Esta dissertação apresenta o desempenho da camada física de um sistema de comunicação sem fio baseado no padrão IEEE 802.16-2004 (WiMAX-fixo), em diferentes configurações e condições de operação. Para este propósito, foi elaborado um simulador da camada física WirelessMAN-OFDM implementado com o uso do aplicativo MATLAB® (versão R2008b) e de sua extensão SIMULINK®. Foram modeladas sete formas distintas para o canal de propagação, associando três tipos básicos de canal (sem desvanecimento, com desvanecimento seletivo e não seletivo em freqüência), duas configurações de mobilidade (sem mobilidade e mobilidade parcial) e duas condições para o ambiente de propagação (externo e interno). A propagação com desvanecimentos causados por multi-percursos empregou as especificações do ITU (International Telecommunications Union), fornecendo uma representação satisfatória de ambientes urbanos macro-celulares e possibilitando a comparação com outros sistemas de comunicação sem fio. Por meio da análise comparativa da taxa de erro de bit e da taxa de transferência efetiva de dados, estudou-se o desempenho dos esquemas de codificação e modulação especificados e a ação do controle adaptativo. O comportamento do WiMAX-fixo quando sujeito a perdas de propagação por multi-percursos e a condições de utilização caracterizadas por aplicações fixas e, adicionalmente, para aplicações parcialmente móveis, foi também avaliado. Assim, essa pesquisa permitiu uma visão complementar do padrão o que possibilitou a determinação de valores customizados para os níveis de SNR empregados no controle adaptativo, além da determinação das capacidades obteníveis nas condições de mobilidade parcial. / This thesis presents the physical layer performance of a wireless communications system based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard (fixed-WiMAX), in different configurations and operation conditions. For this purpose, a simulator of WirelessMAN-OFDM physical layer was designed and implemented using MATLAB® application (version R2008b) and its extension SIMULINK®. Seven different profiles for the propagation channel have been modeled, involving three basic types of channel (without fading, frequency-flat fading and frequency selective-fading), two mobility settings (without mobility and partial mobility) and two propagation environment conditions (outdoor and indoor). ITU (International Telecommunications Union) specifications were used for multipath fading propagation, providing a satisfactory representation of urban macro-cellular environments and allowing comparison with other wireless communication systems. Through comparative analysis of bit error rate and throughput, the performance of the specified modulation and coding schemes and the action of adaptive control were evaluated. The behavior of the fixed-WiMAX when subjected to a propagation environment with multipath fading and utilization conditions characterized by stationary applications and by partially mobile applications was also exploited. This research allowed a complementary vision of the standard which enabled the determination of customized values for the SNR levels employed in adaptive control, and furthermore the determination of the obtainable capacity under conditions of partial mobility.

In dieser Arbeit wurde ein computergestütztes, dynamisches Ein-Spur-Modell eines Pkw mit einem parallelen hybrid-elektrischen Antrieb (P2-Topologie) in Matlab-Simulink entwickelt. Es erlaubt die Skalierung des elektrischen Leistungsanteils und simuliert die Betriebsarten elekt- risches, konventionelles und hybrides Fahren, Bremsenergierückgewinnung und Start-Stopp- Betrieb. Ferner kann durch die Modellierung einer Einscheiben-Trockenkupplung zwischen Verbrennungs- und Elektromotor die Momentenübertragung bei schlupfender Kupplung wäh- rend des Anfahrens oder beim Start des Verbrennungsmotors durch den Elektromotor nach- gebildet werden. Die Fahrzeugsimulation kann in drei verschiedenen Fahrzyklen (NEFZ, WLTP, FTP-75) durchgeführt werden. Als Ausgabegrößen stehen u.a. der Kraftstoffverbrauch, die CO2-Emissionen, die Antriebs- und Rekuperationsarbeit am Verbrennungs- bzw. Elektro- motor und an den Rädern sowie die dafür benötigte bzw. rückgeführte elektrische Energie zur Verfügung. Zusätzlich kann der zeitliche Verlauf zahlreicher relevanter Größen dargestellt wer- den. Die Validierung der Simulation zeigte eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Daten eines realen Fahrzeuges in Bezug auf