<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur vårdpersonal skattar användbarheten av stöd samt i vilken frekvens de använder sig av stöd gentemot syskon till svårt sjuka barn. Syftet var även att undersöka skillnader mellan sjuksköterskor och undersköterskor gällande den skattade användbarheten samt frekvens i användandet av stöd till syskon till svårt sjuka barn.</p><p>Studien var deskriptiv och jämförande. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av en enkät som delades ut till 94 personer på tre avdelningar och mottagningar i ett mellansvenskt län. Femtiofem respondenter besvarade enkäten och inklusionskriterierna motsvarades av 53 respondenter, vilka inkluderas i studien. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av sjuksköterskor och undersköterskor, alla kvinnor. Enkäten var en, till svenska, översatt version av instrumentet Sibling Social Support Questionnaire. Deltagarna bedömde "användbarhet" och "frekvens" av stöd inom 30 påståenden. Dessa berörde områdena emotionellt-, instrumentellt- och informativt stöd samt uppskattning som stöd. Huvudresultatet visade att stödområdet "Uppskattning som stöd" sammantaget ansågs vara mest användbart och också användes mest. Resultatet visar också en statistiskt signifikant skillnad mellan yrkesgrupperna (p = 0,03). Sjuksköterskorna använde stödområdet "Uppskattning som stöd" mer frekvent (mean rank 29,88) än undersköterskorna (mean rank 20,63).</p> / <p>The purpose of the study was to describe how health professionals estimate the usefulness of support and in what frequency they use the support towards siblings of seriously ill children. The aim was also to examine differences between nurses and assistant nurses regarding the estimated usefulness and frequency of use of support for siblings of severely ill children.</p><p>The study was descriptive and comparative. A convenience sample was used. The data collection was done using a questionnaire that was distributed to 94 people in three care units and open care units in a mid-swedish region. Fifty-five respondents answered the survey and 53 of those met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The study group consisted of nurses and assistant nurses, all women. The questionnaire was a, into Swedish translated version of the instrument Sibling Social Support Questionnaire. The participants assessed the "usefulness" and "frequency" of support within 30 claims. These areas touched emotional-, instrumental-, informational-, and appraisal support. The main results showed that the area <em>"Appraisal support"</em> was considered most useful and also used most frequently. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between professional categories (p = 0.03). The nurses used the support area <em>"Appraisal support"</em> more frequently (mean rank 29.88) than the assistant nurses (mean rank 20.63).</p>

<p>Because of the many similarities between the life of George Eliot and the lives of Maggie and Tom Tulliver in <em>The Mill on The Floss,</em> Eliot’s novel has been understood as an autobiographical novel. The aim of the essay is to, by using a psychoanalytical perspective, examine if the fictional characters could be said to be engaged in an incestuous relationship even though they do not engage in a sexual relationship. Though their relationship never becomes sexual, there are factors which could support a claim that brother and sister are engaged in an non-sexual incestuous relationship.</p>

<p>Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva föräldrars och syskons upplevelser och copingstrategier när ett barn i familjen drabbats av cancer. Sökning av litteratur har gjorts i databaserna Medline via Pubmed, Cinahl och Science Direct där 19 artiklar valdes ut. Resultatet visade att föräldrars upplevelser och copingstrategier var relativt samstämmiga. Upplevelserna tar sig ofta form i chock, förnekelse och stress de första månaderna. Hur föräldrarna sedan hanterar situationen kan variera, beroende på bland annat kön och religion. Ofta tar föräldrar till de problemfokuserade copingstrategierna. Syskonens upplevelser av barnets cancer visade sig oftast i psykologiska och känslomässiga yttringar, såsom depression, ångest och oro. De psykologiska beteendeproblemen yttrade sig i sämre resultat och uppförande i skolan. Det har visat sig att om syskonet upplevde bra stöd och support hemifrån så klarade de av att hantera sin bror eller systers cancerdiagnos på ett bättre sätt. Generellt så fungerade en stabil och trygg familjesammanhållning som ett komplement i både föräldrars och syskons copingstrategier.</p> / <p>The purpose of this literature review was to describe parent´s and sibling´s experiences and coping strategies when a child in the family is diagnosed with cancer. Literature search has been done in Medline, trough Pubmed, Cinahl and Science Direct where 19 articles were chosen. The results showed that parent’s experiences and coping strategies are quite similar. The experiences often take form as chock, denial and stress the first period after the child’s diag-nosis. How to cope with the situation can differ, depending on for example sex and religion. The parents often tend to use problem focused coping. The sibling’s experiences of the child’s cancer are often showed in psychological and emotional manifestations as depression, anxiety and worry. The psychological behavior problems were shown in school with worse behavior and lower study results. If the sibling´s experienced god support from their family, then they could cope with their brother´s or sister´s cancer diagnosis in a better way. In general a stable and safe family cohesion worked as a complement in both parents and siblings coping strategies.</p>

