O texto se propõe a uma reflexão acerca do pensamento conceitual sobre a fotografia na obra artística aqui apresentada, intitulada Variações em Azul. Tal pensamento defende a fotografia não como registro de acontecimentos passados, “isto foi” (Roland Barthes), mas como um mecanismo capaz de fazer a memória performar as diversas possibilidades de “isto poderia ter sido” ou de “impossível ter sido”. Esta obra apresenta a fotografia como um processo contínuo de reconstrução, de fazer o novo, de ressignificar as imagens caducas, de tornar-se novamente ação. Para a concepção aqui apresentada, a fotografia não tem por função lembrar o que foi, mas produzir um novo acontecimento. Desta forma, fazendo a memória performar continuamente, a fotografia nesta poietika produz acontecimentos impossíveis: que só têm existência pela fotografia e na fotografia. Traçando relações entre a música, o cinema e a fotografia, o texto constrói os argumentos que embasam esta idéia conceitual, quais sejam: “original” não é uma matriz que reproduz unidades idênticas, mas “origem” acrescida de “novidade”, tal como propõe Walter Benjamin para a “imagem dialética”. A fotografia não aponta para o passado, mas para um “presente do futuro”, tal como coloca Ernst Bloch acerca da imagem de esperança. A fotografia é capaz de abarcar mais que um único instante, o “instante decisivo” (Cartier Bresson), ela tende para uma simultaneidade. Ela é capaz de propor um movimento, sendo este entendido não como o deslocamento de um ponto a outro (A-B), mas como uma mudança de estado, a ressignificação do mesmo (A-A’). / The text proposes a reflection about the photography’s conceptual thought on the artwork presented, Variations in blue. That thought defends the photography not as an record of moments that has already passed, “that happened” (Roland Barthes), but as an mechanism to make the memory perform the several possibilities of “that could have happened” or “ that is impossible to have happened”. The artwork presents the photography as a continuous process of reconstruction, of renewing, of caducous image’s ressignification, of becoming action again. To that conception here presented, the photography doesn’t have the function to remember what it was, but to make up a new happening. This way, the photography produces impossible happenings: they have existence only throughout photography and inside the photography. Delineating relations between the music, the cinema and the photography, the text constructs the arguments that support this conceptual idea, which are: The “original” is not the matrix that reproduces identical unities, but “origin” plus “newness”, as proposed by Walter Benjamin for the “dialetic image”. The photography does not indicate the past, but the “present future”, as stated by Ernst Block about the image of hope. The photography is capable to enclose not one single moment, but the simultaneity. It is capable of proposing movement, understood not as a displacement from one point to another (AB), but as a state change, the ressignification of the same (A-A’).