Beschleunigungsverhalten, Maximalgeschwindigkeit und Kraftstoffverbrauch. / In the frame of this Master Thesis a dynamic single-track-model of a hybrid electric vehicle was developed. The model comprises basic operation modes such as electric, conventional and hybrid driving, recuperation of braking energy and engine start-stop. It allows to scale the split of the propulsion between the combustion and electric engine. A further fundamental com- ponent is the model of a friction disc clutch, enabling the simulation of torque transmission of a slipping clutch during the vehicle start and the upspeeding of the combustion engine through the electric engine. The program offers three driving cycles for simulation (NEDC, WLTC, FTP- 75). Fuel consumption, CO2-emissions, propulsion and recuperation work of the combustion engine, electric engine and the wheels are provided as output variables as well as the required and recuperated electric energy. Furthermore several relevant variables are displayed in their progress over time. The model was validated against real vehicle data showing a good corre- lation regarding acceleration, maximum speed and fuel consumption.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Στην παρουσα διπλωματική εργασιά μοντελοποιήθηκε και εξομοιώθηκε η λειτουργία ενός ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος που αποτελείται από μία τριφασική ασύγχρονη μηχανή και έναν ηλεκτρονικό μετατροπέα ισχύος τοπολογίας “Matrix” με τη βοήθεια ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή, χρησιμοποιώντας το περιβάλλον Simulink του λογισμικού Matlab και το πρόγραμμα Vector Fields Opera που χρησιμοποιείται για ανάλυση με μέθοδο πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Στόχος της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας ήταν η διερεύνηση και αξιοποίηση της δυνατότητας «συνεργασίας» μεταξύ των δύο αυτών προγραμμάτων. Συγκεκριμένα εξομοιώθηκε η λειτουργία της ασύγχρονης μηχανής της οποίας το μοντέλο είχε δημιουργηθεί στο περιβάλλον του Opera, κατά την τροφοδοσία της μέσω του ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ισχύος τύπου “Matrix”, το μοντέλο του οποίου είχε δημιουργηθεί στο Simulink του Matlab. Στο κεφάλαιο 1 παρουσιάζονται τα σημαντικότερα σημεία της τεχνολογίας των τριφασικών ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων ισχύος τοπολογίας “Matrix” και οι βασικές τεχνικές και μέθοδοι που χρησιμοποιούνται για τον έλεγχο του μετατροπέα προκειμένου να γίνει αντιληπτός ο τρόπος λειτουργίας του, ενώ στο κεφάλαιο 2 αναφέρονται οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας της τριφασικής ασύγχρονης μηχανής. Στα κεφάλαια 3 και 4 παρουσιάζονται το μοντέλο της μηχανής και του μετατροπέα, όπως δημιουργήθηκαν στα αντίστοιχα προγράμματα και παρουσιάζεται η εξομοίωση της μεμονωμένης λειτουργίας τους. Συγκεκριμένα στο κεφάλαιο 3, μετά την παρουσίαση του μοντέλου της μηχανής, εξομοιώνεται η λειτουργία της στο πρόγραμμα Opera με ημιτονοειδή τάση τροφοδοσίας και στο κεφάλαιο 4 παρουσιάζεται η εξομοίωση της λειτουργίας του μετατροπέα με ωμικό-επαγωγικό φορτίο. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 γίνεται η «σύνδεση» των δύο μοντέλων και εξομοιώνεται η λειτουργία του συστήματος σε δύο διαφορετικές περιπτώσεις. Πρώτα για σταθερή σε μέτρο και συχνότητα τάση εξόδου του μετατροπέα με την οποία τροφοδοτείται η ασύγχρονη μηχανή (κινητήρας) της οποίας μεταβάλλουμε το μηχανικό φορτίο και στη συνέχεια για λειτουργία του κινητήρα υπό σταθερό φορτίο και μεταβολή της συχνότητας και του μέτρου της τάσεως εξόδου του μετατροπέα. Τέλος στα κεφάλαια 6 και 7 εξετάζεται η λειτουργία της μηχανής όταν σε αυτήν παρουσιάζεται ένα βραχυκύκλωμα μεταξύ κάποιων σπειρών του τυλίγματος μίας φάσης του στάτη και εξομοιώνεται η λειτουργία της μηχανής με ημιτονοειδή τάση τροφοδοσίας (κεφάλαιο 6) καθώς και όταν τροφοδοτείται μέσω του μετατροπέα, τόσο εν κενώ όσο και με μηχανικό φορτίο (κεφάλαιο 7). / In this degree thesis a model of an electromotion system consisting of an asynchronous machine and a power electronic Matrix topology converter was created and then simulated with the help of an electronic computer, using the software of Matlab Simulink and Vector fields Opera software which makes use of the finite elements method. The main objective of this work was the examination and the utilization of the interaction capability between these two software. Particularly, it is simulated the behavior of the asynchronous machine, the model of which was designed in the Opera environment, fed by the Matrix converter