only the last chapter of a complex story, and while the last fifty years of nautical archaeology have managed to rewrite a number of these chapters, much of the information unrelated to a ship’s final voyage remains a mystery. However, portions of that mystery can be exposed by an examination of the timbers. An approach for the cultural investigation of ship timbers is presented and attempts are made to establish the most reliable information possible from the largely unheralded treasures of underwater excavations: timbers. By introducing the written record, iconographic record, and the social, economic, and political factors to the archaeological record a more complete analysis of the cultural implications of ship and boat timbers is possible. I test the effectiveness of the approach in three varied casestudies to demonstrate its limits and usefulness: ancient Egypt’s Middle Kingdom, the Mediterranean under Athenian influence, and Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula during the Discoveries. The results of these studies demonstrate how ship timbers can be studied in order to better understand the people who built the vessels.

En marge des recherches archéologiques traditionnelles, nous retrouvons aujourd’hui des compagnies privées qui contractent des accords et obtiennent des permis leur donnant le droit de prélever des objets à des fins lucratives sur les vestiges archéologiques submergés. Ces pratiques commerciales causent une controverse vive et enflammée au sein du monde archéologique. Le principal point de litiges concerne la mise en vente des objets extraits lors de fouille. La mise en marché du patrimoine archéologique éveille les fibres protectionnistes. Cela incite certains organismes à poser des gestes pour la protection du patrimoine. C’est le cas pour l’UNESCO qui fait la promotion depuis 2001 d’une Convention pour la protection du patrimoine submergé. Malgré tous les arguments à l’encontre des compagnies de « chasse aux trésors », cette Convention est loin de faire l’unanimité des gouvernements à travers le monde, qui ne semblent pas prêts à rendre ces pratiques illégales. Les méthodes utilisées par ces compagnies semblent aussi représenter un point de friction avec les archéologues. Toutefois, la connaissance de leurs pratiques sur le terrain semble très incomplète. De plus, contrairement à une certaine idée préconçue, ces compagnies ne sont pas des « pilleurs de tombes » œuvrant sous le couvert de l’anonymat, mais bien des compagnies dûment enregistrées, œuvrant en toute légalité et passant même des contrats avec les gouvernements. Ce mémoire a donc pour objectif de mettre en lumière les actions réelles des compagnies de chasse aux trésors subaquatiques en regardant leurs méthodes et leur fonctionnement, tels qu’on les voit dans les 10 dernières années. Pour mieux conceptualiser les pratiques de ces compagnies, nous nous interrogerons sur le rapport entre légalité et éthique et, plus précisément, sur l’éthique commerciale et archéologique. / Beyond the pole of traditional underwater archaeology, we find an industry composed of commercial companies that enter into contractual agreements and obtain permits which allow them to take objects from submerged sites for financial gain. Their practices create a lively and often heated controversy in the archaeological community. The principal disagreement concerns the sale of objects from sites. The marketing of archaeological heritage awakens protective instincts and actions for the protection of heritage, such as UNESCO’s campaign begun in 2001 for the adoption of a Convention on the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Unesco.org 2001). Despite all the arguments against « treasure hunting » companies, the Convention is far from being universally accepted by sovereign governments, who do not seem prepared to make the companies’ practices illegal. The methods used by the companies are also a source of friction with archaeologists. However, knowledge of their field methods seems rather incomplete, and contrary to some preconceived notions, these companies are not « grave robbers » working under the dark, but indeed duly registered companies working in full legality and even entering into contractual agreements with governments. This thesis aims to shed light on the activities of the underwater treasure hunting industry by studying their methods and operations as they have developed in the last ten years. In order to conceptualise the companies’ practices, we look at the relation between archaeological and business ethics.

