Med bakgrund att det sker en hög befolkningstillväxt i Stockholm väcktes intresset för fenomenet urbanisering. Syftet för denna kvalitativa undersökning är att utifrån individens upplevelse fördjupa förståelsen i vad som lockar och driver individer till storstaden och hur storstadslivet ter sig. Vald metodansats är hermeneutik vilket ger möjlighet att genom tolkning nå en ökad förståelse. Teoretisk ram utgörs av Georg Simmel och Marshall Berman. Datainsamling har skett i form av intervjuer med fem deltagare som flyttat till Stockholm. Deltagarna delgav sin upplevelse av flytten samt livet i storstaden. Analysen som bestod av tre steg; primär tolkning, strukturanalys och huvudtolkning visade att upplevelsen av livet i storstaden var överlag positiv då Stockholm beskrevs som händelsernas centrum och en livfull plats, fylld av valmöjligheter. Negativa aspekter som framkom var bostadsproblematik och långa avstånd inom staden. Anledningen att ha flyttat till Stockholm låg i arbete och ut-bildning, men att ha redan etablerade kontakter och relationer i staden var nödvändigt för att flytten skulle bli av. En diskussion om den moderna människan i storstaden ledde fram till slutsatsen att livet i Stockholm aldrig blir fullbordat och totalt.

Zugl.: Jerusalem, Hebrew Univ., Diss., 2003

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Germanic Studies, August 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Le professionnel, le passant, le parent constituent les trois principales figures des situations de secours et d’urgence, lors de l’appel aux sapeurs-pompiers et au sein des services d’urgences pédiatriques. La recherche s’appuie sur un travail de terrain réalisé sur trois sites (un centre de traitement des appels au 18 et deux services hospitaliers d’urgences pédiatriques) pour montrer comment ils incarnent trois facettes de l’intervention de secours. Elle distingue leurs modes de coordination, d’articulation mais aussi de contiguïté et s’attache à leur activité autour du patient en détaillant la structure triadique des interactions de secours à travers lesquelles, en pratique, se joue la prise en charge. Entre signalement et intervention, cure et care, alerte, soins et suivi, c’est finalement une « situation de secours » élargie, impliquant plusieurs personnes, plusieurs lieux et plusieurs temporalités parfois étanches les uns aux autres qui est donnée à voir. L’enjeu de la recherche est alors de montrer que le secours d’urgence n’est ni dual ni uniquement institutionnel. Il s’actualise collectivement, impliquant des rôles et des places pour différents tiers. Faire toute sa place au personnage social du « tiers secourant », à la figure sociologique du tiers, à la configuration interactionnelle du trio, représente une condition pour penser l’offre de soins comme engagements multiples, au croisement de pratiques professionnelles, familiales et civiles. Sur le plan théorique, la thèse contribue à une « sociologie du tiers » à travers la mise en évidence d’une « tiercéité » constitutive du secours d’urgence. / Emergency department professional, passer-by, parent represent three main characters of emergencies and first aid situations, from the call to the Fire Brigade to the arriving in pediatric emergency services. The research is grounded in three fieldworks (Paris fire Brigade call centre and two big pediatric emergency services). It intends to unfold three types of participation through the activities done by those three characters, especially during interactions at the very beginning of the situation. Their coordination, articulation, and even contiguity reveal their activities toward patients and show a triadic structure of the “first aid interactions” through which patients enter helping and medical processes. From alert to action, cure to care, medical acts to following care, the emergency situation enlarges, implies more people than just a patient and a professional all of them only partly conscious of each other‘s activities, other places than just emergency services, and other tempos than the one of the professionals. We aim at showing that first aid interaction is neither dyadic nor just institution matter. It is built collectively, on roles and places for “third parties”. The recognition of this “helping Third” as sociological character and of triad as an interactional specific pattern is necessary to pragmatically consider first-aid system as a set of plural commitments, crossing familial, civic and expert fields of concern. Theoretically, the research contributes to a “third-party sociology” by enlightening a third party dimension even if not triadic in first-aid intervention delivered by emergency public services.