The subject matter of this dissertation is children’s use and development of emotive expressions. While prior studies have either focused on facial expressions of emotions or on emotions in the social mechanisms of in situ interactions, this thesis opts to merge two traditions by applying an interactional approach to the interpretation of child–child and child–adult encounters. This approach is further supplemented with an interpretational frame stemming from studies on child development, sociology and psychology. In order to depict the multi-leveled process of socialization, a number of sub-areas are investigated such as the emotive expressions per se; how and when these expressions are used in interaction with parents and siblings; the kinds of responses the children get after using an emotive expression; parental acts (verbal or nonverbal) that bear on children’s conduct and their choice of such expressions. Finally, the relation between nonverbal displays and language as expressive means for emotions is analyzed from a developmental perspective. The data consists of video-recordings of five sibling groups in the ages between 1 ½ and 5 ½ who were followed for 2 ½ years in their home environment. In all, 19 recordings (15 h) were transcribed and analyzed. The results from the study lead to several different taxonomies previously not discussed in the pertinent literature: (i) the nonverbal, vocal and verbal emotive expressions used by children; (ii) the different means these expressions were put to in child–parent encounters; (iii) the ways relations to siblings can be seen as creating and shaping certain emotive processes. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that parental responses are of vital importance for the outcome of specific child expressions. As parents reprimand, comfort, praise and mediate in their interaction with their children, they create paths later used by the child as she practices and acquires her own expressive means for handling emotions in interactional contexts. Finally, a developmental frame of language and nonverbal acts is elaborated and suggested as a tool for discovering the paths of linguistic and emotional socialization. / För att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se

Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva föräldrars och syskons upplevelser och copingstrategier när ett barn i familjen drabbats av cancer. Sökning av litteratur har gjorts i databaserna Medline via Pubmed, Cinahl och Science Direct där 19 artiklar valdes ut. Resultatet visade att föräldrars upplevelser och copingstrategier var relativt samstämmiga. Upplevelserna tar sig ofta form i chock, förnekelse och stress de första månaderna. Hur föräldrarna sedan hanterar situationen kan variera, beroende på bland annat kön och religion. Ofta tar föräldrar till de problemfokuserade copingstrategierna. Syskonens upplevelser av barnets cancer visade sig oftast i psykologiska och känslomässiga yttringar, såsom depression, ångest och oro. De psykologiska beteendeproblemen yttrade sig i sämre resultat och uppförande i skolan. Det har visat sig att om syskonet upplevde bra stöd och support hemifrån så klarade de av att hantera sin bror eller systers cancerdiagnos på ett bättre sätt. Generellt så fungerade en stabil och trygg familjesammanhållning som ett komplement i både föräldrars och syskons copingstrategier. / The purpose of this literature review was to describe parent´s and sibling´s experiences and coping strategies when a child in the family is diagnosed with cancer. Literature search has been done in Medline, trough Pubmed, Cinahl and Science Direct where 19 articles were chosen. The results showed that parent’s experiences and coping strategies are quite similar. The experiences often take form as chock, denial and stress the first period after the child’s diag-nosis. How to cope with the situation can differ, depending on for example sex and religion. The parents often tend to use problem focused coping. The sibling’s experiences of the child’s cancer are often showed in psychological and emotional manifestations as depression, anxiety and worry. The psychological behavior problems were shown in school with worse behavior and lower study results. If the sibling´s experienced god support from their family, then they could cope with their brother´s or sister´s cancer diagnosis in a better way. In general a stable and safe family cohesion worked as a complement in both parents and siblings coping strategies.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur vårdpersonal skattar användbarheten av stöd samt i vilken frekvens de använder sig av stöd gentemot syskon till svårt sjuka barn. Syftet var även att undersöka skillnader mellan sjuksköterskor och undersköterskor gällande den skattade användbarheten samt frekvens i användandet av stöd till syskon till svårt sjuka barn. Studien var deskriptiv och jämförande. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av en enkät som delades ut till 94 personer på tre avdelningar och mottagningar i ett mellansvenskt län. Femtiofem respondenter besvarade enkäten och inklusionskriterierna motsvarades av 53 respondenter, vilka inkluderas i studien. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av sjuksköterskor och undersköterskor, alla kvinnor. Enkäten var en, till svenska, översatt version av instrumentet Sibling Social Support Questionnaire. Deltagarna bedömde "användbarhet" och "frekvens" av stöd inom 30 påståenden. Dessa berörde områdena emotionellt-, instrumentellt- och informativt stöd samt uppskattning som stöd. Huvudresultatet visade att stödområdet "Uppskattning som stöd" sammantaget ansågs vara mest användbart och också användes mest. Resultatet visar också en statistiskt signifikant skillnad mellan yrkesgrupperna (p = 0,03). Sjuksköterskorna använde stödområdet "Uppskattning som stöd" mer frekvent (mean rank 29,88) än undersköterskorna (mean rank 20,63). / The purpose of the study was to describe how health professionals estimate the usefulness of support and in what frequency they use the support towards siblings of seriously ill children. The aim was also to examine differences between nurses and assistant nurses regarding the estimated usefulness and frequency of use of support for siblings of severely ill children. The study was descriptive and comparative. A convenience sample was used. The data collection was done using a questionnaire that was distributed to 94 people in three care units and open care units in a mid-swedish region. Fifty-five respondents answered the survey and 53 of those met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The study group consisted of nurses and assistant nurses, all women. The questionnaire was a, into Swedish translated version of the instrument Sibling Social Support Questionnaire. The participants assessed the "usefulness" and "frequency" of support within 30 claims. These areas touched emotional-, instrumental-, informational-, and appraisal support. The main results showed that the area "Appraisal support" was considered most useful and also used most frequently. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between professional categories (p = 0.03). The nurses used the support area "Appraisal support" more frequently (mean rank 29.88) than the assistant nurses (mean rank 20.63).