The play Batavia re-tells the story of a Dutch East India Company ship, wrecked off the West Australian coast in 1628. In writing Batavia, I consider issues of ethics and pragmatics in deciding how best to use or adapt historical sources--choices often between historical accuracy and effectiveness on stage. The playscript illustrates choices made. The exegesis examines the literature surrounding these considerations, and looks at other writers' comments and approaches to the problem. It suggests a pragmatics of playwrighting is well grounded in philosophy and is a more fruitful approach than the traditional 'ethical' approach.

Au XVIème siècle, la construction navale méditerranéenne - en particulier italienne - est réputée pour sa qualité. Cette culture technique est héritée d’une tradition séculaire transmise oralement de génération en génération. Mais elle est aujourd’hui en grande partie méconnue car, à la rareté de la documentation écrite s’ajoute la pauvreté de la documentation archéologique. La découverte des épaves de la Mortella (Saint-Florent, Hte-Corse) en 2005 et 2006, et l’entreprise d’un programme de fouille sur l’une d’entre elles - la Mortella III - en 2010 mettant en évidence une architecture du XVIème siècle de tradition méditerranéenne, offre la perspective de contribuer à combler ces lacunes. En étudiant les données archéologiques issues des cinq campagnes de fouilles réalisées sur cette épave, notre travail de recherche se fixe comme objectif essentiel la mise en évidence de « marqueurs » qualifiés d’ « empreintes techniques » et « architecturales » susceptibles de contribuer à la définition d’un modèle de construction navale au XVIème siècle en Méditerranée, tel que la recherche archéologique a commencé à en esquisser les traits à partir des années 80. Dans cette perspective, l’analyse se base sur des comparaisons avec les données archéologiques d’autres épaves de la période. Elle s’appuie par ailleurs sur les références apportées par les sources écrites ainsi que l’iconographie. Enfin, les recherches documentaires qui ont été menées en marge du travail d’archéologie ont permis de rattacher les épaves de la Mortella à leur histoire, en l’occurrence aux guerres d’Italie de l’année 1527. Dans ce sens, l’étude archéologique - qui demeure l’épicentre de cette thèse - est utilement complétée par la recherche historique. / During the 16th century, the Mediterranean shipbuilding –especially in Italy– was renowned for its quality. It held a technical culture inherited by an ancient tradition that had passed down orally from one generation to the next. But today it is largely unknown, since, to the scarcity of documentation in writing, is added a poor archaeological documentation. The discovery of the Mortella shipwrecks (Saint-Florent, Upper Corsica, France) in 2005 and 2006, and the programme of archaeological excavations of one of them –the Mortella III– undertaken in 2010, highlight an architecture from the 16th century that belongs to the Mediterranean tradition and offer the prospect of contributing to fill the existing gaps. After studying the archaeological data from the five excavation campaigns done on this wreck, our research sets as key goal identifying ‘indicators’ such as ‘technical and architectural traits’ which can contribute to the definition of a model of shipbuilding from the 16th century in the Mediterranean, initiated by previous archaeological research started in the eighties. In this perspective, the analysis is based on comparisons with archaeological data from other wrecks of that period. Moreover, it also relies on the references provided by the written sources, as well as the iconography. Finally, the archival researches undertaken in the margins of the archaeological work have allowed to link the wrecks of the Mortella to their history, in this case to the Italian wars of 1527. In this regard, the archaeological study –which remains the epicenter of this thesis– is usefully supplemented by the historical research.

No description available.

This study focus on decision makers in Swedish foreign and security politics with a special focus on two national crises. The crises that have been chosen for this study are the submarine U17 crisis and the shipwreck of the passenger ferry Estonia. The first crisis occurred in the fall of 1981 when the Swedish government accused the Soviet for violating Swedish territory with a Soviet submarine. The second crisis occurred in the fall of 1994 when Estonia, with over 900 people, ended up in a storm and the result of the shipwreck was that only 137 people were rescued. The aims of the study are to analysis the Swedish crises preparedness and in the future develop and make it more effective. The thesis employs the following research questions to answer the purpose: - How did the actors that were responsibility for the Swedish crises preparedness act when they found out about U137 and the shipwreck of Estonia to bother the best outcome? - How did the final results of the crises preparedness in U137 and shipwreck of Estonia actually came out? The method of the study is a type of an appraisal method that explains how you could evaluate a political decision. The results that I found in points that it is necessary to do more research in the subject area. None of the crises were handled very effective in crises preparedness way and in the future more coordination and collaboration with different public authority and private organisations is needed to meet the threat and the obstacles that a society today stands in front of.