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Sociologia, 2010. / Submitted by Shayane Marques Zica (marquacizh@uol.com.br) on 2011-06-27T18:56:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_SimoneAparecidaLisniowski.pdf: 3476061 bytes, checksum: babcbb28b4d29765b80ac108cc382426 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Daniel Ribeiro(daniel@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-28T18:19:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_SimoneAparecidaLisniowski.pdf: 3476061 bytes, checksum: babcbb28b4d29765b80ac108cc382426 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-28T18:19:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_SimoneAparecidaLisniowski.pdf: 3476061 bytes, checksum: babcbb28b4d29765b80ac108cc382426 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa se propôs a analisar a ambigüidade na vida coletiva de uma cooperativa popular, identificando suas manifestações discursivas no processo de integração e indiferenciação de sentidos em torno das interações entre seus membros na busca de realização da proposta do grupo. A pesquisa buscou desenvolver um método empírico de análise da ambigüidade por meio de uma coleta de dados apoiada na narrativa da história de vida, com entrevistas individuais e em grupo, gravadas e degravadas, de 9 (nove) membros de uma cooperativa popular, 4 (quatro) membros da equipe da incubadora responsável pelo processo de formação e assessoramento da cooperativa pesquisada e 2 (dois) ex-integrantes da equipe da incubadora. A interpretação dos dados foi dividida em três etapas: análise semântica dos termos ambíguos; análise do discurso (Fairclough); e análise de conteúdo para categorização das ambigüidades apoiadas na literatura em Economia Solidária, em Simmel e na Sociologia Clínica. A análise do discurso possibilitou definir categorias para compreensão da ambigüidade como manifestação discursiva dos processos de interação grupal na busca de integração das multiplicidades e indiferenciação de sentidos (Simmel, Bleger) no processo de formação de uma cooperativa, resultando em três diferentes dimensões de manifestação: 1) psicossocial; 2) sócio-organizacional e; 3) sócio-política. A partir da análise semântica foram definidas as dinâmicas da ambigüidade na linguagem, neste processo de integração e indiferenciação: 1) a condensação de sentidos em um único termo; 2) o deslocamento de sentidos de outros contextos para o contexto da Economia Solidária e; 3) a sobreposição de sentidos que em momentos de conflitos foram dicotomizadas e sofreram oscilações de sentidos. A ambigüidade, como modo de integração de sentidos e indiferenciação das diferenças, se manifestou na interação grupal como forma de: 1) abrandar os conflitos, deixando-os latentes e implícitos no discurso; 2) manter práticas consideradas mais eficazes que se mantinham apoiadas em pressupostos heterogestionários; 3) transformar sentidos, diluindo seus significados anteriores e possibilitando a presença de novos sentidos no grupo; 4) encobrir intenções, objetivos e sentidos quando estes se revelam contrários à proposta do cooperativismo; 5) manifestar sentimentos, vontades e pensamentos ambivalentes. A ambigüidade possibilita um espaço propício, quando não indispensável, à elaboração dos sentidos subjacentes aos processos de conflito e de transição que convivem na proposta da Economia Solidária. Os impactos da ambigüidade no grupo revelam a importância da construção de espaços democráticos, de participação coletiva e do desenvolvimento de práticas autogestionárias, para que seus sujeitos encontrem espaço de explicitação e negociação das diferenças. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This study aimed to analyze the ambiguity in the collective life of a popular cooperative, identifying their discursive manifestations in the process of integration and differentiation on the interaction among its members in seeking implementation of group´s purposes. The research sought to develop an empirical analysis of the ambiguity through a collection of data based on the life history´s narratives, with individual and group interviews, recorded and transcribed. The subjects of the research group amounted to 9 (nine) members of a popular cooperative, 4 (four) members of the team responsible for the incubator process of training and advising the cooperative and two (2) ex-team members of the incubator. The interpretation of the data was organized into three stages: semantic analysis of ambiguous terms; discourse analysis (Fairclough); and content analysis to categorize the ambiguities based on Solidary Economy´ literature supported on Simmel and the Clinical Sociology. The discourse analysis enabled to define categories for understanding the ambiguity as a pursuit of differentiation and integration on the multiplicity of meanings (Simmel, Bleger), and as discursive manifestation of group interaction processes in the process of forming a cooperative. This analysis organized the manifestations of ambiguity in three different dimensions: 