which its model was designed in Simulink. In the first chapter there are presented the most important parts of the three-phase power electronic Matrix topology converter and the basic techniques and methods that are used for the control of the converter in order to understand its function, while in the second chapter the fundamentals of the asynchronous machine are mentioned. In chapters 3 and 4, the models of the asynchronous machine and of the Matrix converter are presented as they were designed in Opera and Simulink and also there are presented the simulations of these two models separately. in addition, in the third chapter, after the presentation of the machine’s model, it’s function is simulated with the use of software Opera for sinusoidal power supply and in chapter 4 it is given a simulation of the function of the Matrix converter for a R-L load. In the fifth chapter we have the “connection” of the two models and the simulation of the function of the “whole” system in two different cases. First the simulation is carried out for a stable in amplitude and frequency output voltage supply of the Matrix converter with which the asynchronous machine (induction motor) is supplied while the mechanical load connected to the motor is modified and secondly it is presented the simulation of the system for a stable, during the simulation time, mechanical load but with modification of the amplitude and frequency of the converter’s output voltage with which the motor is supplied. Concluding, in chapters 6 and 7, the function of the motor is examined in the case that there is a stator inter turn short circuit in a phase winding and in chapter 6 a simulation of the function of the motor with this fault is carried out for sinusoidal supply, while in chapter 7 there are presented simulations of the same model of the motor with the fault, being supplied by the matrix converter in the cases that the motor is rotating with load torque and without any mechanical load.

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται και αναλύεται διεξοδικά ο μηχανισμός μεταπομπής (handover) σε συστήματα κινητής επικοινωνίας. Οι μέθοδοι μεταπομπής βρίσκουν σημαντική εφαρμογή στα κυψελωτά συστήματα (cellular systems) και κατηγοριοποιούνται με βάση διάφορα χαρακτηριστικά τους, σε handovers σε σκληρά ή μαλακά, οριζόντια ή κάθετα, ελεγχόμενα από το Δίκτυο ή από την κινητή συσκευή, ή υποβοηθούμενα από την κινητή συσκευή. Σημαντικό ρόλο στις διαδικασίες handover παίζουν οι αλγόριθμοι απόφασης. Βασικές κατηγορίες αλγορίθμων απόφασης handover είναι αυτοί που στηρίζονται στη στάθμη της λαμβανόμενης ισχύος του σήματος, οι αλγόριθμοι που στηρίζονται σε fuzzy logic και οι αλγόριθμοι προτεραιότητας. Στην παρούσα εργασία προσομοιάζεται ένας αλγόριθμος προτεραιότητας γνωστός ως SJ-scheme με χρήση του λογισμικού Matlab και ειδικότερα των υποσυστημάτων του Simulink και Stateflow. Το προταθέν μοντέλο αποτελείται από έξι βασικά επιμέρους υποσυστήματα: το Υποσύστημα Εισόδου (Input Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα Καθορισμού της Χωρητικότητας των Καναλιών (Channels Size Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα Μνήμης (Memory Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα Ολοκλήρωσης Κλήσεων (Call Completion Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα των Αποτελεσμάτων (Scope Subsystem) και το Υποσύστημα Handover (Handover Subsystem) που αποτελεί την «καρδιά» του μοντέλου και περιλαμβάνει δύο βασικά blocks, ένα το οποίο υλοποιεί τη διαδικασία διαχείρισης νέων κλήσεων (New_calls_process) και ένα που υλοποιεί τη διαδικασία διαχείρισης των handovers (Handover_process). Πέραν της δημιουργίας μοντέλου προσομοίωσης, στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά και σχολιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα εκτέλεσης της προσομοίωσης και τα μετρούμενα μεγέθη. Μέσα από τις γραφικές αναπαραστάσεις που παράγονται και εξετάζονται, γίνεται αντιληπτός ο τρόπος λειτουργίας και οι ιδιαιτερότητες του προτεινόμενου μοντέλου. / In the current study the mechanism of switching between cells (handover) in mobile communication systems is presented and analyzed in detail. The handover methods are mainly applied in cellular systems and categorized according to various characteristics in hard or soft handovers, horizontal or vertical handovers, and handovers controlled by the network or the mobile device, or assisted by the mobile device. Handover decision algorithms play important role in the described processes. Main categories