The Twentieth Century was the scene of two World Wars and an undeclared Cold War. Through the collisions emerged, a great wealth of archaeological sites with many typologies from different nations have appareled. The World Wars Archaeology, in a historical context, proposes to study the material evidence remaining of warlike periods, emphasizing the social nature that exists behind the material cultures. Through this study, aims to contribute effectively to the Brazilian Archaeology, bringing to the given context some studies related to the World Wars Archaeology theme in foreign countries providing an initial bibliographical framework about these researches in Brazil. The work shows the scope of theme´s applicability by means of case studies: a survey of shipwrecks sites of Sergipe coast and from cultural materials from them that came to earth - beyond the shipwrecks sites formed by the remains of the ship Itapagé on the coast of Alagoas. The research has a proposal to show the importance for the Archaeology in Brazil for further studies in shipwrecks studies formed by leftovers ships made with iron hulls − in view of nautical archaeological studies involving vessels with these characteristics are unpublished in Brazil. / O Século XX foi palco de duas Guerras Mundiais e de uma não declarada Guerra Fria. Por meio dos embates surgiu uma grande diversidade de sítios arqueológicos com diversas tipologias provenientes de diferentes nações. A Arqueologia das Guerras Mundiais, dentro de um contexto histórico, se propõe a estudar os testemunhos materiais remanescentes dos períodos belicosos, dando ênfase ao cunho social que existe por trás da cultura material. Através do presente estudo, pretende-se contribuir efetivamente com a Arqueologia Brasileira, trazendo para o dado contexto alguns dos estudos relacionados à temática da Arqueologia das Guerras Mundiais em países estrangeiros disponibilizando um aporte bibliográfico inicial sobre essas pesquisas no Brasil. O trabalho mostrará as possibilidades da aplicabilidade do tema por meio de estudos de casos: o levantamento dos sítios de naufrágios da costa de Sergipe e das culturas materiais provenientes deles que chegaram a terra além do sítio de naufrágio formado pelos restos do navio Itapagé na costa do estado de Alagoas. A pesquisa tem como proposta mostrar a importância para a Arqueologia no Brasil de se realizarem estudos em sítios arqueológicos de naufrágios formados por restos de navios feitos com cascos de ferro tendo em vista que estudos náuticos arqueológicos envolvendo embarcações com essas características são inéditos no país.

Along Sweden’s east coast there are thousands of well-preserved shipwrecks after an extensive shipping that stretches far back in history. The Baltic Sea is a unique sea in the sense that the ship worm Teredo Navalis cannot live here, which means that the ship’s timber is well preserved under water. But we have little knowledge how many these wrecks are and where they are located. No comprehensive underwater inventory like those made on land has even been made. Therefore, these shipwrecks are threatened with destruction by our ignorance of them. By scanning water areas in our immediate environment with Side scan sonar technology, our state of knowledge can be significantly improved. With this method, these relics can be found and preserved as far as possible for future generations. The wrecks can also be used for recreation and experience activities.

This project is a story of findings. The main intention is to design a workstation for nautical archeologists who are excavating and researching the ruins of the oldest known shipwreck of the world. The use of the building is projected to change over time to house the findings of the research and exhibit this world heritage and the process that brought it into light. Permanence as a concept is the subject of the major inquiry of the architectural investigation through the project. The means to achieve longevity in architecture are explored. Self-sustainability, interrelation of structure and space, lightness, and locality are the issues that are studied pertaining to the question of "temporariness" and "permanence" in architecture. / Master of Architecture