1) psychosocial, 2) socio-organizational and 3) socio-political. The semantic analysis defined the dynamics of ambiguity in language, on the process of integration and differentiation: 1) condensation of meanings in a single term; 2) the shifting of meanings from other contexts to the context of the Solidary Economy, and; 3) the overlap of meanings that, at times of conflict were dichotomized and suffered oscillations in its meaning. The ambiguity, as a way of integration of meanings and indifferentiation of differences, manifested on the group interaction as a way to: 1) mitigate the conflict, leaving them dormant and implicit in the speech; 2) keep practices considered most effective which remained supported by heterogestionary assumptions; 3) transforming meanings, dissolving previous meanings and allowing the presence of new meanings to the group; 4) conceal intentions, goals and meanings when they revealed themselves against the purposes of the cooperative, 5) express ambivalent feelings, wishes and thoughts. The ambiguity allows an attractive, if not indispensable environment, to the elaboration of the meanings that pervade the processes of conflict and transition within the Solidary Economy. The impacts of ambiguity in the group´s dynamics showed the importance of enhancing the democratic environments that support the development of self-management practices, collective participation, in the sense that its subjects find a forum to explain and negotiate their differences and conflicts within the cooperative.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-19T17:30:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 robsonrochadesouzajunior.pdf: 1599807 bytes, checksum: ee54fd6895b15ef0b8f2f59c416e8a7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T18:00:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 robsonrochadesouzajunior.pdf: 1599807 bytes, checksum: ee54fd6895b15ef0b8f2f59c416e8a7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T18:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 robsonrochadesouzajunior.pdf: 1599807 bytes, checksum: ee54fd6895b15ef0b8f2f59c416e8a7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As relações de reciprocidade são relações que comumente são caracterizadas por consistirem de vínculos onde as partes envolvidas formam uma unidade simétrica, ou seja, onde não há qualquer tipo de imposição distintiva na relação. Foi justamente sob esse signo que Mauss desenvolveu sua teoria da dádiva, tornando-se, inclusive, a referência mais importante no tema. Seu esforço foi o de apontar o caráter pacífico e simétrico que se estabelece através desse tipo de relação. Posto isso, pode-se definir o objetivo dessa Dissertação como a tentativa de contestar essa definição vigente da reciprocidade, que a considera como um tipo de relação formador de vínculos meramente pacíficos, cujo baluarte na reflexão sociológica é o pensamento de Marcel Mauss. Almeja-se realizar essa contestação a partir da análise do Kula melanésio, exemplo célebre de instituição baseada em vínculos de reciprocidade, a partir da perspectiva interacionista, com base, sobretudo, na reflexão de Georg Simmel. Como se sabe, oKula pode ser definido genericamente como um sistema ampliado de trocas de dádivas, onde indivíduos pertencentes às diversas comunidades melanésias permutam objetos cerimoniais específicos (vaygu’a) com o intuito de formarem alianças políticas estratégicas entre si. Mas essas transações kula não envolvem apenas cooperação entre os diversos parceiros, mas também uma áspera disputa. Sendo assim, na medida em que o Kula representa uma encarnação do princípio geral das relações de reciprocidade, então a análise desse exemplo poderá nos evidenciar que não há nenhum modelo puro de cooperação, onde as partes envolvidas colaborem de forma absolutamente simétrica, de tal forma que em qualquer relação de reciprocidade sempre será possível destacar elementos de imposição entre as partes, o que significa que mesmo os laços de reciprocidade envolvem certa dose de distinção e imposição individual. Logo, esse estudo pode ser caracterizado como uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada em fontes secundárias que visa reinterpretar a descrição etnográfica do Kula melanésio, ou seja, reconstruir o contexto social descrito por Malinowski, com base na teoria interacionista, oferecendo também uma nova forma de conceber as relações de reciprocidade. / The reciprocal relationships are relationships that are generally characterized to consist of bonds where parties form a symmetrical unit, i. e., where there is any kind of distinctive imposition in the relationship. It was precisely under this sign, that Mauss, the most important theorist of the theme, developed his theory of giving. His effort was to point the peaceful and symmetrical character that is established through