Syftet var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskan kan stödja föräldrar och syskon till barn som vårdas på sjukhus. De ingående artiklarnas kvalitet redovisades utifrån de metodologiska aspekterna urval och bortfall. En beskrivande litteraturstudie genomfördes där författarna granskade tolv vetenskapliga artiklar som var relevanta, dessa söktes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan genom att leverera korrekt, individanpassat stöd kunde främja hela familjens hälsa. God kommunikation och tydlig information från sjuksköterskan bidrog till ökad trygghet hos föräldrarna. När sjuksköterskan visade tålamod, var lättillgänglig, gav tid för samtal, lyssnade och var ärlig kände föräldrarna förtroende vilket var grunden för att en god relation skulle utvecklas. Sjuksköterskan kunde också stödja föräldrarna genom att låta dem vara delaktiga i omvårdnaden av sitt sjuka barn samt stötta dem i detta både praktiskt och emotionellt. Syskonen blev även de tryggare när de involverades i omvårdnaden och fick tydlig information angående sitt sjuka syskons prognos. Ökad kunskap minskade syskonens oro och ängslan och hjälpte dem att bättre hantera situationen. Kvalitén i studiens ingående artiklar avseende urval och bortfall varierade men bedömdes överlag vara hög. Slutsatsen är att sjuksköterskans genom tydlig information och kommunikation kan stödja föräldrar och syskon att hantera situationen samt hjälpa dem att bli ett bättre stöd för det sjuka barnet. / The aim of this study was to describe how the nurse may support the parents and the siblings of a hospitalized child. The quality of the articles was reported by the methodological aspects of selection and non-response. A descriptive literature study was conducted. Twelve scientific articles were found in the databases PubMed and Cinahl. The result showed that the nurse, by deliver a proper, individually adapted support might promote the health of the entire family. Proper communication and a distinct information from the nurse contributed to an increased perceived security. When the nurse demonstrated patience, was available, spent time for dialogue, listened and was honest, the parents felt trust which formed the foundation for the development of a good relationship. The nurse could also support the parents by letting them participate in the nursing care of their sick child and encourage them both practically and emotionally. The siblings also felt more confident when they were involved in the care and got distinct information about the prognosis of their sibling. The quality of selection and non-response in the examined studies had variation but were over all considered high. The conclusion is that the nurses, through clear information and communication, can support and help parents and siblings to cope with the situation and help them to become a better support for the sick child.