O texto se propõe a uma reflexão acerca do pensamento conceitual sobre a fotografia na obra artística aqui apresentada, intitulada Variações em Azul. Tal pensamento defende a fotografia não como registro de acontecimentos passados, “isto foi” (Roland Barthes), mas como um mecanismo capaz de fazer a memória performar as diversas possibilidades de “isto poderia ter sido” ou de “impossível ter sido”. Esta obra apresenta a fotografia como um processo contínuo de reconstrução, de fazer o novo, de ressignificar as imagens caducas, de tornar-se novamente ação. Para a concepção aqui apresentada, a fotografia não tem por função lembrar o que foi, mas produzir um novo acontecimento. Desta forma, fazendo a memória performar continuamente, a fotografia nesta poietika produz acontecimentos impossíveis: que só têm existência pela fotografia e na fotografia. Traçando relações entre a música, o cinema e a fotografia, o texto constrói os argumentos que embasam esta idéia conceitual, quais sejam: “original” não é uma matriz que reproduz unidades idênticas, mas “origem” acrescida de “novidade”, tal como propõe Walter Benjamin para a “imagem dialética”. A fotografia não aponta para o passado, mas para um “presente do futuro”, tal como coloca Ernst Bloch acerca da imagem de esperança. A fotografia é capaz de abarcar mais que um único instante, o “instante decisivo” (Cartier Bresson), ela tende para uma simultaneidade. Ela é capaz de propor um movimento, sendo este entendido não como o deslocamento de um ponto a outro (A-B), mas como uma mudança de estado, a ressignificação do mesmo (A-A’). / The text proposes a reflection about the photography’s conceptual thought on the artwork presented, Variations in blue. That thought defends the photography not as an record of moments that has already passed, “that happened” (Roland Barthes), but as an mechanism to make the memory perform the several possibilities of “that could have happened” or “ that is impossible to have happened”. The artwork presents the photography as a continuous process of reconstruction, of renewing, of caducous image’s ressignification, of becoming action again. To that conception here presented, the photography doesn’t have the function to remember what it was, but to make up a new happening. This way, the photography produces impossible happenings: they have existence only throughout photography and inside the photography. Delineating relations between the music, the cinema and the photography, the text constructs the arguments that support this conceptual idea, which are: The “original” is not the matrix that reproduces identical unities, but “origin” plus “newness”, as proposed by Walter Benjamin for the “dialetic image”. The photography does not indicate the past, but the “present future”, as stated by Ernst Block about the image of hope. The photography is capable to enclose not one single moment, but the simultaneity. It is capable of proposing movement, understood not as a displacement from one point to another (AB), but as a state change, the ressignification of the same (A-A’).

Este trabalho tem origem na inquietação teórica desde a perspectiva do projeto, isto é, desde quem está na posição de, por assim dizer, produzi-lo, atendendo à cadeia de decisões e operações que lhe dão origem. Apoia-se no princípio de que estética constitui reflexão filosófica tanto quanto reflexão empírica de maneira indissociável e complementar. Investiga conceitos que giram em torno de valores, contemporâneos ou não, de estética, de arte, de literatura, e de outras áreas do conhecimento aplicados à arquitetura. Paralelamente, examina obras em sua maioria brasileira e pertencente ao que se acostumou a chamar de movimento moderno; entretanto, inclui significativas exceções ao grupo escolhido. Evitando reduzir as obras em enquadramentos, assim como as ideias em programas fechados, insiste na singularidade e na multiplicidade de cada uma delas para estabelecer uma estrutura em que os capítulos resultam entrelaçados de tal modo que as lições dialogam entre si e as análises constroem pontes entre as obras e entre arquitetos e outros profissionais, delimitando o que é e deve ser a arquitetura. Desse modo, propõe cinco lições fundadas na arquitetura, condicionadas por leituras desenvolvidas a partir de poéticas - construções de linguagens amparadas no campo do fazer -; essencialmente positivas, mas envolvidas na ideia precípua da simultaneidade, e não da linearidade; reiterando permanências, bem como sugerindo a possibilidade de novos pontos de vista para o debate contemporâneo. / This dissertation has its origins in the uneasy relationship with theory that arises in a project, that is, from the perspective of one who is in a position to produce it, so to speak, taking into account the chain of decisions and operations that give rise to it. It relies on the principle that aesthetics is as much a philosophical reflection as it is an empirical contemplation, both inseparable and complementary. It investigates concepts that revolve around the values, contemporary or not, of aesthetics, art, literature, and other fields of knowledge applied to architecture. At the same time, it examines mostly Brazilian architectural works that belong to what has come to be called the modern movement. It does, however, include some significant exceptions. Having avoided their compartmentalization, as well as the disconnection of ideas, it stresses the uniqueness and multiplicity of each work in order to establish a framework in which the chapters are weaved together, allowing the lessons to interact with each other and the analysis to build bridges between works and between architects and other professionals, as well as defining what architecture is and should be. Here are five lessons based on architecture, shaped by readings inspired by poetics - constructions of language based on doing - which are mainly positive, but still concerned with the primary idea of simultaneity, not linearity; reconfirming permanence, as well as suggesting the possibility of new points of view in contemporary debate.