this type of relationship. Thus, the goal of this Dissertation is an attempt to challenge this prevailing definition of reciprocity, which considers it as a kind of relationship forming purely peaceful bonds, whose stronghold in sociological thought is the thought of Marcel Mauss. The intention is to accomplish this challenge by analyzing the Melanesian Kula, a celebrated example of institution based on reciprocal links, through the interactionist perspective, based mainly on the reflection of Georg Simmel. As you know, the Kula can be generically defined as an expanded system of exchanges of gifts, where individuals belonging to various Melanesian communities exchange specific ceremonial objects (vaygu'a) in order to form strategic alliances with each other policies. But these kula transactions not only involve cooperation between different partners, but also a harsh dispute. Thus, to the extent that the Kula is an embodiment of the general principle of reciprocity relations, so the analysis in this example will show that there are no pure cooperation model, where the parties involved cooperate perfectly symmetrical, so that in any relationship of reciprocity should be possible to highlight elements of imposition between the parties, which means that even the bonds of reciprocity involve a certain amount of distinction and individual taxation. Therefore, this study can be characterized as a qualitative research based on secondary sources that aims to reinterpret the ethnographic description of Melanesian Kula, i. e., reconstruct the social context described by Malinowski, based on interactive theory, also offering a new way of conceiving reciprocal relationships.

Art leaves the viewer with an aesthetic experience. Through art, "a truth is experienced that we cannot attain in any other way" (Gadamer 1975: xxii-xxiii). Traditional sociological methods of studying art negate both this experience and the concept of aesthetics altogether. This thesis attempts to find a method to approach the sociological study of aesthetics that acknowledges its existence and the aesthetic experience by studying the work of sociological founder, George Simmel, in his recently translated monograph Rembrandt: An Essay in the Philosophy of Art. Even though it has recently been translated into English, among German-speakers, it was the most circulated of his texts in his lifetime. An analysis of the text is included in this thesis. The editors forewarn that the text is 'reactionary' and follows automatic thinking processes, but upon reading Simmel's essay it appears that the term reactionary may not be appropriate. Instead, Simmel is moved by the work of Rembrandt, which is more than undergoing an automatic reactionary process because it requires the utilization of one's faculties. Simmel's insight to his formalistic sociology originated with these initial impressions toward art, which he finally converted to writing close to the end of his life. His text explains that all intellectual achievement is partly fashioning, and partly creating. The concept of art can be reframed to include all activity in the 'creative' side of this dichotomy. Thus, the method to study "The Sociology of Aesthetics" is to first be moved by art. This process can be used to guide innovations and discoveries in other fields as well.

Avec la mondialisation et le développement d'Internet, Shanzhaï, une nouvelle mode est formée en Chine et un groupe de jeunes à la ville de Chongqing participe dans les pratiques de la mode Shanzhaï. De ce fait, l'objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre le rôle de la mode Shanzhaï dans la construction identitaire des jeunes Chinois de 18-28 ans qui sont membres du groupe Shanzhaï. Pour ce faire, nous étudierons le processus de construction identitaire des jeunes à partir deux niveaux : l'identité personnelle et l'identité collective. De plus, nous discuterons le rôle de la mode Shanzhaï en utilisant les théories de Simmel (1905). Afin de mener cette recherche qualitative compréhensive, nous avons utilisé trois méthodes pour la collecte des données : la photographie participative, les entretiens semi-dirigés et la discussion du groupe focalisé. Le recueil des données s'est effectué auprès 12 jeunes chinois entre 18-28 ans (6 hommes, 6 femmes). Quant à l'analyse des données, trois démarches ont été réalisées : l'analyse verticale, l'analyse horizontale et l'analyse théorisante. En étudiant les identités personnelle et collective des jeunes Chinois, nous avons trouvé la double fonction de la mode Shanzhaï dans la construction identitaire des jeunes, celle qui est : la différenciation et l'imitation. D'un côté, les jeunes veulent se différencier des autres ou autres groupes avec cette mode unique. D'autre côté, ils ont toujours une volonté de la reconnaissance des autres et d'une appartenance collective.