of handover decision algorithms are those based on the received signal strength, fuzzy logic and priority. In this study, a priority algorithm known as SJ-scheme is simulated, using Matlab software and, in particular subsystems Simulink and Stateflow. The proposed model consists of six major subsystems: Input Subsystem, Channels Size Subsystem, Memory Subsystem, Call Completion Subsystem, Scope Subsystem and Handover Subsystem which is the "heart" of the model and includes two main blocks, one that implements the new call management process and one that implements the procedure for managing handovers. Besides creating a simulation model, in this work results of running the simulation and measured data are presented and discussed. Matlab plots and graphical representations produced are examined to make clear the way that the proposed model works.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 takiy_ae_me_ilha.pdf: 1702331 bytes, checksum: b89d2b4960ee7bbc0e01a3a5d3e7a2be (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho estuda-se a interferometria laser, a qual constitui uma técnica adequada para determinar grandezas físicas com sensibilidade extremamente elevada. Basicamente, no interferômetro óptico, a informação a respeito do dispositivo sob teste é inserida na fase da luz. Utilizando-se o fotodiodo, promove-se a transferência de informação, do domínio óptico para o elétrico, no qual pode ser demodulada usando-se as várias técnicas disponíveis na literatura para detectar sinais modulados em fase. Ênfase é dada a um novo método de demodulação de fase óptica auto-consistente e de grande sensibilidade. Neste método, utiliza- se a modulação dada por uma forma de onda triangular e é baseado na análise do espectro do sinal fotodetectado, sendo capaz de estender a faixa dinâmica de demodulação a valores tão elevados quanto às dos métodos clássicos. Simulações dinâmicas computacionais de interferômetros ópticos são executadas em Simulink juntamente com este método, levando-se em consideração tensões de ruído eletrônico do tipo ruído branco, evidenciando a eficiência do método quando comparados com dados teóricos obtidos em Matlab. A validação experimental do método é realizada com o auxílio de um modulador eletro-óptico de amplitudes, cujas características de fase podem ser previstas analiticamente. Trata-se de um sensor polarimétrico baseado em cristal de Niobato de Lítio, em que a diferença de fase óptica induzida pela tensão elétrica aplicada pode ser determinada através de análise espectral, tal como o novo método descrito neste trabalho. Um interferômetro de Michelson homódino de baixo custo é implementado e a eficiência do novo método de demodulação de fase óptica é avaliada através de testes com atuadores e manipuladores piezoelétricos flextensionais, cujas características de linearidade são conhecidas... / In this work, has been done a study the laser interferometer, which is a technique for determining physical quantities with extremely high sensitivity. Basically, in the optical interferometer, information about the device under test modulates the phase of light. Using a photodiode, promotes the transfer of information from the optical domain for the electric, which can be demodulated using the various techniques available in literature to detect modulated signals in phase. Emphasis is given to a new method of phase demodulation of optical self-consistent and high sensitivity. The method employs a linear modulation given by a triangular waveform, and is based on analysis of the spectrum of the photodetected signal, being able to extend the dynamic range of the demodulation values as high as the classical methods. Dynamic computational simulations of optical interferometers are implemented in Simulink with this method, taking into account strains of electronic noise like white noise, indicating the efficiency of the method compared with theoretical data obtained in Matlab workspace. The experimental validation of the method is performed with the aid of an electro- optic amplitude modulator, whose phase characteristics can be analytically predicted. This is a polarimetric sensor based on lithium niobate crystal, in which the optical phase difference induced by electric voltage can be determined by spectral analysis, using new method described in this work. A low cost homodyne Michelson interferometer is implemented and the efficiency of the new method of optical phase demodulation is evaluated by testing with piezoelectric flextensional actuators whose characteristics of linearity are well known.The experimental results agree with theoretical analysis and reveal this method is more efficient than the classical methods