Este trabalho traz um estudo contrastivo dos conectores temporais que indicam concomitância wenn, als e während, do alemão, e quando e enquanto, do português brasileiro. Com base no modelo teórico desenvolvido por linguistas do IDS (Institut für Deutsche Sprache), Alemanha, este estudo tem por foco verificar em quais domínios semânticos (temporal, epistêmico e/ou deôntico) esses conectores são atualizados, levando em conta o contexto sintático-semântico-pragmático das ocorrências dos corpora. O contexto mencionado compreende os seguintes fatores: a) os tempos e modos verbais das orações; b) o aspecto verbal dos verbos; c) o valor de factividade dos estados de coisas; d) a concomitância entre os estados de coisas; e) as relações semânticas que os conectores podem estabelecer e; f) fatores pragmáticos. Os fatores pragmáticos considerados nesta tese estão relacionados com o contexto comunicativo-situacional em que os enunciados foram atualizados. Dessa forma, o presente estudo pretende verificar a relação existente entre os domínios semânticos e o referido contexto, partindo da hipótese de que há elementos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos que podem influenciar no tipo de leitura dos enunciados contendo os conectores selecionados para esta tese; sendo que essa influência pode ocorrer de formas diferentes no alemão e no português. / This work brings a contrastive study about the time connectors which indicate simultaneity wenn, als and während, from German, and quando and enquanto, from Brasilian Portuguese. Based on the theory, developed by some linguists from IDS (Institut für Deutsche Sprache), Germany, this study verifies in which semantic domains (temporal, epistemic and/or deontic) these connectors appear, considering the syntactic-semantic-pragmatic context of the corpora examples. The mentioned context corresponds to the following factors: a) the verb tenses and moods of the sentences; b) the verb aspect; c) the valor de factividade of the states of affairs; d) the simultaneity between the states of affairs; e) the semantic relations which the connector can establish and; f) the pragmatic factors. The pragmatic factors considered in this thesis are connected to the communicative-situational context, in which the sentences appear. Then, this work intend to verify the relation between the semantic domains and the mentioned context, based on the hypothesis that there are some syntactic, semantic and pragmatic elements which can influence on the sentences interpretation (sentences which contain the selected connectors); seeing that this influency can occur differently in German and in Portuguese.

Previous research shows that integration of the senses is interchangeably dependent by  temporal neural mechanisms. One unsolved problem is how sensory timing differences in the brain is processed. In this systematic review (K = 18), audio-visual behavioral task paradigms are investigated with a focus on temporal binding window estimates. The results showed among other things that temporal integration is an adaptive neural process and that temporal acuity increases with age. Measurements between studies were sometimes incompatible which limited conclusions. Future studies should focus on standardizing operational parameters and compare within and between group designs.

Imposing punishments on adults Abstract My diploma thesis deals with the issue of imposing punishments on adult persons. This thesis attempts to cover a very broad range of issues related to the topic and to provide readers with a clear and comprehensive overview. For this purpose, this thesis is presented in four main consecutive parts, each divided into several subchapters. The first chapter briefly introduces the history of punishment and the individual historical criminal codes used in the area of the present-day Czech Republic from 1787 to now. The second chapter begins with a definition of punishment. This term is closely associated with the purpose of punishment, which is harder to define due to the lack of a clear definition in currently applicable legislation. This is why this chapter also deals with the theory of punishment and its purpose. The cornerstone of this thesis comprises the explanation of the main principles governing the imposition of punishment that is provided in the third chapter. This part is rather extensive in scope as it explains general principles, determining the type and the scope of punishment, as well as mitigating and aggravating circumstances and the closely related exclusion of double punishment. Given the current circumstances, I also touched upon punishments imposed...