Submitted by MURILO CANELLA null (murilo_canella@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-13T14:37:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - versão final.pdf: 1477119 bytes, checksum: ac78ee87fdf0985710205c6cc050894e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-14T20:38:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 canella_m_me_arafcl.pdf: 1477119 bytes, checksum: ac78ee87fdf0985710205c6cc050894e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T20:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 canella_m_me_arafcl.pdf: 1477119 bytes, checksum: ac78ee87fdf0985710205c6cc050894e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho intenta demonstrar a influência contemporânea do pensamento de Georg Simmel na perspectiva teórica de Ulrich Beck. Como eixo de estruturação da temática nos moldes do presente estudo, bem como um eixo estruturante presente na obra de Simmel e de Beck, optou-se pelo conceito de individualismo e os processos de individualização dele decorrentes. Essa delimitação – visto que a teoria de ambos autores é vasta e abrange um domínio diverso de objetos – é tanto uma forma de estruturar, dentro da argumentação do estudo, um ponto comum na teoria de ambos autores, como também uma forma de contextualizar dois momentos distintos da modernidade, caracterizados por conflitos que, ao migrarem para outra arena histórica, no caso, da primeira para a segunda modernidade, determinam de forma conflituosa a gramática social. Como metodologia, adotam-se as proposições teóricas da sociologia do conhecimento, bem como da sociologia compreensiva, além do método relacional de Simmel, também presente em Beck, na busca da compreensão de dois momentos distintos da modernidade que guardam um nexo íntimo. Compreender o individualismo e os processos de individualização significa, na perspectiva de Simmel e de Beck, compreender uma forma social que, pela dupla condição de ente autodeterminado concomitantemente à sua inserção em cadeias de dependência social, torna-se um foco do conflito, pois a forma social do indivíduo encerra-se na dependência e na intersecção de círculos sociais cada vez mais vastos, nos quais o indivíduo, pela coerção de uma cultura objetiva que se expande em uma lógica autorreferencial, torna-se historicamente debilitado. / This work intends to show the contemporary influence of Georg Simmel’s thought in the theoretical perspective of Ulrich Beck. As thematic structuring axis on the study casts and a structuring axis in Simmel’s and Beck’s works, we opted for the concept of individualism and it’s deriving individualization processes. This definition – as the theory of both authors is vast and covers a diverse domain of objects – it’s both a way to structure, within the study argument, a common point in the theory of both authors, as well as a form to contextualize two distinct moments of modernity, characterized by conflicts which migrates to another historic arena – in this specific case, the first to the second modernity, which determines the form of confrontational social grammar. The methodology adopted concerns to the theoretical propositions of sociology of knowledge, as well the comprehensive sociology and the relational method of Simmel and Beck, which the aim point is the pursuit understanding two distinct modernity moments who keeps a close nexus. Understanding the individualism and the individualization process means, in Simmel’s and Beck’s perspectives, understand a social form – the double self-determined entity condition concurrently with their inclusion in social dependency chains – which becomes a focus of conflict by the social form of the individual ends up in addiction and at the intersection of social circles ever wider. In this perspective, the individual, immersed in the coercion of objective culture that expands into a self-referential logic, becomes a historically weak social form. / Este trabajo intenta demostrar la influencia contemporánea del pensamiento de Georg Simmel en la perspectiva teórica de Ulrich Beck. En cuanto eje de la estructuración del tema en los moldes del presente estudio, así como un eje estructural presente en la obra de Simmel y de Beck, se ha optado por el concepto de individualismo e los procesos de individualización de ello decurrente. Esa delimitación – haja visto que la teoria de ambos es vasta y abarca un sinnúmero de objetos – es tanto una forma de estructurar, en la argumentación del estudio, un comum