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:04:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6812.pdf: 4823701 bytes, checksum: d6b0f954a2db7f87a5e2bcda3295cb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Context: Usually, developers of Embedded Systems (ESs) start the development from models next to the code generation phase, for example, SysML diagrams and Simulink models. Despite the whole use of these models by the ES community, there is a lack of Verification and Validation activities (V&V). The certification standards operate, mainly, on code level. Aim:to define a family of reading techniques Reading Techniques for SysML and Simulink (RTSS) that supports the inspection of these diagrams and models, aiming to improve the process and product quality through defects identification, as soon as artifacts are elaborated. Method: the reading techniques were defined based on a systematic process and they support pairs of artifacts. They take some international certification standards into account, as well as elements from the structure of SysML and Simulink languages. Besides, aiming to suggest the use of these techniques inside a development process, the SYSMOD process was took as reference, since it adopts SysML diagrams and Simulink models along its phases. For evaluating the RTSS techniques two controlled experiments and three case studies were conducted as the techniques were elaborated. Results: the results showed that it is feasible to use the techniques and that they are able to detect defects on the pair of artifacts for the ones they were designed. In addition, it was observed that defects that were not identified and corrected inside the phase they were generated, were propagated to the subsequent phases. Conclusion: Based on these results, we can conclude that the RTSS techniques are able to detect defects as the artifacts are elaborated, avoiding their propagation to further phases. This fact can improve both the process and the product besides minimize the rework and the cost of correcting defects in further phases. Finally, we observed that the techniques can be applied even the SYSMOD process is not being used. In this case, it is enough that the pair of artifacts dialed by each technique is available. / Contexto:Em geral, os desenvolvedores de Sistemas Embarcados (SEs) iniciam tais sistemas a partir da elaboração dos diagramas mais próximos da fase de geração de código, como por exemplo, alguns diagramas SysML e o modelo Simulink. Apesar do amplo uso de tais diagramas pela comunidade de SEs, observa-se uma carência por atividades de Verificação e Validação (V&V). As normas de certificação existentes atuam, principalmente, no nível de código. Objetivo:definir uma família de técnicas de leitura Reading Techniques for SysML and Simulink (RTSS) que dê suporte à atividade de inspeção desses tipos dos diagramas, com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade do processo e do produto gerado, identificando defeitos tão logo os artefatos sejam construídos. Metodologia: as técnicas de leitura foram definidas por meio de um processo sistemático e dão suporte à inspeção de pares deartefatos. Elas levam em consideração algumas normas internacionais de certificação de SEs, além de elementos pertinentes às estruturas das linguagens SysML e Simulink. Além disso, para propiciar o uso das técnicas ao longo de um processo de desenvolvimento, utilizou-se como referência o processo SYSMOD, que adota diagramas SysML e modelos Simulink ao longo de suas fases. Para avaliar as técnicas RTSS foram conduzidos dois experimentos controlados e três exemplos de aplicação,à medida que as técnicas foram elaboradas.Resultados: os resultados mostraram que as técnicas são viáveis de serem utilizadas e que elas são capazes de identificar defeitos nos pares de artefatos para os quais elas foram projetadas. Além disso, constatou-se que defeitos que não foram identificados e corrigidos em uma determinada fase do desenvolvimento, foram propagados para fases subsequentes. Conclusão: Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que as técnicas RTSS são capazes de detectar defeitos à medida que os artefatos são construídos, evitando que eles sejam propagados para fases futuras. Isso pode melhorar a qualidade do processo e do produto e pode também