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Obesity is a growing public health concern that is being confronted by both developed and developing countries. South Africa is no exception, facing the highest burden of obesity amongst African countries. Using two waves of data from the National Income Dynamics Study, this study aims to investigate the relationship between obesity and employment status for working age individuals in the context of the South African labour market. This study contributes to existing literature on this subject by explicitly accounting for potential simultaneity and endogeneity between obesity and employment. Given the hypothesised two-way causal relationship between obesity and unemployment, two different models are used to assess whether this issue exists for the dataset; a bivariate probit model to assess if there is a bivariate relationship between obesity and employment, and a recursive bivariate probit model to assess if obesity is an endogenous regressor of employment. A change in state univariate probit model is then implemented across the two waves to better understand if fluctuations in weight status are a result of labour market state transitions. The results of the study show that obesity and employment are independent in the bivariate probit models and obesity is an exogenous regressor of employment status in the recursive bivariate probit models. Changes in labour market state do not have a significant impact on the probability of transitioning to obese compared to no changes in labour market state, bar transitioning from not economically active to employed, which increases the probability of becoming obese. The findings suggest that, in the South African labour market context, obesity and employment are not related, indicating that there are other underlying factors, such as nutritional intake and genetic composition, that may contribute to fluctuations in weight status. The results suggest that obesity is prolific in South Africa, and impacts individuals across the entire distribution for labour market status and income.

This thesis aims at contributing to a critical discussion on the supposedly far-reaching secularity of Sweden on the one hand, and on the incongruence and inconsistency of lived religion on the other. At the center are people referred to as semi-secular Swedes – a group that is often neglected in the study of religion. These people do not go to church or get involved in any other alternative organized spiritual activities, neither are they actively opposed to religion or entirely indifferent to it. Most of them describe the ways they are – or are not – religious as in line with the majority patterns in Swedish society. The study is qualitative in method and the material has been gathered through interviews and a questionnaire. It offers a close reading of 28 semi-secular Swedes’ ways of talking about and relating to religion, particularly in reference to their everyday lives and their own experiences, and it analyzes the material with a focus on incongruences. By exploring how the term religion is employed vernacularly by the respondents, the study pinpoints one particular feature in the material, namely simultaneity. The concept of simultaneity is descriptive and puts emphasis on a ‘both and’ approach in (1) the way the respondents ascribe meaning to the term religion, (2) how they talk about themselves in relation to different religious designations, and (3) how they interpret experiences that they single out as ‘out-of-the-ordinary’. These simultaneities are explained and theorized through analyses focusing on intersubjective and discursive processes. In relation to theorizing on religion and religious people this study offers empirical material that nuance a dichotomous understanding of ‘the religious’ and ‘the secular’. In relation to methodology it is argued that the salience of simultaneity in the material shows that when patterns of religiosity among semi-secular Swedes are studied there is a need to be attentive to expressions of complexity, contradiction and incongruity. / Religious ambiguities on the urban scene

Die Dissertation besteht aus fünf unabhängigen Aufsätzen zu zwei zentralen Themen. Das erste Thema ist die Beziehung zwischen Infrastruktur und privater Produktivität. Das zweite Thema sind die Determinanten regionaler Infrastrukturinvestitionen. Während der erste und zweite Aufsatz der Dissertation sich mit dem ersten Thema beschäftigen, d.h. dem Beitrag von Infrastruktur zur privaten Produktivität, untersuchen die Aufsätze drei bis fünf neben den Produktivitätseffekten auch die Determinanten der Allokation von Infrastrukturinvestitionen. / This thesis consists of five self-contained essays on two central subjects. The first subject is the relationship between infrastructure and private productivity. The second subject is the determinants of regional infrastructure investment allocation. Whereas the first and the second essay in this thesis mainly focus on the first subject, i.e. the contribution of infrastructure to private production; the essays three to five study besides the productivity effects also the determinants of infrastructure investment allocation.