punto en la teoria de ambos autores, como también una forma de contextuar dos distintos momentos de la modernidad, caracterizados, por su vez, por los conflictos que, al emigrar a otro escenaio histórico, en el caso, de la primera a la segunda modernidad, determinam de forma conflictuosa a la gramática social. La metodología sigue las proposiciones teóricas de la sociologia del conocimiento, así como las de la sociología comprensiva, más allá del metodo relacional de Simmel, también presente en Beck, en la búsqueda de la comprensión de dos distintos momentos de la modernidad, a la vez con um cercano nexo. Comprender lo individualismo y los procesos de individualización significa, en la perspectiva de Simmel y de Beck, comprender una forma social que, por su doble condición de ente autocentrado concomitantemente a su inserción en las cadenas de dependencia sociales, tornase un foco del conflicto, pues la forma social del individuo encerrase en la dependencia y en la intersección de los círculos sociales a la vez más vastos, en los cuales el individuo, por la coerción de una cultura objetiva que se expande en una lógica de autorreferencialidad, resulta históricamente débil. / CNPq: 130555/2014-2.

Nicholas John Spykman, né en 1893 aux Pays-Bas, naturalisé américain en 1928, mort en 1943, est considéré comme l’un des pères de la « théorie géopolitique ». Eminent professeur de Yale, où il est en 1934-35 le fondateur du premier département de Relations internationales, il marque profondément le débat intellectuel à l’orée des années 40, en se faisant l’avocat de la géographie politique comme nouvelle méthode d’analyse de politique étrangère. Son influence est importante dans le domaine, nouveau pour l’époque, de la « sécurité nationale », puisqu’il est considéré, à l’instar de George Kennan, comme l’inspirateur indirect de la théorie du containment de la doctrine Truman. Ses théories réalistes, débattues avec violence à partir de 1942 en raison de leur supposé « cynisme », marquent une rupture avec l’idéalisme des années 20 et 30. Au-delà de quelques topoi, peu de choses sont néanmoins approfondies le concernant. Une recherche bibliographique systématique permet d’établir que 80% de ses écrits n’ont pas été étudiés ; à la vérité, ils ne sont pas même connus. Il n’existe aucune biographie de Spykman à ce jour, même aux Etats-Unis, ce qui peut être regardé comme une anomalie, s’il est vraiment l’inspirateur du containment. Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de combler une lacune de l’historiographie américaine, en réévaluant la place d’un théoricien central mais mal connu, à l’aide de nombreuses archives inédites. Cette thèse éclaire l’histoire de la formalisation de la théorie des Relations internationales aux Etats-Unis, et des rapports fonctionnels qu’entretient depuis ses origines la puissance américaine avec la notion polysémique de la « sécurité nationale ». / Nicholas John Spykman, born in 1893 in the Netherlands, a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928, died in 1943. He is unanimously considered as one of the fathers of the "geopolitical theory." Eminent professor at Yale, where he is in 1934-35 the founder of the first Department of International Relations, he profoundly influences the intellectual debate on the edge of the 40’, becoming the advocate of political geography as a new method of foreign policy analysis. His influence is crucial in the new field of "national security", as he is considered, like George Kennan, as the indirect inspiration for the containment theory of the Truman Doctrine. His realistic theories, discussed with violence in 1942 because of their supposed « cynism », establish a break with the idealism of the '20s and '30s. Beyond some topoi, however, few things are really known about this central actor. A systematic literature review establishes that 80% of his writings have not been studied. In truth, they are not even known. There is no biography of Spykman to this day, even in the United States, which can be regarded as an anomaly if he is really the « Godfather of Containment». This thesis aims at filling a gap in American historiography, in a view to reassessing the place of a central but unfamiliar theorist. The research illuminates the history of the theoric formalization of International Relations in the United States, and also reappraises the functional relationships that America has, since its inception, with the polysemic notion of "national security."