minimizar o retrabalho e o custo de se corrigir um defeito em fases adiantadas. Adicionalmente, as técnicas podem ser aplicadas mesmo que o processo SYSMOD não seja adotado, bastando que se tenha disponível o par de artefatos que é tratado em cada uma das técnicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5452.pdf: 2351043 bytes, checksum: 0d55a4fbf3ab7f02e097b7df0101db3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Embedded systems (ES) has become more important to everyday life due to technology advance and increasing application field. Engineers start ES development using tools like Matlab/Simulink. Usually, Simulink models are low level abstraction models following an ad-hoc design, which difficult the model comprehension. Hence, new trends start to apply software engineering to support ES design. Goal: This work was developed in a research group that is defining a development process to support ES development from initial phases to Simulink models implementation. Particularly, this works goal is to explore UML Statchart technique to depict Simulink models in a high level abstraction view, and become the group s desired component part of the process. Method: The investigation process was conducted in three actions exploring UML Statchart based in the Research Action methodology: (i) a reengineering activity starting from Simulink model; (ii) a forward engineering starting from a requirement document; and (iii) a survey investigating the use of UML Statechart by ES developers. Outcomes: The first and second action showed that UML Statechart is an appropriated technique to depict the application behavior, contributing to implement Simulink models. It also organizes Simulink models and facilitates the system comprehension as a whole. Conclusion: Due to the conducted actions outcomes, UML Statechart can be considered as a candidate to compose one of the artifacts to be implemented during the process that is being defined by the research group. However, this work conducted investigations are limited to two system applications, needing to accomplish more complement studies, we can say that Simulink models implemented with support of UML Statechart, are better structured and more comprehensive. This features an increasing quality in ES design. / Os sistemas embarcados (SE) têm se tornado cada vez mais presentes na vida das pessoas em decorrência dos avanços tecnológicos e do aumento na diversidade em suas áreas de aplicação. Em geral, os desenvolvedores desse tipo de sistema iniciam o desenvolvimento com o uso de ferramentas do tipo Matlab/Simulink, elaborando modelos em um nível baixo de abstração, que são construídos de forma desorganizada, o que dificulta o entendimento da aplicação. Em decorrência disso, observam-se iniciativas de uso da engenharia de software nesse tipo de sistema. Objetivo: O grupo de pesquisa no qual este trabalho foi desenvolvido está definindo um processo para o desenvolvimento de SEs que dê suporte das fases iniciais até a construção dos modelos Simulink. Em particular, este trabalho tem o objetivo de explorar o uso da UML Statechart para retratar o modelo Simulink em um nível mais alto de abstração, tornando-se então um dos componentes do processo almejado pelo grupo. Método: Para fazer essa investigação, utilizou-se a metodologia Pesquisa-Ação e três ações foram conduzidas, explorando-se a UML Statechart em: (i) uma atividade de reengenharia, partindo do Simulink e reestruturando-o; (ii) em uma atividade de engenharia avante, partindo de um documento de requisitos; e (iii) em um survey, caracterizando o uso da UMS Statechart por desenvolvedores de SEs. Resultados: Nas duas primeiras ações, a UML Statechart se mostrou apropriada para representar o comportamento da aplicação, de forma a contribuir na construção do modelo Simulink, facilitando a compreensão do sistema como um todo e permitindo a elaboração de um Simulink mais organizado. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos nas ações permitem considerar que a UML Statechart é uma forte candidata para compor um dos artefatos a serem construídos durante o processo que está sendo definido pelo grupo de pesquisa. Embora as investigações conduzidas neste trabalho estejam limitadas a duas aplicações, requerendo que outros estudos sejam realizados, pode-se dizer que os modelos Simulink construídos com o apoio do modelo UML Statechart são mais estruturados e mais compreensíveis. Isso caracteriza uma melhora de qualidade no desenvolvimento de SEs.