Uppsatsen "Att leva med bonussyskon – Om de biologiska barnens situation i familjehemmen" ur ett föräldra- samt professionellt perspektiv är utförd och skriven av Annie Dahlbom. Denna studie syftar till att få kunskap om de biologiska barnens situation och behov i familjehemmen. Följande frågeställningar har ställts : Hur ser familjehemsföräldrar och familjehemssekreterare på de biologiska barnens delaktighet och roll? Vilka upplevelser och erfarenheter får biologiska barn i och med familjens uppdrag? Har biologiska barn ett behov av stöd och hjälp för sin egen del och i så fall hur? Denna studie är av kvalitativ karaktär och bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med familjehemssekreterare samt familjehemsföräldrar. Studiens resultat visar att biologiska barn i familjehem anses ha en betydelsefull roll för uppdraget och är i hög grad delaktiga i den dagliga vården av det placerade barnet. Familjehemmets egna barn har ingen delaktighet vid möten eller i kontakten med socialtjänsten. Upplevelserna av att fungera som familjehem är av både positiv och negativ karaktär där förlorad tid med föräldrar samt goda och nyttiga kunskaper är exempel på sådana. Samtliga informanter tror att någon form av gruppverksamhet skulle vara ett bra forum för de biologiska barnen. / This essey "living with bonus siblings- Biological children’s situation within their family’s work as a foster family" have been written and executed by Annie Dahlbom. The purpose of this essay is to understand the biological situation within their family’s work as a foster family. How will the biological children react on their family’s mission? I want to gain knowledge about how these children’s participation takes place within the separate parts of their family’s work. Is there a need for shoring and help for foster homes own children according to their situation? The following questions have been asked to fulfill the purpose of this study: How do foster parents and professionals describe the biological children's participation and role? What experiences have biological children in the family's mission? Have biological children need support and help for their own part, and if so, how? This study is qualitative in nature and based on semi-structured interviews with professionals and foster parents.The results demonstrate that the biological children of the foster family have a significant role in the mission and is heavily involved in the daily care of the child is placed. The foster family’s own children have no involvement in meetings or in contact with social services. The experiences of serving as foster homes are both positive and negative character where lost time with parents as well as good and useful knowledge is examples of such. All respondents believe that some form of group activity would be a good forum for the biological children.

The experience of having a sibling with a mental illness affects well siblings in a myriad of ways (Marsh, 1998). In the present paper the term well siblings refers to those individuals who have a sibling with a mental illness but who do not have a mental illness themselves. They face unique stressors due to disruptions in the sibling relationship and in the family (Corrigan & Miller, 2004). The stressors commonly experienced by well siblings include stigma, objective and subjective burden, intense and conflicting emotions, disruptions in family of origin, interpersonal and intrapersonal difficulties, difficulties with the mental health system, and over reliance on maladaptive stress coping resources (Greenberg, Kim, & Greenley, 1997; Lukens, Thorning, & Lohrer, 2004; Marsh, 1998; Marsh & Dickens, 1997b; Riebschleger, 1991). Research describing disruptions in family of origin suggests that well siblings also are experiencing emotional neglect (Lukens et al.; Marsh; Marsh & Dickens). This paper presents a synthesis of literature on the stressors well siblings experience and their attempts at coping with stress. For this study, 133 participants completed 3 instruments: (a) demographics questionnaire, (b) the Coping Resources Inventory for Stress (Matheny, Curlette, Aycock, Pugh, & Taylor, 1987), a measure of perceived stress coping resources, and (c), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein & Fink, 1998), which includes an emotional neglect scale. Participants with siblings with a mental illness were compared with participants whose siblings do not have a mental illness. Results indicate significant relationships between well siblings and emotional neglect and between emotional neglect and effective stress coping. However no significant relationship was observed between well siblings and effective stress coping. Therefore, having a sibling with a mental illness seems a risk factor for emotional neglect, but is not itself a risk factor for poor stress coping. The present study suggests that it is emotional neglect which is a risk factor for poor stress coping. The clinical implications of these results are discussed as well as the research implications and limitations of the study.

Syskon till barn med cancer ägnas lite tid inom hälso- och sjukvården. De är ofta emotionellt försummade av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal samt närstående. Syftet med studien var att belysa behovet av stöd hos syskon till barn med cancer. Metoden var en litteraturstudie innehållande totalt 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna var både av kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Det framkom i re- sultatet att syskon till barn med cancer upplevde känslor av oro, ångest, avundsjuka, ilska, irritation, skuld, ensamhet, nedstämdhet och symptom på de- pression. Hos de friska syskonen som fick stöd minskade de negativa känslorna markant. Det är av yttersta vikt att sjuksköterskan uppmärksammar behovet av stöd hos syskonen och att stödet individ- anpassas. Sjuksköterskan behöver kunskap i hur de tar reda på vilket behov av stöd de friska syskonen har. Dessutom behövs kunskap om konkreta stödåt- gärder som sjuksköterskan kan använda. / Siblings of children with cancer is given little timein the health care system. They are often emotionallyneglected by health care professionals and relatives.The aim of the study was to highlight the need forsupport to siblings of children with cancer.The method was a literature review containing a totalof 16 scientific articles. The articles were ofboth qualitative and quantitative method. It was found in the results that siblings of children with cancer experienced feelings of worry, anxiety,jealousy, anger, irritability, guilt, loneliness andsymptoms of depression. The negative feelingsdecreased significantly when the healthy siblingsreceived support. It is important that the nurse recog-nizes the need for support among siblings and thatthe support is individualized. Nurses need knowledge of how to find out which need of support the healthy siblings have. Furthermore, knowledge is needed about specific support actions that nurses can use.