A presente dissertação visa analisar o desempenho na frenagem de um cavalo mecânico e semi-reboque que utiliza o sistema ABS (Antilock Braking System). Foi desenvolvido um modelo virtual de simulação utilizando a técnica dos sistemas multicorpos (Multibody System) do SimMechanics, um toolbox do Matlab/Simulink. No modelo virtual do veículo combinado foram considerados os parâmetros geométricos e mecânicos dos chassis, das suspensões, dos freios, contato pneu-pavimento e a válvula sensível à carga. São obtidas as forças normais dinâmicas no contato pneu pavimento quando o veículo está desacelerando de 20m/s até a parada completa, estas forças normais dinâmicas são entradas de uma sub-rotina em Simulink onde são calculadas as forças de frenagem, quando os freios tipo S carne são acionados. São realizadas simulações de frenagens em linha reta em pistas de média aderência (0,4) e alta aderência (0,8). As eficiências são obtidas quando o cavalo mecânico utiliza a configuração fixa de ABS tipo 6S/6M e o semi-reboque utiliza diversas configurações de ABS tipos: 2S/1M (e 4,6); 2S/2M (e 4,6); 4S/2M (e4); 4S/2M (e6); 4S/3M (e4); 4S/3M (e6); 4S/4M (e4) e 4S/4M (e6) e 6S/6M. O veículo é simulado também freando sem sistema ABS e a eficiência resultante comparada com as obtidas anteriormente. Os resultados são apresentados em figuras que mostram as forças normais dinâmicas ao pavimento, as aderências utilizadas pelos pneus e as eficiências atingidas pelas diversas configurações de ABS utilizadas no semi-reboque. Conclui-se de forma geral que configurações de ABS com mais sensores e válvulas moduladoras produzem uma eficiência maior e que a utilização de qualquer configuração de ABS como sistema complementar do sistema de freios de serviço, aumenta a eficiência de frenagem que é sempre superior ao do veículo sem sistema ABS. Esses resultados ajudam na preservação da dirigibilidade e estabilidade do veículo combinado, contribuindo assim na prevenção de acidentes de trânsito em situações de emergência. / This dissertation reports on the development of a simulation model for the analysis of the braking performance of tractor-semitrailer vehicles that use the ABS (Antilock Braking System). The model was developed using the virtual simulation technique of multibody systems with SimMechanics, a toolbox of Matlab/Simulink. In this simulation model the mechanical and geometrical parameters of the chassis, suspensions, brakes, adhesion coefficient, and load sensing valve were considered. When the vehicle is decelerating, the normal forces between the tire and road surface are obtained by the virtual model. These forces are the input of a subroutine in which the braking forces are calculated when the S Came brakes are triggered. Simulations of braking on straight line in road were made for average adhesion coefficient (0.4) and high adhesion coefficient (0.8). Efficiencies were obtained when the tractor used fixed ABS configuration of a 6S/6M type, and the semitrailer used the ABS type: 2S/lM (and 4.6); 2S/2M (and 4.6); 4S/2M (e4); 4S/2M (e6); 4S/3M (e4); 4S/3M (e6); 4S/4M (e4) and 4S/4M (e6) and 6S/6M. The results are presented in figures which show, the normal dynamic forces between tire and road, adhesions used by the tires and the efficiencies achieved by different ABS configurations installed in the semi-trailer. It is possible to conclude that in general ABS configurations with more sensors and modulating valves produce higher efficiency and the use of any configuration as a complementary system of the ABS brake system service increases the braking efficiency, which is always higher than that of a vehicle without ABS. The results help preserving the vehicle stability and maneuverability, preventing road accidents in emergency situations.

A máquina a relutância chaveada ganhou considerável atenção da comunidade científica com o desenvolvimento da eletrônica de potência e é considerada hoje uma máquina elétrica promissora para algumas aplicações, principalmente aquelas onde há a necessidade de operação em velocidade variável seja como motor ou como gerador. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta a dinâmica de funcionamento de uma máquina a relutância chaveada, com uma estrutura 6 x 4, ou seja contendo seis pólos no estator e quatro pólos no rotor, operando no modo gerador. A dinâmica de funcionamento é apresentada e comparada através de resultados experimentais e resultados simulados em ambiente Matlab/Simulink. Os resultados experimentais foram possíveis devido a construção de um protótipo da máquina e da montagem de uma bancada de testes. O projeto desenvolvido para construção do protótipo e da bancada de testes é apresentado neste trabalho. / Switched reluctance machines have received considerable attention from the scientific community due to advances in power electronics, and now is considered a promising electric machine for some applications, especially where variable speed operations are needed for motor or generator. Therefore, this work presents the dynamics of a switched reluctance machine, operating as a generator, with 6 x 4 structure, i.e., six stator poles and four poles in the rotor. Experimental results, which were obtained from a machine prototype installed on a test bench, were compared with Matlab/Simulink computational simulations. The designing aspects for the prototype construction are also discussed in this work.